Journal Description
AppliedMath
AppliedMath
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on applied mathematics published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), EBSCO, and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 30.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 6.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Latest Articles
The Mechanics Underpinning Non-Deterministic Computation in Cortical Neural Networks
AppliedMath 2024, 4(3), 806-827; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4030043 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Cortical neurons integrate upstream signals and random electrical noise to gate signaling outcomes, leading to statistically random patterns of activity. Yet classically, the neuron is modeled as a binary computational unit, encoding Shannon entropy. Here, the neuronal membrane potential is modeled as a
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Cortical neurons integrate upstream signals and random electrical noise to gate signaling outcomes, leading to statistically random patterns of activity. Yet classically, the neuron is modeled as a binary computational unit, encoding Shannon entropy. Here, the neuronal membrane potential is modeled as a function of inherently probabilistic ion behavior. In this new model, each neuron computes the probability of transitioning from an off-state to an on-state, thereby encoding von Neumann entropy. Component pure states are integrated into a physical quantity of information, and the derivative of this high-dimensional probability distribution yields eigenvalues across the multi-scale quantum system. In accordance with the Hellman–Feynman theorem, the resolution of the system state is paired with a spontaneous shift in charge distribution, so this defined system state instantly becomes the past as a new probability distribution emerges. This mechanistic model produces testable predictions regarding the wavelength of free energy released upon information compression and the temporal relationship of these events to physiological outcomes. Overall, this model demonstrates how cortical neurons might achieve non-deterministic signaling outcomes through a computational process of noisy coincidence detection.
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Open AccessArticle
Innovative Ways of Developing and Using Specific Purpose Alternatives for Solving Hard Combinatorial Network Routing and Ordered Optimisation Problems
by
Santosh Kumar and Elias Munapo
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 791-805; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020042 - 18 Jun 2024
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This paper reviews some recent contributions by the authors and their associates and highlights a few innovative ideas, which led them to address some hard combinatorial network routing and ordered optimisation problems. The travelling salesman, which is in the NP hard category, has
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This paper reviews some recent contributions by the authors and their associates and highlights a few innovative ideas, which led them to address some hard combinatorial network routing and ordered optimisation problems. The travelling salesman, which is in the NP hard category, has been reviewed and solved as an index-restricted shortest connected graph, and therefore, it opens a question about its ‘NP Hard’ category. The routing problem through ‘K’ specified nodes and ordered optimum solutions are computationally demanding but have been made computationally feasible. All these approaches are based on the strategic creation and use of an alternative solution in that situation. The efficiency of these methods requires further investigation.
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Open AccessArticle
Applications of Differential Geometry Linking Topological Bifurcations to Chaotic Flow Fields
by
Peter D. Neilson and Megan D. Neilson
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 763-790; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020041 - 15 Jun 2024
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At every point on a smooth -manifold M there exist skew-symmetric tensor spaces spanning differential -forms with . Because is always zero where
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At every point on a smooth -manifold M there exist skew-symmetric tensor spaces spanning differential -forms with . Because is always zero where is the exterior differential, it follows that every exact -form (i.e., where is an -form) is closed (i.e., ) but not every closed -form is exact. This implies the existence of a third type of differential -form that is closed but not exact. Such forms are called harmonic forms. Every smooth -manifold has an underlying topological structure. Many different possible topological structures exist. What distinguishes one topological structure from another is the number of holes of various dimensions it possesses. De Rham’s theory of differential forms relates the presence of -dimensional holes in the underlying topology of a smooth -manifold to the presence of harmonic -form fields on the smooth manifold. A large amount of theory is required to understand de Rham’s theorem. In this paper we summarize the differential geometry that links holes in the underlying topology of a smooth manifold with harmonic fields on the manifold. We explore the application of de Rham’s theory to (i) visual, (ii) mechanical, (iii) electrical and (iv) fluid flow systems. In particular, we consider harmonic flow fields in the intracellular aqueous solution of biological cells and we propose, on mathematical grounds, a possible role of harmonic flow fields in the folding of protein polypeptide chains.
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Open AccessArticle
Relationship between Inverse Langevin Function and r0-r1-Lambert W Function
by
Roy M. Howard
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 743-762; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020040 - 14 Jun 2024
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The relationship between the inverse Langevin function and the proposed r0-r1-Lambert W function is defined. The derived relationship leads to new approximations for the inverse Langevin function with lower relative error bounds than comparable published approximations. High accuracy
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The relationship between the inverse Langevin function and the proposed r0-r1-Lambert W function is defined. The derived relationship leads to new approximations for the inverse Langevin function with lower relative error bounds than comparable published approximations. High accuracy approximations, based on Schröder’s root approximations of the first kind, are detailed. Several applications are detailed.
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Open AccessArticle
Some Comments about the p-Generalized Negative Binomial (NBp) Model
by
Daniel A. Griffith
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 731-742; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020039 - 11 Jun 2024
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This paper describes various selected properties and features of negative binomial (NB) random variables, with special reference to NB2 (i.e., p = 2), and some generalizations to NBp (i.e., p ≥ 2), specifications. It presents new results (e.g., the NBp moment-generating function) with
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This paper describes various selected properties and features of negative binomial (NB) random variables, with special reference to NB2 (i.e., p = 2), and some generalizations to NBp (i.e., p ≥ 2), specifications. It presents new results (e.g., the NBp moment-generating function) with regard to the relationship between a sample mean and its accompanying variance, as well as spatial statistical/econometric numerical and empirical examples, whose parameter estimators are maximum likelihood or method of moment ones. Finally, it highlights the Moran eigenvector spatial filtering methodology within the context of generalized linear modeling, demonstrating it in terms of spatial negative binomial regression. Its overall conclusion is a bolstering of important findings the literature already reports with a newly recognized empirical example of an NB3 phenomenon.
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Open AccessArticle
Introducing a Parallel Genetic Algorithm for Global Optimization Problems
by
Vasileios Charilogis and Ioannis G. Tsoulos
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 709-730; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020038 - 10 Jun 2024
Abstract
The topic of efficiently finding the global minimum of multidimensional functions is widely applicable to numerous problems in the modern world. Many algorithms have been proposed to address these problems, among which genetic algorithms and their variants are particularly notable. Their popularity is
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The topic of efficiently finding the global minimum of multidimensional functions is widely applicable to numerous problems in the modern world. Many algorithms have been proposed to address these problems, among which genetic algorithms and their variants are particularly notable. Their popularity is due to their exceptional performance in solving optimization problems and their adaptability to various types of problems. However, genetic algorithms require significant computational resources and time, prompting the need for parallel techniques. Moving in this research direction, a new global optimization method is presented here that exploits the use of parallel computing techniques in genetic algorithms. This innovative method employs autonomous parallel computing units that periodically share the optimal solutions they discover. Increasing the number of computational threads, coupled with solution exchange techniques, can significantly reduce the number of calls to the objective function, thus saving computational power. Also, a stopping rule is proposed that takes advantage of the parallel computational environment. The proposed method was tested on a broad array of benchmark functions from the relevant literature and compared with other global optimization techniques regarding its efficiency.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Machine Learning)
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Open AccessArticle
An Efficient Algorithm for Basic Elementary Matrix Functions with Specified Accuracy and Application
by
Huizeng Qin and Youmin Lu
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 690-708; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020037 - 5 Jun 2024
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If the matrix function posses the properties of , then the recurrence formula , can be established. Here, . This provides an algorithm for computing the matrix function . By specifying the calculation accuracy p, a method is presented to determine m and N in a way that minimizes the time of the above algorithm, thus providing a fast algorithm for . It is important to note that m only depends on the calculation accuracy p and is independent of the matrix A and t. Therefore, has a fixed calculation format that is easily computed. On the other hand, N depends not only on A, but also on t. This provides a means to select t such that N is equal to 0, a property of significance. In summary, the algorithm proposed in this article enables users to establish a desired level of accuracy and then utilize it to select the appropriate values for m and N to minimize computation time. This approach ensures that both accuracy and efficiency are addressed concurrently. We develop a general algorithm, then apply it to the exponential, trigonometric, and logarithmic matrix functions, and compare the performance with that of the internal system functions of Mathematica and Pade approximation. In the last section, an example is provided to illustrate the rapid computation of numerical solutions for linear differential equations.
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Open AccessArticle
SIRS Epidemic Models with Delays, Partial and Temporary Immunity and Vaccination
by
Benito Chen-Charpentier
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 666-689; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020036 - 28 May 2024
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The basic reproduction, or reproductive number, is a useful index that indicates whether or not there will be an epidemic. However, it is also very important to determine whether an epidemic will eventually decrease and disappear or persist as an endemic. Different infectious
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The basic reproduction, or reproductive number, is a useful index that indicates whether or not there will be an epidemic. However, it is also very important to determine whether an epidemic will eventually decrease and disappear or persist as an endemic. Different infectious diseases have different behaviors and mathematical models used to simulated them should capture the most important processes; however, the models also involve simplifications. Influenza epidemics are usually short-lived and can be modeled with ordinary differential equations without considering demographics. Delays such as the infection time can change the behavior of the solutions. The same is true if there is permanent or temporary immunity, or complete or partial immunity. Vaccination, isolation and the use of antivirals can also change the outcome. In this paper, we introduce several new models and use them to find the effects of all the above factors paying special attention to whether the model can represent an infectious process that eventually disappears. We determine the equilibrium solutions and establish the stability of the disease-free equilibrium using various methods. We also show that many models of influenza or other epidemics with a short duration do not have solutions with a disappearing epidemic. The main objective of the paper is to introduce different ways of modeling immunity in epidemic models. Several scenarios with different immunities are studied since a person may not be re-infected because he/she has total or partial immunity or because there were no close contacts. We show that some relatively small changes, such as in the vaccination rate, can significantly change the dynamics; for example, the existence and number of the disease-free equilibria. We also illustrate that while introducing delays makes the models more realistic, the dynamics have the same qualitative behavior.
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Open AccessArticle
New Bivariate Copulas via Lomax Distribution Generated Distortions
by
Fadal Abdullah Ali Aldhufairi and Jungsywan H. Sepanski
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 641-665; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020035 - 17 May 2024
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We develop a framework for creating distortion functions that are used to construct new bivariate copulas. It is achieved by transforming non-negative random variables with Lomax-related distributions. In this paper, we apply the distortions to the base copulas of independence, Clayton, Frank, and
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We develop a framework for creating distortion functions that are used to construct new bivariate copulas. It is achieved by transforming non-negative random variables with Lomax-related distributions. In this paper, we apply the distortions to the base copulas of independence, Clayton, Frank, and Gumbel copulas. The properties of the tail dependence coefficient, tail order, and concordance ordering are explored for the new families of distorted copulas. We conducted an empirical study using the daily net returns of Amazon and Google stocks from January 2014 to December 2023. We compared the popular Clayton, Gumbel, Frank, and Gaussian copula models to their corresponding distorted copula models induced by the unit-Lomax and unit-inverse Pareto distortions. The new families of distortion copulas are equipped with additional parameters inherent in the distortion function, providing more flexibility, and are demonstrated to perform better than the base copulas. After analyzing the data, we have found that the joint extremes of Amazon and Google stocks are more likely for high daily net returns than for low daily net returns.
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Three-Body 3D-Kepler Electromagnetic Problem—Existence of Periodic Solutions
by
Vasil Georgiev Angelov
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 612-640; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020034 - 16 May 2024
Abstract
The main purpose of the present paper is to prove the existence of periodic solutions of the three-body problem in the 3D Kepler formulation. We have solved the same problem in the case when the three particles are considered in an external inertial
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The main purpose of the present paper is to prove the existence of periodic solutions of the three-body problem in the 3D Kepler formulation. We have solved the same problem in the case when the three particles are considered in an external inertial system. We start with the three-body equations of motion, which are a subset of the equations of motion (previously derived by us) for any number of bodies. In the Minkowski space, there are 12 equations of motion. It is proved that three of them are consequences of the other nine, so their number becomes nine, as much as the unknown trajectories are. The Kepler formulation assumes that one particle (the nucleus) is placed at the coordinate origin. The motion of the other two particles is described by a neutral system with respect to the unknown velocities. The state-dependent delays arise as a consequence of the finite vacuum speed of light. We obtain the equations of motion in spherical coordinates and split them into two groups. In the first group all arguments of the unknown functions are delays. We take their solutions as initial functions. Then, the equations of motion for the remaining two particles must be solved to the right of the initial point. To prove the existence–uniqueness of a periodic solution, we choose a space consisting of periodic infinitely smooth functions satisfying some supplementary conditions. Then, we use a suitable operator which acts on these spaces and whose fixed points are periodic solutions. We apply the fixed point theorem for the operators acting on the spaces of periodic functions. In this manner, we show the stability of the He atom in the frame of classical electrodynamics. In a previous paper of ours, we proved the existence of spin functions for plane motion. Thus, we confirm the Bohr and Sommerfeld’s hypothesis for the He atom.
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Open AccessArticle
A Study of Singular Similarity Solutions to Laplace’s Equation with Dirichlet Boundary Conditions
by
Chao-Kang Feng and Jyh-Haw Tang
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 596-611; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020033 - 6 May 2024
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The infinite series solution to the boundary-value problems of Laplace’s equation with discontinuous Dirichlet boundary conditions was found by using the basic method of separation of variables. The merit of this paper is that the closed-form solution, or the singular similarity solution in
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The infinite series solution to the boundary-value problems of Laplace’s equation with discontinuous Dirichlet boundary conditions was found by using the basic method of separation of variables. The merit of this paper is that the closed-form solution, or the singular similarity solution in the semi-infinite strip domain and the first-quadrant domain, can be generated from the basic infinite series solution in the rectangular domain. Moreover, based on the superposition principle, the infinite series solution in the rectangular domain can be related to the singular similarity solution in the semi-infinite strip domain. It is proven that the analytical source-type singular behavior in the infinite series solution near certain singular points in the rectangular domain can be revealed from the singular similarity solution in the semi-infinite strip domain. By extending the boundary of the rectangular domain, the infinite series solution to Laplace’s equation in the first-quadrant domain can be derived to obtain the analytical singular similarity solution in a direct and much easier way than by using the methods of Fourier transform, images, and conformal mapping.
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
A G-Modified Helmholtz Equation with New Expansions for the Earth’s Disturbing Gravitational Potential, Its Functionals and the Study of Isogravitational Surfaces
by
Gerassimos Manoussakis
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 580-595; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020032 - 4 May 2024
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The G-modified Helmholtz equation is a partial differential equation that enables us to express gravity intensity g as a series of spherical harmonics having radial distance r in irrational powers. The Laplace equation in three-dimensional space (in Cartesian coordinates, is the sum of
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The G-modified Helmholtz equation is a partial differential equation that enables us to express gravity intensity g as a series of spherical harmonics having radial distance r in irrational powers. The Laplace equation in three-dimensional space (in Cartesian coordinates, is the sum of the second-order partial derivatives of the unknown quantity equal to zero) is used to express the Earth’s gravity potential (disturbing and normal potential) in order to represent other useful quantities—which are also known as functionals of the disturbing potential—such as gravity disturbance, gravity anomaly, and geoid undulation as a series of spherical harmonics. We demonstrate that by using the G-modified Helmholtz equation, not only gravity intensity but also disturbing potential and its functionals can be expressed as a series of spherical harmonics. Having gravity intensity represented as a series of spherical harmonics allows us to create new Global Gravity Models. Furthermore, a more detailed examination of the Earth’s isogravitational surfaces is conducted. Finally, we tabulate our results, which makes it clear that new Global Gravity Models for gravity intensity g will be very useful for many geophysical and geodetic applications.
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Open AccessArticle
Quantum Mixtures and Information Loss in Many-Body Systems
by
Diana Monteoliva, Angelo Plastino and Angel Ricardo Plastino
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 570-579; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020031 - 2 May 2024
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In our study, we investigate the phenomenon of information loss, as measured by the Kullback–Leibler divergence, in a many-fermion system, such as the Lipkin model. Information loss is introduced as the number N of particles increases, particularly when the system is in
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In our study, we investigate the phenomenon of information loss, as measured by the Kullback–Leibler divergence, in a many-fermion system, such as the Lipkin model. Information loss is introduced as the number N of particles increases, particularly when the system is in a mixed state. We find that there is a significant loss of information under these conditions. However, we observe that this loss nearly disappears when the system is in a pure state. Our analysis employs tools from information theory to quantify and understand these effects.
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Open AccessArticle
Approximating a Function with a Jump Discontinuity—The High-Noise Case
by
Qusay Muzaffar, David Levin and Michael Werman
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 561-569; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020030 - 2 May 2024
Abstract
This paper presents a novel deep-learning network designed to detect intervals of jump discontinuities in single-variable piecewise smooth functions from their noisy samples. Enhancing the accuracy of jump discontinuity estimations can be used to find a more precise overall approximation of the function,
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This paper presents a novel deep-learning network designed to detect intervals of jump discontinuities in single-variable piecewise smooth functions from their noisy samples. Enhancing the accuracy of jump discontinuity estimations can be used to find a more precise overall approximation of the function, as traditional approximation methods often produce significant errors near discontinuities. Detecting intervals of discontinuities is relatively straightforward when working with exact function data, as finite differences in the data can serve as indicators of smoothness. However, these smoothness indicators become unreliable when dealing with highly noisy data. In this paper, we propose a deep-learning network to pinpoint the location of a jump discontinuity even in the presence of substantial noise.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods in Science)
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Open AccessArticle
Modeling the Impact of Misinformation on the Transmission Dynamics of COVID-19
by
Ziyi Su and Ephraim Agyingi
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 544-560; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020029 - 30 Apr 2024
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The threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by an epidemic of misinformation, causing confusion and mistrust among the public. Misinformation about COVID-19 whether intentional or unintentional takes many forms, including conspiracy theories, false treatments, and inaccurate information about the origins
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The threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by an epidemic of misinformation, causing confusion and mistrust among the public. Misinformation about COVID-19 whether intentional or unintentional takes many forms, including conspiracy theories, false treatments, and inaccurate information about the origins and spread of the virus. Though the pandemic has brought to light the significant impact of misinformation on public health, mathematical modeling emerged as a valuable tool for understanding the spread of COVID-19 and the impact of public health interventions. However, there has been limited research on the mathematical modeling of the spread of misinformation related to COVID-19. In this paper, we present a mathematical model of the spread of misinformation related to COVID-19. The model highlights the challenges posed by misinformation, in that rather than focusing only on the reproduction number that drives new infections, there is an additional threshold parameter that drives the spread of misinformation. The equilibria of the model are analyzed for both local and global stability, and numerical simulations are presented. We also discuss the model’s potential to develop effective strategies for combating misinformation related to COVID-19.
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Open AccessArticle
Minimal Terracini Loci in a Plane and Their Generalizations
by
Edoardo Ballico
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 529-543; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020028 - 17 Apr 2024
Abstract
We study properties of the minimal Terracini loci, i.e., families of certain zero-dimensional schemes, in a projective plane. Among the new results here are: a maximality theorem and the existence of arbitrarily large gaps or non-gaps for the integers x for which the
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We study properties of the minimal Terracini loci, i.e., families of certain zero-dimensional schemes, in a projective plane. Among the new results here are: a maximality theorem and the existence of arbitrarily large gaps or non-gaps for the integers x for which the minimal Terracini locus in degree d is non-empty. We study similar theorems for the critical schemes of the minimal Terracini sets. This part is framed in a more general framework.
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Open AccessArticle
Spontaneous Imbibition and an Interface-Electrostatics-Based Model of the Transition Zone Thickness of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs and Their Theoretical Interpretations
by
Mumuni Amadu and Adango Miadonye
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 517-528; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020027 - 16 Apr 2024
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The transition zone (TZ) of hydrocarbon reservoirs is an integral part of the hydrocarbon pool which contains a substantial fraction of the deposit, particularly in carbonate petroleum systems. Consequently, knowledge of its thickness and petrophysical properties, viz. its pore size distribution and wettability
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The transition zone (TZ) of hydrocarbon reservoirs is an integral part of the hydrocarbon pool which contains a substantial fraction of the deposit, particularly in carbonate petroleum systems. Consequently, knowledge of its thickness and petrophysical properties, viz. its pore size distribution and wettability characteristic, is critical to optimizing hydrocarbon production in this zone. Using classical formation evaluation techniques, the thickness of the transition zone has been estimated, using well logging methods including resistivity and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, among others. While hydrocarbon fluids’ accumulation in petroleum reservoirs occurs due to the migration and displacement of originally water-filled potential structural and stratigraphic traps, the development of their TZ integrates petrophysical processes that combine spontaneous capillary imbibition and wettability phenomena. In the literature, wettability phenomena have been shown to also be governed by electrostatic phenomena. Therefore, given that reservoir rocks are aggregates of minerals with ionizable surface groups that facilitate the development of an electric double layer, a definite theoretical relationship between the TZ and electrostatic theory must be feasible. Accordingly, a theoretical approach to estimating the TZ thickness, using the electrostatic theory and based on the electric double layer theory, is attractive, but this is lacking in the literature. Herein, we fill the knowledge gap by using the interfacial electrostatic theory based on the fundamental tenets of the solution to the Poisson–Boltzmann mean field theory. Accordingly, we have used an existing model of capillary rise based on free energy concepts to derive a capillary rise equation that can be used to theoretically predict observations based on the TZ thickness of different reservoir rocks, using well-established formation evaluation methods. The novelty of our work stems from the ability of the model to theoretically and accurately predict the TZ thickness of the different lithostratigraphic units of hydrocarbon reservoirs, because of the experimental accessibility of its model parameters.
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Open AccessArticle
Sums of Independent Circular Random Variables and Maximum Likelihood Circular Uniformity Tests Based on Nonnegative Trigonometric Sums Distributions
by
Juan José Fernández-Durán and María Mercedes Gregorio-Domínguez
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 495-516; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020026 - 9 Apr 2024
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The sum of independent circular uniformly distributed random variables is also circular uniformly distributed. In this study, it is shown that a family of circular distributions based on nonnegative trigonometric sums (NNTS) is also closed under summation. Given the flexibility of NNTS circular
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The sum of independent circular uniformly distributed random variables is also circular uniformly distributed. In this study, it is shown that a family of circular distributions based on nonnegative trigonometric sums (NNTS) is also closed under summation. Given the flexibility of NNTS circular distributions to model multimodality and skewness, these are good candidates for use as alternative models to test for circular uniformity to detect different deviations from the null hypothesis of circular uniformity. The circular uniform distribution is a member of the NNTS family, but in the NNTS parameter space, it corresponds to a point on the boundary of the parameter space, implying that the regularity conditions are not satisfied when the parameters are estimated by using the maximum likelihood method. Two NNTS tests for circular uniformity were developed by considering the standardised maximum likelihood estimator and the generalised likelihood ratio. Given the nonregularity condition, the critical values of the proposed NNTS circular uniformity tests were obtained via simulation and interpolated for any sample size by the fitting of regression models. The validity of the proposed NNTS circular uniformity tests was evaluated by generating NNTS models close to the circular uniformity null hypothesis.
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Open AccessArticle
A New Approach to Understanding Quantum Mechanics: Illustrated Using a Pedagogical Model over ℤ2
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David Ellerman
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 468-494; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020025 - 9 Apr 2024
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The new approach to quantum mechanics (QM) is that the mathematics of QM is the linearization of the mathematics of partitions (or equivalence relations) on a set. This paper develops those ideas using vector spaces over the field
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The new approach to quantum mechanics (QM) is that the mathematics of QM is the linearization of the mathematics of partitions (or equivalence relations) on a set. This paper develops those ideas using vector spaces over the field as a pedagogical or toy model of (finite-dimensional, non-relativistic) QM. The -vectors are interpreted as sets, so the model is “quantum mechanics over sets” or QM/Sets. The key notions of partitions on a set are the logical-level notions to model distinctions versus indistinctions, definiteness versus indefiniteness, or distinguishability versus indistinguishability. Those pairs of concepts are the key to understanding the non-classical ‘weirdness’ of QM. The key non-classical notion in QM is the notion of superposition, i.e., the notion of a state that is indefinite between two or more definite- or eigen-states. As Richard Feynman emphasized, all the weirdness of QM is illustrated in the double-slit experiment, so the QM/Sets version of that experiment is used to make the key points.
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Open AccessArticle
Analyzing Small-Signal Stability in a Multi-Source Single-Area Power System with a Load-Frequency Controller Coordinated with a Photovoltaic System
by
Ghazanfar Shahgholian and Arman Fathollahi
AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 452-467; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020024 - 3 Apr 2024
Abstract
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The frequency deviation from the nominal working frequency in power systems is a consequence of the imbalance between total electrical loads and the aggregate power supplied by production units. The sensitivity of energy system frequency to both minor and major load variations underscore
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The frequency deviation from the nominal working frequency in power systems is a consequence of the imbalance between total electrical loads and the aggregate power supplied by production units. The sensitivity of energy system frequency to both minor and major load variations underscore the need for effective frequency load control mechanisms. In this paper, frequency load control in single-area power system with multi-source energy is analysed and simulated. Also, the effect of the photovoltaic system on the frequency deviation changes in the energy system is shown. In the single area energy system, the dynamics of thermal turbine with reheat, thermal turbine without reheat and hydro turbine are considered. The simulation results using Simulink/Matlab and model analysis using eigenvalue analysis show the dynamic behaviour of the power system in response to changes in the load.
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