Announcements

17 April 2025
Recruiting Editorial Board Members for Computers

In order to further enhance the international influence of the journal Computers (ISSN: 2073-431X), as well as to help further our mission of open science and scientific exchange and to support the Editorial Board with additional expertise, Computers is inviting interested and eligible researchers from academia to apply for Editorial Board Membership.

Recruitment:
Editorial Board Members will hold the position for two years, with the possibility of renewal for a second term.

Application eligibility:

  • Researchers must have completed their doctorate/Ph.D. degree;
  • Researchers must have served as the first author/corresponding author on at least ten peer-reviewed and published manuscripts in the last five years;
  • Researchers must have published impactful work in the field of engineering science and technology. Researchers must have published impactful work in the field of computer science. Researchers whose research interests align with “Computer and Network Architecture” and “Computer–Human Interaction” will be especially welcomed;
  • Researchers that are currently (at the time of application) holding a senior lecturer, associate professor or professor title in academia;
  • Researchers that are actively engaged in their community (e.g., experienced at presenting at conferences or involved in professional organizations).

Benefits for Editorial Board Members include the following:

  • A certificate of appointment as an Editorial Board Member will be provided;
  • Editorial Board Members may publish one paper per year, free of charge, in open access;
  • The journal will regularly acknowledge those who have participated in the peer-review process on the journal’s website;
  • There will be opportunities to participate in or host annual meetings and online seminars organized by the Editor-in-Chief and the Editorial Board Members.

Responsibilities of Editorial Board Members include the following:

  • Pre-screening and making decisions on new submissions related to your research interests;
  • Setting up at least one Special Issue during your term on a topic related to your research interests (or supervising Special Issues related to your research field);
  • Providing input or feedback regarding journal policies;
  • Helping to promote the journal among your peers or at conferences;
  • Attending Board meetings to suggest journal development strategies;
  • Reviewing manuscripts or helping to identify suitable reviewers for the journal.

Applications:
If you are interested in this position or have potential candidates to recommend, please feel free to contact the Computers Editorial Office. If possible, please also send, for our records, a CV or an official website with your biographical data (including a list of your publications).

Application deadline: 31 October 2025.

Selection process:
The initial screening of application materials will be followed by selection by the Editor-in-Chief and Editorial Board Members, email notification will follow, and thereafter a certificate of appointment will be issued.

14 April 2025
Computers Accepted into Ei Compendex


We are pleased to announce that Computers (ISSN: 2073-431X) has been accepted into Ei Compendex. We would like to take this opportunity to extend our sincerest gratitude to our editors. We also acknowledge that this achievement would not have been possible without the many valuable publications of our authors and the contributions of our dedicated reviewers. We thank you all for your support and hope to receive more contributions from you in the future.

In addition to Ei Compendex, Computers is also indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), dblp, and Inspec, as well as other databases.

Computers is an international and open access journal that provides an advanced forum for computer sciences. It publishes reviews, regular research papers, and short communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There are no restrictions on the maximum length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced.

For more journal statistics, please visit https://www.mdpi.com/journal/computers.

Computers Editorial Office

3 April 2025
Meet Us at Math 2 Product (M2P), 4–6 June 2025, Valencia, Spain


Conference: Math 2 Product (M2P)
Date: 4–6 June 2025
Place: Valencia, Spain

MDPI will be attending Math 2 Product (M2P) as an exhibitor. This meeting will be held in Valencia, Spain, from 4 to 6 June 2025.

This is the second edition of the M2P conference series, a Thematic Conference of the European Community on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences (ECCOMAS - https://www.eccomas.org/) and a Special Interest Conference of the International Association for Computational Mechanics (IACM -IACM.info).

Mathematical models and computational methods have gained increasing importance in the simulation of real-world and industrial problems. The employment of such methodologies deeply changed the standard ways of conceiving daily industrial production and strategies for the sustainable exploitation of modern cities.

The goal pursued by this ECCOMAS Thematic Conference is twofold. On the one hand, cases of successful interaction between mathematics and industry will be presented. Special emphasis will be devoted to the benefits provided by the transfer of knowledge in different fields of applications, including the social challenges of sustainable development. On the other hand, groundbreaking ideas and emerging technologies in computational science will be discussed to foster the cross-fertilization of academic solutions and real-world problems.

The following MDPI journals will be represented:

If you will be attending this conference, please feel free to start a conversation with us. Our delegates look forward to meeting you in person and answering any questions you may have. For more information about the conference, please visit https://www.m2p2025.com/M2P2025/.

2 April 2025
MDPI INSIGHTS: The CEO's Letter #21 - Annual Report, Swiss Consortium, IWD, ICARS, Serbia

Welcome to the MDPI Insights: The CEO's Letter.

In these monthly letters, I will showcase two key aspects of our work at MDPI: our commitment to empowering researchers and our determination to facilitating open scientific exchange.


Opening Thoughts

MDPI Releases 2024 Annual Achievements Report

I’m pleased to share the release of MDPI’s 2024 Annual Achievements Report, which reflects our commitment to efficiency, transparency, and excellence in scholarly communication. The report showcases key themes related to our growth (highlighting our workforce expansion, new offices, journal milestones), excellence (editorial and publishing advancements), people (talent development and training), and community (partnerships, conferences, and outreach).

MDPI continues to build connections and drive scientific progress

Our mission remains clear: to support researchers worldwide by delivering an efficient, high-quality publishing experience while strengthening the global Open Access (OA) movement.

Advancing Open Access: A Global Knowledge Hub

In 2024, we published 238,000 peer-reviewed OA articles, reaching over 25 million downloads. This reinforces MDPI’s role as a global knowledge hub, breaking down barriers to access and ensuring that high-quality research is freely available to everyone. As part of the OA movement, we are actively democratizing knowledge, making scientific advancements accessible to researchers, policymakers, educators, and the public, without the restrictions of traditional paywalls.

Expanding our Workforce and Strengthening Research Integrity

Our global presence grew in 2024 with the opening of a new Seoul office, and our workforce expanded to 6,650 staff across 21 offices. This reflects our continued growth mindset and investment in global accessibility. We also continued to take a proactive stance on our commitment to research integrity, tripling our team in this area and joining STM’s Integrity Hub and United2Act. This means more rigorous quality control, stronger safeguards, and collaboration with global initiatives to detect and combat unethical publishing practices at an industry level. Our growth is about reinforcing our role as a trusted, ethical, and accessible publishing platform for researchers worldwide.

Growing Partnerships and Impact in Scholarly Communication

MDPI’s partnerships continue to thrive, with over 900 institutional collaborations, including a landmark agreement with ZB MED in Germany, covering more than 100 universities. Additionally, more than 90% of evaluated MDPI journals have been accepted into Web of Science, including 60 new acceptances in 2024, with nearly 300 journals expected to receive a Journal Impact Factor in 2025. In the same period, 37 MDPI journals were accepted into Scopus, bringing our total indexed titles to 306. Most importantly, 95% of authors rate their experience with MDPI as excellent or good – an achievement that underscores our dedication to serving the research community.

I encourage you to read through our Annual Report, which highlights these milestones and our vision for the future. Thank you for being part of MDPI’s journey in advancing open science.

Impactful Research

MDPI Renews Partnership with CSAL to Support Swiss Universities

I am pleased to announce the renewal of our partnership with the Consortium of Swiss Academic Libraries (CSAL) for 2025. This extension reinforces MDPI's dedication to advancing open science through transparency, efficiency, and collaboration.

Our renewed agreement with CSAL strengthens support for Swiss universities, ensuring that gold open access publishing remains both accessible and affordable for researchers across Switzerland. Among the institutions participating in this agreement are ETH Zurich and EPFL Lausanne, along with 20 other leading institutions, further expanding the reach and impact of our collaborative efforts.

To date, over 3.9 million researchers have published their findings in MDPI journals, a testament to our role in enhancing Switzerland's position as a hub for university education and research.

Inside MDPI

Celebrating International Women's Day: Accelerating Action

In honour of International Women's Day, MDPI embraced the theme “Accelerate Action,” a global call to advance women's progress by implementing effective strategies and resources. As part of our commitment, we highlighted how open access publishing empowers female voices in research and academia.

Throughout March, we featured original blogs authored by MDPI’s female contributors, showcasing the successes of our journals and employees, and addressing pressing topics such as women's health.

“Open Access supports women in education”

Women Accelerating Action Outside of MDPI

MDPI employee Ana Zdravkovic is accelerating action outside of her MDPI role as a Production Assistant. Working with like-minded women at the award-winning Belgrade-based organization UZOR OsnaŽene (meaning ‘empowered women’), they identify serious flaws in cybersecurity, and help protect women and children against online predators by providing evidence to improve legislation and laws around cyber-attacks.

In this article, we interview Ana, celebrating the important and inspiring work that she and the organisation do.

How Open Access Supports Women in Education

Every day, women and girls face barriers in education or career progression. This is caused by a range of factors, including social expectations, poverty, and poor infrastructure.

Quality opportunities and participation in the education system by women is essential to achieving equality and fulfilling their human rights.

Here, we examine how Open Access supports women in education by removing barriers and ensuring that vital research is accessible.

Recent Advancements in Research on Endometriosis

March is Endometriosis Action Month. Endometriosis is a medical condition affecting women and young girls of reproductive age, often causing symptoms such as severe pelvic pain, irregular periods, and infertility.

More research on endometriosis is still urgently needed.

This research will help develop efficient diagnoses and better treatment for those struggling with the condition.

In this article, we explore what endometriosis is and discuss the latest research advancements on the disease.

We also curated a selection of MDPI journals, articles, and Special Issues focusing on gender equity, women in the workplace, and women’s health.​ Find out more about these by visiting our IWD – Accelerate Action landing page.

As I reflect on the month of March and International Women’s Day, I would like to take a moment to recognize and thank all of the incredible women at MDPI for your dedication to democratizing knowledge and shaping open access. Your contributions are invaluable, and they continue to shape the future of MDPI.

Coming Together for Science

The International Conference on Advanced Remote Sensing (ICARS 2025)

The International Conference on Advanced Remote Sensing (ICARS 2025) took place from 26–28 March 2025, in Barcelona, Spain. It was chaired by Prof. Dr. Fabio Tosti from the Faringdon Research Centre for Non-Destructive Testing and Remote Sensing (UK), Prof. Dr. Andrea Benedetto from University Roma Tre (Italy), and Prof. Dr. Luis Ángel Ruiz from Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV, Spain).

Over three days, the conference explored innovations in Earth and environmental sciences, engineering advancements, and practical applications in biological and agricultural fields.

I am pleased to share that the 1st edition of ICARS 2025 was a great success, with 133 attendees out of 146 registrations. The event featured 43 short talks, 64 posters, and 103 accepted abstracts, along with nine keynote speakers and a major panel with five expert panellists.

Over 60 attendees joined the conference dinner, and the event received outstanding feedback.

The main goal of ICARS2025 was to cover how advanced remote sensing technologies are transforming our approach to global challenges.

Awards

Four awards were presented at the conclusion of the conference, sponsored by the journal Remote Sensing: Best Poster Award (€400), Best Oral Presentation Award (€400), and two Early Career Researcher Awards (1st prize: €600 and 2nd prize: €200).

Thank you to our Partnering Societies

We are grateful for the support of our four partnering societies and nine media partners, who played an important role in promoting the conference. Special thanks to our partnering societies: the European Federation of Geologists (EFG), Geoscience Energy Society of Great Britain (GESGB), Asociación Española de Teledetección (AET) – the Spanish Association of Remote Sensing, and the International Society for Digital Earth (ISDE).

Upcoming In-Person Event

31 March–2 April 2025
Plants 2025: From Seeds to Food Security
Location: Barcelona, Spain

This event will gather plant scientists to discuss the latest research on how to feed a growing population while maintaining a sustainable agro-ecosystem.

Find more upcoming MDPI events here.

Closing Thoughts

MDPI Serbia Salon 2025: A Gathering of Academic Excellence

On Tuesday, 18 March, we successfully concluded our first MDPI Serbia Salon in Belgrade. This event provided a great opportunity to showcase MDPI’s achievements, strengthen connections with the Serbian academic community, and highlight our role as the largest publisher in Serbia. We were honoured to welcome Prof. Dr. Sergej M. Ostojić, Editor-in-Chief of MDPI journal Clinical Bioenergetics, as a guest speaker.

Over the past five years, MDPI has experienced continuous growth in Serbia, with an increasing number of publications, an expansion of Editorial Board memberships, and a greater number of active peer reviewers. The Salon allowed us to express our thanks to the Serbian research community while gathering feedback from attendees representing several major universities.

Discussion topics

As part of the event, I delivered an opening speech highlighting MDPI’s achievements and direction.

The event featured presentations from MDPI colleagues, including discussions on open science, publishing ethics, and our achievements in Serbia.

A special thank-you to all our MDPI presenters, panellists, and organizers who made his event a success. I hope the MDPI Serbia Salon becomes a tradition for years to come, creating connections within the Serbian research community.

Visit to the Science Fund of Serbia and The Ministry of Science

During my visit to Belgrade, I had the opportunity to join my colleagues Emir Ramadani (Operations Manager) and Nevena Blagojev (Journal Relations Manager) in meetings with the Science Fund of Serbia and the Ministry of Science, where we received strong support for our work in Serbia.

Both organizations highly value our presence in and commitment to Serbia, where we employ over 640 staff across our two offices in Belgrade and Novi Sad. We take great pride in creating job opportunities and supporting the community in Serbia.

“There’s a lot of exciting activity happening in MDPI Serbia”

Speaking with our Serbian Colleagues

Finally, I had the opportunity to speak with our Serbian colleagues about our initiatives to expand and to improve our marketing & communication and public relations activities.

It was great to have an open discussion with colleagues – both in person and with the hundreds who joined online.

This visit to Belgrade had been a long time coming for me. Serbia is our largest operation in Europe and there’s a lot of exciting activity happening in MDPI Serbia, including the launch of a new office floor in Novi Sad and the growth and expansion of our teams.

I look forward to returning soon and continuing to support our colleagues across our Serbian offices.

Stefan Tochev
Chief Executive Officer
MDPI AG

30 March 2025
Meet Us at the 52nd CAA International Conference (Digital Horizons: Embracing Heritage in an Evolving World), 5–9 May 2025, Athens, Greece


MDPI will be attending the 52nd CAA International Conference in Athens, Greece, from 5 to 9 May 2025, at the University of West Attica in Athens, Greece.

CAA is an international organization that brings together archaeologists, mathematicians, and computer scientists. It aims to foster communication between these disciplines, provide an overview of the current developments in the field, and stimulate insightful discussions to drive future progress. For more information about CAA, you can visit the official website here.

CAA organizes an annual international scientific conference covering a wide range of topics, including data acquisition and recording, conceptual modelling, semantic technologies, data analysis, data management, digital 3D object reconstruction, image visualization in archaeology, geophysics, and GIS. The conference format includes thematic paper and poster sessions, as well as round tables and workshops. After the conference, papers presented can be submitted for publication in the peer-reviewed CAA proceedings. Conference proceedings have been published since 1973.

CAA 2025 promises to encourage collaboration and illuminate novel research and methodologies. The conference program will bridge disciplines, advance pioneering techniques, and showcase the latest technologies that are transforming our understanding of history.

We welcome you to visit the MDPI booth #6, where you can have face-to-face exchanges with our representatives, learn more about our open access publishing services, and acquire exciting gifts.

The following MDPI journals will be represented:

If you plan to attend this conference, we invite you to visit our booth and converse with our delegates at the conference. We are excited to meet you in person and address any questions you may have. For further details about the conference, please visit the following website: https://2025.caaconference.org/.

5 March 2025
Meet Us at the XI International Conference on Coupled Problems in Science and Engineering (COUPLED PROBLEMS 2025), 25–28 May 2025, Villasimius, Italy


Conference: XI International Conference on Coupled Problems in Science and Engineering (COUPLED PROBLEMS 2025)
Organization: European Community on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences
Date: 25–28 May 2025
Place: Villasimius, Italy

MDPI journals will be attending the XI International Conference on Coupled Problems in Science and Engineering as an exhibitor. This meeting will be held in Villasimius, Italy, from 25 to 28 May 2025.

The objectives of COUPLED PROBLEMS 2025 are to present and discuss state-of-the-art, mathematical models, numerical methods and computational techniques for solving coupling problems of multidisciplinary character in science and engineering. The conference goal is to take a step forward in the formulation and solution of real-life problems with a multidisciplinary vision, accounting for all the complex couplings involved in the physical description of the problem.

The conference topics will include, but are not limited to, the following: artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques; coupled solution strategies; loose and strong coupling schemes; mathematical formulation of multidisciplinary problems; numerical methods for coupled problems: finite difference, finite elements, finite volume, meshless methods, particle methods, etc.; optimum design in multi-disciplinary problems; parallel and real-time computational techniques; and applications in science and engineering.

The following MDPI journals will be represented:

If you will be attending this conference, please feel free to start a conversation with us. Our delegates look forward to meeting you in person and answering any questions you may have. For more information about the conference, please visit the following website: https://coupled2025.cimne.com/.

3 March 2025
Meet Us at the SCA2025 Supercomputing Asia, 10–13 March 2025, Singapore


MDPI will be attending the SCA2025 Supercomputing Asia as an exhibitor, which will be held from 10 to 13 March 2025 at Marina Bay Sands, Singapore. The conference is organized by the National Supercomputing Centre (NSCC) Singapore.  

 This exciting conference will unite leading experts, researchers, and professionals in the computing field (HPC, Quantum, and AI) to share their knowledge, present their latest discoveries, and provide valuable networking opportunities.  

 The following MDPI journals will be represented at the conference:  

If you are planning to attend the above conference, please do not hesitate to start an online conversation with us. Our delegates look forward to meeting you in person and answering any questions that you may have. For more information about the conference, please visit the following website: https://sca25.sc-asia.org/.

27 February 2025
More than 300 MDPI Journals Indexed in Web of Science

MDPI is pleased to share a significant milestone in its mission to advance scholarly research and promote the dissemination of knowledge—300+ MDPI journals are now indexed in Web of Science (WoS). This milestone highlights the global recognition, interdisciplinary impact and enhanced visibility of our journals. It also reflects our adherence to rigorous editorial standards, scientific integrity, and our mission to foster open scientific exchange in all forms, across all disciplines. 

To explore the full list of our journals indexed in WoS, please visit https://www.mdpi.com/about/journals/wos. Beyond expanding the coverage of our publications in the leading academic databases, we are dedicated to ensuring that our journals are included in as many scope-specific databases as possible. This increases the visibility of our authors’ work and extends the reach of their significant data. 

This milestone would not have been possible without the efforts and expertise of our academic editors, reviewers and authors. Their commitment and collaboration have been instrumental in creating an inclusive, accessible, and impactful publishing platform. We also extend our gratitude to the global research community for their trust as we continue to break new ground in academic publishing. This milestone is not just a celebration of MDPI’s progress but also recognition of the collective strides made by researchers worldwide. 

As we celebrate this remarkable accomplishment, MDPI remains steadfast in its commitment to open access publishing and ensuring that high-quality research reaches and inspires a global audience.

19 February 2025
Meet Us at the 2nd International Conference on AI Sensors and Transducers (AIS 2025), 29 July–3 August 2025, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


We are pleased to announce that the 2nd International Conference on AI Sensors and Transducers (AIS 2025) will be held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from 29 July to 3 August 2025. This conference is organized by MDPI’s journals Sensors, AI Sensor, Micromachines, Chemosensors, and Robotics. Building on the success of our previous conference in Singapore, this event promises to be an exciting platform for exploring cutting-edge advances and fostering collaboration in the rapidly evolving field of AI, sensors, and transducers. We expect that the AIS 2025 will host over 600 participants from around the world.

Conference Chairs:

  • Prof. Dr. Toshihiro Itoh, Department of Precision Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan;
  • Prof. Dr. Sang-Woo Kim, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Korea;
  • Prof. Dr. Chengkuo Lee, Director of Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS; Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

Topics of Interest:

  • S1. Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) and MicroTAS;
  • S2. Biosensors and Biomedical Devices;
  • S3. In-Body IoT Sensing Technology, Electroceuticals and Neural Interfaces;
  • S4. Nanophotonics and Metasurface;
  • S5. Acoustic, RF, THz Metamaterials and AI-Enabled Metamaterials;
  • S6. Neuromorphic Computing, In-Memory Computing and Applications;
  • S7. Photonics Integrated Circuits (PICs) and Novel Materials;
  • S8. Enabling Technology for Photonic Neural Networks (PNNs) and Applications;
  • S9. In-Sensor Computing and Enabling Technology for Edge Computing;
  • S10. MEMS/NEMS Sensors;
  • S11. Semiconductor Sensors, Photodetectors and CMOS MEMS;
  • S12. Piezoelectric MEMS and Resonators—FBAR, SAW and pMUT;
  • S13. Piezoelectric Transducers and Energy Harvesters;
  • S14. Ferroelectric/Perovskite/2D Materials Thin Film and Applications;
  • S15. Gas Sensors and Chemosensors;
  • S16. Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Sensors;
  • S17. Energy Harvesting Technology and Applications;
  • S18. Flexible, Stretchable and Wearable Sensors;
  • S19. Wearable AI Sensors;
  • S20. AI-Enhanced Tactile Sensors and e-Skin;
  • S21. Haptic Technology and Applications;
  • S22. Advanced Sensors for Robots and Autonomous Systems;
  • S23. Intelligent Sensors and AI-Enhanced Humanoids;
  • S24. Enabling Technology for Digital Twin, Metaverse and Smart Sensing Systems;
  • S25. AIoT Technology and Applications;
  • S26. Sensors for Applications in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Food Technology (A2FT) and Harsh Environment;
  • S27. Industry Forum and Commercialization of Sensors and Transducers;
  • S28. Regular Symposium.

Guide for Authors:

Please click the button to submit your abstract before 10 May 2025.

Please click the button to register for this event.

For any enquiries regarding the event, please contact ais2025@mdpi.com.

We look forward to seeing you at AIS 2025.

17 February 2025
MDPI Celebrates Excellence in Medical Research with Early Career Researcher Awards


MDPI, a pioneer in scholarly open access publishing, and the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine), Singapore, proudly announce the successful conclusion of the first edition the MDPI Early Career Researcher Awards. The awards, which recognize outstanding contributions to medical and biomedical research, were presented to six exceptional researchers during an awards ceremony held at LKCMedicine HQ Building on 28 November 2024.

Honoring Excellence in Research

The awards recognize exceptional postdoctoral researchers and Ph.D. students who have demonstrated outstanding originality, innovation, and impact in their respective fields. We are honored to announce the winners of the 2024 edition:

Early Career Researcher (Postdoc) Award:

  • Dr. Theresia Handayani Mina, “Adiposity and Metabolic Health in Asian Populations: An Epidemiological Study Using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Singapore”;
  • Dr. Erfan Rezvani Ghomi, “Wound Healing Improvement by Novel Aligned Antimicrobial Nanofibrous 3D Scaffolds”;
  • Dr. Yadollah Ranjbar Slamloo, “Functional Alterations of The Prefrontal Circuit Underlying Cognitive Aging in Mice”.

Early Career Researcher (Ph.D.) Award:

  • Pritisha Rozario, “Mechanistic Basis for Potassium Efflux-Driven Activation of the Human NLRP1 Inflammasome”;
  • Michelle Law Cheok Yien, “Chikungunya Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 is a Versatile RNA Capping and Decapping Enzyme”;
  • Yin Ruoyu, “The Use of Digital Mental Health and Wellbeing Tools in Older Adults: A Mixed Method Study”.

Our collaboration highlights a shared commitment to recognizing exceptional talent and research within the academic community, addressing today’s healthcare challenges, and inspiring continued innovation.

Looking Ahead to 2025

Building on the success of the first edition, MDPI and LKCMedicine are excited to announce that the 2025 MDPI Early Researcher Awards will continue to celebrate excellence and innovation in medical research. The next edition promises to expand its scope, introducing new categories and providing even greater recognition for impactful research.

Further details on the 2025 awards, including nomination criteria and timelines, will be shared in the coming months. We remain committed to fostering a culture of research excellence and collaboration within the global scientific community.

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