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Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing

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A special issue of Chemosensors (ISSN 2227-9040). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Chemical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 39379

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Iole Venditti

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Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University of Rome, Via della Vasca navale 79, 00146 Rome, Italy
Interests: nanomaterials; inorganic chemistry; drug delivery; sensing; optical materials; photonics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Paolo Prosposito

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Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Cracovia n.50, 00133 Roma, Italy
Interests: optical sensors; silver nanoparticles; surface plasmon resonance; optical absorption; heavy metal ions; hybrid solgel based films; fluorescencent waveguides; 3D printing
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Dr. Alessandra Paladini

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Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), EuroFEL Support Laboratory (EFSL), 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
Interests: nanomaterials; plasmonics; transient absorption spectroscopy; ultrafast processes; photocatalysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We would like to invite you to submit your papers about optical nanomaterials with plasmonic or photonic features to this Special Issue of Chemosensors.

Optical nanomaterials are among the most active research topics. Optical regimes such as diffraction in photonic crystals, absorption of plasmonic nanostructures, as well as color switching systems, refraction of assembled birefringent nanostructures, and emission of nanomaterials, are of great interest both for the pure scientific interest and for the many applications in which they are potentially involved. This Special Issue aims to be an opportunity to collect experimental and theoretical research works in these areas, giving space to the design, preparation, characterization, simulations, and applications of these innovative and promising optical materials.

We invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome.

The focuses of this Special Issue include (but are not limited to):

Design of nanomaterials for photonics or plasmonics;

Development and preparation methods for photonic or plasmonic nanomaterials;

Structure–property relationships in photonic or plasmonic nanomaterials;

Theoretical simulations of photonic and plasmonic nanostructures;

Metal nanoparticles/polymers hybrid materials in plasmonic and photonic applications;

Photonic or plasmonic nanomaterials for sensing and biosensing;

Photonic or plasmonic nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage.

Dr. Iole Venditti
Dr. Paolo Prosposito
Dr. Alessandra Paladini
Guest Editors

If you want to learn more information or need any advice, you can contact the Special Issue Editor Tammy Zhang via <[email protected]> directly.

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Chemosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Design
Development and preparation methods
Structure–property relationships
Plasmonic and photonis applications
Plasmonics and photonics for sensing
Smart hybrid materials

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 173 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing

by Alessandra Paladini, Paolo Prosposito and Iole Venditti

Chemosensors 2023, 11(10), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11100526 - 7 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1353

Abstract

In the last decade, new technologies have undertaken an extraordinary development, based not only on new materials and new processes but also on design, modelling, information technology, and artificial intelligence [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

13 pages, 3239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tunable Nanoplasmonic Transducers: Performance Analysis and Potential Application

by Adriano Colombelli, Daniela Lospinoso, Roberto Rella and Maria Grazia Manera

Chemosensors 2023, 11(2), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11020109 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1768

Abstract

Plasmonic nanostructures with tunable optical properties can have many different applications, including high-sensitivity optical sensing for biological and chemical analyses in different field such as medical, environmental and food safety. The realization of an optimized sensing platform is closely related to the ability to finely control optical properties of nanostructures, which are, in turn, intimately linked to their geometrical and compositional characteristics. In this paper, an efficient and reproducible fabrication protocol, based on nanosphere lithography, for the realization of metal nanostructures with tunable plasmonic features is presented. In particular, the relationships between the geometric characteristics of different types of nanostructures with related optical phenomena such as enhanced absorption or extraordinary transmission are investigated in detail. These properties, together with electric field enhancement and confinement, are characterized and optimized in view of the employment of the fabricated nanostructures as optical transducers in nanoplasmonic chemosensor platforms working in the UV-VIS spectral range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing)

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11 pages, 1368 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Gold Nanostar-Based Sensitive Catechol Plasmonic Colorimetric Sensing Platform with Ultra-Wide Detection Range

by Huafeng Wang, Ting Fang, Hua Liu, Tianxiang Wei and Zhihui Dai

Chemosensors 2022, 10(11), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10110439 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2284

Abstract

High sensitivity and a wide detection range are always the pursuit of sensor design. In this work, gold nanostars (Au NSs) featuring the shape of sea urchins with an absorption peak at the near infrared region (822 nm) were prepared. We proposed a Au NSs-based plasmonic colorimetric sensing platform for ultrasensitive catechol (CC) detection with a wide detection range from 3.33 nM to 107 μM and a limit of detection (LOD) at 1 nM. The target analyte, CC, was used to reduce silver ions (Ag⁺) to form silver (Ag) coating on the surface of Au NSs, which caused a blue-shift in the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Au NSs. With the gradual increase in CC concentration, the Ag coating on the surface was gradually nucleated, and the LSPR blue-shift carried on. This strategy yields a wide LSPR shift by as much as 276 nm for plasmonic effects, enabling an ultra-wide range and the ultrasensitive detection of CC. This work will facilitate the research of target-mediated LSPR sensors and their wide application in environmental monitoring, food safety, and disease diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing)

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12 pages, 3464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Pb(II) Ions in Water by Fluorescence Spectroscopy Based on Silver Nanoclusters

by Luca Burratti, Valentin Maranges, Michele Sisani, Eziz Naryyev, Fabio De Matteis, Roberto Francini and Paolo Prosposito

Chemosensors 2022, 10(10), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10100385 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1816

Abstract

In this work, a method to determine Pb(II) ions in model water is presented; the method is based on the fluorescence emission of a silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) colloidal solution, which is sensitive to lead ions. The presence of Pb(II) ions causes a photoemission enhancement of the AgNCs solution dependent on the pollutant concentration. The functional dependence is logarithmic in the range from 2.5 to 40 µM, and through the linearization of the calibration points, a linear function is determined and exploited for the extrapolation of the test Pb(II) concentrations with a precision estimated by relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging from 21% to 10% from the highest to the lowest Pb(II) quantity, respectively. Finally, inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) successfully validated the described method. The accuracy of the method is also studied for intentionally polluted mineral waters, revealing the same trend of the model water: the lower the concentration, the higher the precision of the method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing)

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17 pages, 3603 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acoustic Vibration Modes of Gold–Silver Core–Shell Nanoparticles

by Tadele Orbula Otomalo, Lorenzo Di Mario, Cyrille Hamon, Doru Constantin, Francesco Toschi, Khanh-Van Do, Vincent Juvé, Pascal Ruello, Patrick O’Keeffe, Daniele Catone, Alessandra Paladini and Bruno Palpant

Chemosensors 2022, 10(5), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10050193 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3747

Abstract

Bimetallic Au/Ag core–shell cuboid nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit a complex plasmonic response dominated by a dipolar longitudinal mode and higher-order transverse modes in the near-UV, which may be exploited for a range of applications. In this paper, we take advantage of the strong signature of these modes in the NP ultrafast transient optical response, measured by pump-probe transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy, to explore the NP vibrational landscape. The fast Fourier transform analysis of the TA dynamics reveals specific vibration modes in the frequency range 15–150 GHz, further studied by numerical simulations based on the finite element method. While bare Au nanorods exhibit extensional and breathing modes, the bimetallic NPs undergo more complex motions, involving the displacement of facets, edges and corners. The amplitude and frequency of these modes are shown to depend on the Ag shell thickness, as the silver load modifies the NP aspect ratio and mass. Moreover, the contributions of the vibrational modes to the experimental TA spectra are shown to vary with the probe laser wavelength at which the signal is monitored. Using the combined simulations of the NP elastic and optical properties, we elucidate this influence by analyzing the effect of the mechanisms involved in the acousto-plasmonic coupling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing)

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14 pages, 2695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrafast and Multiplexed Bacteriophage Susceptibility Testing by Surface Plasmon Resonance and Phase Imaging of Immobilized Phage Microarrays

by Larry O'Connell, Ondrej Mandula, Loïc Leroy, Axelle Aubert, Pierre R. Marcoux and Yoann Roupioz

Chemosensors 2022, 10(5), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10050192 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3018

Abstract

In the context of bacteriophage (phage) therapy, there is an urgent need for a method permitting multiplexed, parallel phage susceptibility testing (PST) prior to the formulation of personalized phage cocktails for administration to patients suffering from antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections. Methods based on surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) and phase imaging were demonstrated as candidates for very rapid (<2 h) PST in the broth phase. Biosensing layers composed of arrays of phages 44AHJD, P68, and gh-1 were covalently immobilized on the surface of an SPRi prism and exposed to liquid culture of either Pseudomonas putida or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (i.e., either the phages’ host or non-host bacteria). Monitoring of reflectivity reveals susceptibility of the challenge bacteria to the immobilized phage strains. Investigation of phase imaging of lytic replication of gh-1 demonstrates PST at the single-cell scale, without requiring phage immobilization. SPRi sensorgrams show that on-target regions increase in reflectivity more slowly, stabilizing later and to a lower level compared to off-target regions. Phage susceptibility can be revealed in as little as 30 min in both the SPRi and phase imaging methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing)

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17 pages, 3626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Luminescent Self-Assembled Monolayer on Gold Nanoparticles: Tuning of Emission According to the Surface Curvature

by Angela Candreva, Giuseppe Di Maio, Francesco Parisi, Francesca Scarpelli, Alessandra Crispini, Nicolas Godbert, Loredana Ricciardi, Antonello Nucera, Carmen Rizzuto, Riccardo C. Barberi, Marco Castriota and Massimo La Deda

Chemosensors 2022, 10(5), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10050176 - 6 May 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3079

Abstract

Until now, the ability to form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on a surface has been investigated according to deposition techniques, which in turn depend on surface-coater interactions. In this paper, we pursued two goals: to form a SAM on a gold nanosurface and to correlate its formation to the nanosurface curvature. To achieve these objectives, gold nanoparticles of different shapes (spheres, rods, and triangles) were functionalized with a luminescent thiolated bipyridine (Bpy-SH), and the SAM formation was studied by investigating the photo-physics of Bpy-SH. We have shown that emission wavelength and excited-state lifetime of Bpy-SH are strongly correlated to the formation of specific aggregates within SAMs, the nature of these aggregates being in close correlation to the shape of the nanoparticles. Micro-Raman spectroscopy investigation was used to test the SERS effect of gold nanoparticles on thiolated bipyridine forming SAMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing)

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14 pages, 1621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optical Response of CVD-Grown ML-WS₂ Flakes on an Ultra-Dense Au NP Plasmonic Array

by Marzia Ferrera, Lorenzo Ramò, Domenica Convertino, Giorgio Orlandini, Simona Pace, Ilya Milekhin, Michele Magnozzi, Mahfujur Rahaman, Dietrich R. T. Zahn, Camilla Coletti, Maurizio Canepa and Francesco Bisio

Chemosensors 2022, 10(3), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10030120 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3711

Abstract

The combination of metallic nanostructures with two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides is an efficient way to make the optical properties of the latter more appealing for opto-electronic applications. In this work, we investigate the optical properties of monolayer WS

_{2}

flakes grown by chemical [...] Read more.

_{2}

flakes grown by chemical vapour deposition and transferred onto a densely-packed array of plasmonic Au nanoparticles (NPs). The optical response was measured as a function of the thickness of a dielectric spacer intercalated between the two materials and of the system temperature, in the 75–350 K range. We show that a weak interaction is established between WS

_{2}

and Au NPs, leading to temperature- and spacer-thickness-dependent coupling between the localized surface plasmon resonance of Au NPs and the WS

_{2}

exciton. We suggest that the closely-packed morphology of the plasmonic array promotes a high confinement of the electromagnetic field in regions inaccessible by the WS

_{2}

deposited on top. This allows the achievement of direct contact between WS

_{2}

and Au while preserving a strong connotation of the properties of the two materials also in the hybrid system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing)

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11 pages, 20763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fluorescence Enhancement via Dual Coupling of Dye Molecules with Silver Nanostructures

by Vien Thi Tran and Heongkyu Ju

Chemosensors 2021, 9(8), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9080217 - 10 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2779

Abstract

We demonstrate the enhancement of fluorescence emitted from dye molecules coupled with two surface plasmons, i.e., silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-induced localized surface plasmons (LSP) and thin silver (Ag) film supported surface plasmons. Excitation light is illuminated to a SiO₂ layer that contains both rhodamine 110 molecules and AgNPs. AgNPs enhances excitation rates of dye molecules in their close proximity due to LSP-induced enhancement of local electromagnetic fields at dye excitation wavelengths. Moreover, the SiO₂ layer on one surface of which a 50 nm-thick Ag film is coated for metal cladding (air on the other surface), acts as a waveguide core at the dye emission wavelengths. The Ag film induces the surface plasmons which couple with the waveguide modes, resulting in a waveguide-modulated version of surface plasmon coupled emission (SPCE) for different SiO₂ thicknesses in a reverse Kretschmann configuration. We find that varying the SiO₂ thickness modulates the fluorescent signal of SPCE, its modulation behavior being in agreement with the theoretical simulation of thickness dependent properties of the coupled plasmon waveguide resonance. This enables optimization engineering of the waveguide structure for enhancement of fluorescent signals. The combination of LSP enhanced dye excitation and the waveguide-modulated version of SPCE may offer chances of enhancing fluorescent signals for a highly sensitive fluorescent assay of biomedical and chemical substances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing)

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14 pages, 1932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoplasmonic Biosensing Approach for Endotoxin Detection in Pharmaceutical Field

by Adriano Colombelli, Elisabetta Primiceri, Silvia Rizzato, Anna Grazia Monteduro, Giuseppe Maruccio, Roberto Rella and Maria Grazia Manera

Chemosensors 2021, 9(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9010010 - 4 Jan 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3481

Abstract

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria contains bacterial endotoxins known as Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Owing to the strong immune responses induced in humans and animals, these large molecules have a strong toxic effect that can cause severe fever, hypotension, shock, and death. Endotoxins are often present in the environment and medical implants and represent undesirable contaminations of pharmaceutical preparations and medical devices. To overcome the limitations of the standard technique, novel methods for early and sensitive detection of LPS will be of crucial importance. In this work, an interesting approach for the sensitive detection of LPS has been realized by exploiting optical features of nanoplasmonic transducers supporting Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances (LSPRs). Ordered arrays of gold nano-prisms and nano-disks have been realized by nanospheres lithography. The realized transducers have been integrated into a simple and miniaturized lab-on-a-chip (LOC) platform and functionalized with specific antibodies as sensing elements for the detection of LPS. Interactions of specific antibodies anchored on protein A-modified sensor chips with the investigated analyte resulted in a spectral shift in the plasmonic resonance peak of the transducers. A good linear relationship between peak shifts and the LPS concentration has been demonstrated for the fabricated nano-structures with a detection limit down to 5 ng/mL. Integration with a proper microfluidic platform demonstrates the possibility of yielding a prototypal compact device to be used as an analytical test for quality determination of pharmaceutical products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

28 pages, 71626 KiB

Open AccessReview

Graphene Quantum Dot-Enabled Nanocomposites as Luminescence- and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Biosensors

by Darwin Kurniawan, Yan-Yi Chen, Neha Sharma, Michael Ryan Rahardja and Wei-Hung Chiang

Chemosensors 2022, 10(12), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10120498 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2746

Abstract

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are a zero-dimensional (0D) carbon-based nanomaterial with a unique quantum confinement effect that have captured the eyes of many researchers. In addition to their luminescence properties, a high biocompatibility and large surface area have enabled GQDs to be used for many applications, and even be integrated with either organic or inorganic materials to produce GQD nanocomposites to enhance the application performances and broaden the application scope. In this review, we aim to highlight the exquisite properties and synthesis methods of GQDs, recent advances in the fabrication of GQD nanocomposites with both organic and inorganic materials, and their corresponding luminescence-based and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensing applications. Finally, this review article concludes with a summary of current challenges and prospects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing)

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23 pages, 2494 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hybrid Nanocomposites of Plasmonic Metal Nanostructures and 2D Nanomaterials for Improved Colorimetric Detection

by Caterina Serafinelli, Alessandro Fantoni, Elisabete C. B. A. Alegria and Manuela Vieira

Chemosensors 2022, 10(7), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10070237 - 22 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2540

Abstract

Plasmonic phenomena and materials have been extensively investigated for a long time and gained popularity in the last few years, finding in the design of the biosensors platforms promising applications offering devices with excellent performances. Hybrid systems composed of graphene, or other 2D materials, and plasmonic metal nanostructures present extraordinary optical properties originated from the synergic connection between plasmonic optical effects and the unusual physicochemical properties of 2D materials, thus improving their application in a broad range of fields. In this work, firstly, an overview of the structures and properties of 2D nanomaterials will be provided along with the physics of surface plasmon resonance and localized surface plasmon resonance. In the second part of the work, some examples of colorimetric biosensors exploiting the outstanding properties of hybrids nanocomposites will be presented. Finally, concluding perspectives on the actual status, challenges, and future directions in plasmonic sensing biosensing will be provided. Special emphasis will be given to how this technology can be used to support digitalization and virtualization in pandemic handling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing)

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35 pages, 7562 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plasmonic Biosensors for the Detection of Lung Cancer Biomarkers: A Review

by Fahad Usman, John Ojur Dennis, A.I. Aljameel, M.K.M. Ali, O. Aldaghri, K.H. Ibnaouf, Zakariyya Uba Zango, Mahnoush Beygisangchin, Ahmed Alsadig and Fabrice Meriaudeau

Chemosensors 2021, 9(11), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9110326 - 21 Nov 2021

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5004

Abstract

Lung cancer is the most common and deadliest cancer type globally. Its early diagnosis can guarantee a five-year survival rate. Unfortunately, application of the available diagnosis methods such as computed tomography, chest radiograph, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, low-dose CT scan, bone scans, positron emission tomography (PET), and biopsy is hindered due to one or more problems, such as phenotypic properties of tumours that prevent early detection, invasiveness, expensiveness, and time consumption. Detection of lung cancer biomarkers using a biosensor is reported to solve the problems. Among biosensors, optical biosensors attract greater attention due to being ultra-sensitive, free from electromagnetic interference, capable of wide dynamic range detection, free from the requirement of a reference electrode, free from electrical hazards, highly stable, capable of multiplexing detection, and having the potential for more information content than electrical transducers. Inspired by promising features of plasmonic sensors, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR), localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) such as ultra-sensitivity, single particle/molecular level detection capability, multiplexing capability, photostability, real-time measurement, label-free measurement, room temperature operation, naked-eye readability, and the ease of miniaturisation without sophisticated sensor chip fabrication and instrumentation, numerous plasmonic sensors for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers have been investigated. In this review, the principle plasmonic sensor is explained. In addition, novel strategies and modifications adopted for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers such as miRNA, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratins, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using plasmonic sensors are also reported. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of the plasmonic biosensors for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers are highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing)

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Photonics and Plasmonics: New Challenges for Optical Nanostructured Materials in Sensing

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