The “Neural Engineering, Neuroergonomics and Neurorobotics” Section of the journal Brain Sciences (ISSN: 2076-3425) aims to publish original contributions on a wide range of topics, including (but not limited to) brain–machine interfaces, neuregonomics, neural interfaces, nanotechnology, circuits and materials, neural prostheses, neurorehabilitation, neural decoding and encoding algorithms, neural computation and modeling, neural imaging, and neuroethics.

As all of the articles published in our journal are of an open access format, you have free and unlimited access to the full text. We welcome you to read our most highly cited papers published in 2021 and 2022 listed below:

1. “Differential Deep Convolutional Neural Network Model for Brain Tumor Classification”
by Isselmou Abd El Kader, Guizhi Xu, Zhang Shuai, Sani Saminu and Isah Salim Ahmad
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(3), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030352
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/3/352

2. “A Framework for Instantaneous Driver Drowsiness Detection Based on Improved HOG Features and Naïve Bayesian Classification”
by Samy Bakheet and Ayoub Al-Hamadi
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(2), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020240
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/2/240

3. “Spiking Neural Networks and Their Applications: A Review”
by Kashu Yamazaki, Viet-Khoa Vo-Ho, Darshan Bulsara and Ngan Le
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(7), 863; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070863
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/7/863

4. “The Actuation System of the Ankle Exoskeleton T-FLEX: First Use Experimental Validation in People with Stroke”
by Daniel Gomez-Vargas, Felipe Ballen-Moreno, Patricio Barria, Rolando Aguilar, José M. Azorín, Marcela Munera and Carlos A. Cifuentes
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(4), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040412
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/4/412

5. “A Densely Connected Multi-Branch 3D Convolutional Neural Network for Motor Imagery EEG Decoding”
by Tianjun Liu and Deling Yang
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(2), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020197
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/2/197

6. “BCI Training Effects on Chronic Stroke Correlate with Functional Reorganization in Motor-Related Regions: A Concurrent EEG and fMRI Study”
by Kai Yuan, Cheng Chen, Xin Wang, Winnie Chiu-wing Chu and Raymond Kai-yu Tong
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010056
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/1/56

7. “Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound-Mediated Attenuation of Acute Seizure Activity Based on EEG Brain Functional Connectivity”
by Minjian Zhang, Bo Li, Xiaodong Lv, Sican Liu, Yafei Liu, Rongyu Tang, Yiran Lang, Qiang Huang and Jiping He
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(6), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060711
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/6/711

8. “Preconditioning Stimulus Intensity Alters Paired-Pulse TMS Evoked Potentials”
by Vishal Rawji, Isabella Kaczmarczyk, Lorenzo Rocchi, Po-Yu Fong, John C. Rothwell and Nikhil Sharma
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(3), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030326
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/3/326

9. “Get Your Guidance Going: Investigating the Activation of Spatial Priors for Efficient Search in Virtual Reality”
by Julia Beitner, Jason Helbing, Dejan Draschkow and Melissa L.-H. Võ
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010044
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/1/44

10. “Influence of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Genotype on Short-Latency Afferent Inhibition and Motor Cortex Metabolites”
by Ryoki Sasaki, Naofumi Otsuru, Shota Miyaguchi, Sho Kojima, Hiraku Watanabe, Ken Ohno, Noriko Sakurai, Naoki Kodama, Daisuke Sato and Hideaki Onishi
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(3), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030395
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/3/395

11. “Effects of Motor Imagery Tasks on Brain Functional Networks Based on EEG Mu/Beta Rhythm”
by Hongli Yu, Sidi Ba, Yuxue Guo, Lei Guo and Guizhi Xu
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(2), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020194
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/2/194

12. “Phase-Dependent Deep Brain Stimulation: A Review”
by Lekshmy Sudha Kumari and Abbas Z. Kouzani
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(4), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040414
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/4/414

13. “A Survey on Socially Assistive Robotics: Clinicians’ and Patients’ Perception of a Social Robot within Gait Rehabilitation Therapies”
by Denniss Raigoso, Nathalia Céspedes, Carlos A. Cifuentes, Antonio J. del-Ama and Marcela Múnera
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(6), 738; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060738
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/6/738

14. “Genomics of Gulf War Illness in U.S. Veterans Who Served during the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War: Methods and Rationale for Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #2006”
by Krishnan Radhakrishnan, Elizabeth R. Hauser, Renato Polimanti, Drew A. Helmer, Dawn Provenzale, Rebecca B. McNeil, Alysia Maffucci, Rachel Quaden, Hongyu Zhao, Stacey B. Whitbourne et al.
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(7), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070845
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/7/845

15. “Modulation of Motor Cortex Plasticity by Repetitive Paired-Pulse TMS at Late I-Wave Intervals Is Influenced by Intracortical Excitability”
by George M. Opie, Ryoki Sasaki, Brodie J. Hand and John G. Semmler
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(1), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010121
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/1/121

16. “Brain Plasticity Mechanisms Underlying Motor Control Reorganization: Pilot Longitudinal Study on Post-Stroke Subjects”
by Marta Gandolla, Lorenzo Niero, Franco Molteni, Elenora Guanziroli, Nick S. Ward and Alessandra Pedrocchi
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(3), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030329
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/3/329

17. “Sequence-to-Sequence Voice Reconstruction for Silent Speech in a Tonal Language”
by Huiyan Li, Haohong Lin, You Wang, Hengyang Wang, Ming Zhang, Han Gao, Qing Ai, Zhiyuan Luo and Guang Li
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(7), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070818
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/7/818

18. “Review of tDCS Configurations for Stimulation of the Lower-Limb Area of Motor Cortex and Cerebellum”
by Vicente Quiles, Laura Ferrero, Eduardo Iáñez, Mario Ortiz and José M. Azorín
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(2), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020248
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/2/248

19. “Optimizing Motor Imagery Parameters for Robotic Arm Control by Brain-Computer Interface”
by Ünal Hayta, Danut Constantin Irimia, Christoph Guger, İbrahim Erkutlu and İbrahim Halil Güzelbey
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(7), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070833
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/7/833

20. “Neuromorphic-Based Neuroprostheses for Brain Rewiring: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives in Neuroengineering”
by Michela Chiappalone, Vinicius R. Cota, Marta Carè, Mattia Di Florio, Romain Beaubois, Stefano Buccelli, Federico Barban, Martina Brofiga, Alberto Averna, Francesco Bonacini et al.
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(11), 1578; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111578
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/11/1578