Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends
Abstract
:1. A Brief Introduction to the System Sporothrix-Sporotrichosis
2. Trends in the Epidemiology of Sporothrix Species
3. Trends in the Diagnosis of Sporotrichosis
3.1. Mycological Test
3.2. Direct Microscopic, Cytopathological, and Histopathological Examinations
3.3. Serology
3.4. Molecular Diagnosis
4. Trends in the Treatment of Sporotrichosis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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In Vitro Antifungal Activity a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
High (MIC ≤ 1 µg/mL) | Moderate (1 < MIC ≤ 4 µg/mL) | Low (MIC > 4 µg/mL) | Reference | |
Polyenes | ||||
Amphotericin B | [262] | |||
Azoles | ||||
Albaconazole | [286] | |||
Clotrimazole | [287] | |||
Eberconazole | [286] | |||
Fluconazole | [286] | |||
Itraconazole | [262] | |||
Isavuconazole | [288] | |||
Ketoconazole | [262] | |||
Miconazole | [286] | |||
Posaconazole | [262] | |||
Ravuconazole | [286] | |||
Voriconazole | [262] | |||
Allylamines | ||||
Terbinafine | [262] | |||
Naftifine | [289] | |||
Echinocandins | ||||
Anidulafungin | [286] | |||
Caspofungin | [286] | |||
Micafungin | [286] | |||
Pirimidine | ||||
Flucytosine | [286] |
Group | Compound | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration a | Antifungal Effect or Mechanism of Action | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrazone derivatives | 22-hydrazone-imidazolin-2-yl-chol-5-ene-3β-ol | 0.01–0.5 μg/mL | Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis | [291] |
4-bromo-N′-(3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-benzohydrazide | 0.12–1 μg/mL | Inhibition of vesicular transport and cell cycle progression | [290] | |
Oxadiazole | N-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide | 0.25–0.5 μM | Cell membrane disruption and neutral lipid accumulation | [292] |
Alkylphospholipid analogc | TCAN26 | 0.25–2 μg/mL | Cell membrane disruption | [293] |
Pentathiepin | 23 | 0.5–1 μg/mL | Unknown | [294] |
Benzisothiazolone | 1.9 | 0.5 μg/mL | Apoptosis induction | [295] |
Metal complex | Zn(itraconazole)2Cl2 | 0.08 μM | Unknown | [296] |
Zn(ketoconazole)2(Ac)2⋅H2O | 0.125 μM | Unknown | [297] | |
[Cu(PPh3)2(ketoconazole)2]NO3 | 0.006 μM | Unknown | [298] | |
Naphthoquinone derivative | 2,5-dichloro-3,6-bis(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione | 1.56 µg/mL | Unknown | [299] |
Natural products | farnesol | 0.003–0.222 μg/mL | Unknown | [300] |
Repositionable drugs | Miltefosine | 1–2 µg/mL | Cell membrane disruption | [278] |
0.25–2 μg/mL | [301] | |||
Iodoquinol | 0.5–1 μM | Cell membrane disruption | [302] | |
Buparvaquone b | 0.005–0.16 μg/mL | Mitochondrial dysfunction | [303] | |
Ibuprofen | 0.03–0.5 μg/mL c | Cell membrane disruption and ROS accumulation | [292] | |
Pentamidine | 0.06–0.25 μg/mL | DNA intercalation | [304] |
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Rodrigues, A.M.; Gonçalves, S.S.; de Carvalho, J.A.; Borba-Santos, L.P.; Rozental, S.; Camargo, Z.P.d. Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080776
Rodrigues AM, Gonçalves SS, de Carvalho JA, Borba-Santos LP, Rozental S, Camargo ZPd. Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(8):776. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080776
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodrigues, Anderson Messias, Sarah Santos Gonçalves, Jamile Ambrósio de Carvalho, Luana P. Borba-Santos, Sonia Rozental, and Zoilo Pires de Camargo. 2022. "Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8: 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080776