Journal Description
Condensed Matter
Condensed Matter
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the physics of condensed matter published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 20.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
1.5 (2024);
5-Year Impact Factor:
1.5 (2024)
Latest Articles
Possible Realization of Hyperbolic Plasmons in Few-Layered Rhenium Disulfide
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(3), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10030040 - 19 Jul 2025
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Hyperbolic plasmons are a highly desired property in optoelectronics and biomolecular sensing. The necessary condition to realize hyperbolic plasmons is a significant anisotropy of the principal components of the dielectric function, such that at a certain frequency range, one component is negative and
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Hyperbolic plasmons are a highly desired property in optoelectronics and biomolecular sensing. The necessary condition to realize hyperbolic plasmons is a significant anisotropy of the principal components of the dielectric function, such that at a certain frequency range, one component is negative and the other is positive, i.e., one component is metallic, and the other one is dielectric. Here, we study the effect of anisotropy in , and our theory shows that can host hyperbolic plasmons in the ultraviolet frequency range. The operating frequency range of the hyperbolic plasmons can be tuned with the number of layers. However, we note that the significantly large imaginary part of the macroscopic dielectric response in all layered variants of ReS2 can result in substantial losses for the hyperbolic plasmons, as in the case with other known hyperbolic materials, with the exception of MoOCl2. We also note that ReS2 hosts ultraviolet hyperbolic plasmons while ZrSiSe, WTe2, and CuS nanocrystals host infrared plasmons, providing a novel platform for optoelectronics in the ultraviolet range.
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Open AccessArticle
Skyrmion Crystal in Bilinear–Biquadratic–Bicubic Model on a Centrosymmetric Triangular Lattice
by
Satoru Hayami
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(3), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10030039 - 18 Jul 2025
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We numerically investigate the effect of multi-spin interactions on the stability of skyrmion crystals and other multiple-Q magnetic states, with a particular emphasis on the momentum-resolved bicubic interaction. By performing simulated annealing for an effective spin model that incorporates bilinear, biquadratic, and
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We numerically investigate the effect of multi-spin interactions on the stability of skyrmion crystals and other multiple-Q magnetic states, with a particular emphasis on the momentum-resolved bicubic interaction. By performing simulated annealing for an effective spin model that incorporates bilinear, biquadratic, and bicubic interactions on a two-dimensional triangular lattice, we construct the corresponding low-temperature phase diagram. Our results reveal that a positive bicubic interaction stabilizes a skyrmion crystal with a skyrmion number of two, whereas a negative bicubic interaction favors a single-Q spiral state. Moreover, we demonstrate that the stability region of the field-induced skyrmion crystal with the skyrmion number of one is largely enlarged in the presence of a positive bicubic interaction.
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Open AccessArticle
High-Performance Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Employing a New Semiconductor: Gd2Ru2O7 Pyrochlore Oxide
by
Assohoun F. Kraidy, Abé S. Yapi, Joseph K. Datte, Michel Voue, Mimoun El Marssi, Anthony Ferri and Yaovi Gagou
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(3), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10030038 - 14 Jul 2025
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We investigated a novel natural dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) utilizing gadolinium ruthenate pyrochlore oxide Gd2Ru2O7 (GRO) as a photoanode and compared its performance to the TiO2-Gd2Ru2O7 (TGRO) combined-layer configuration. The films
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We investigated a novel natural dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) utilizing gadolinium ruthenate pyrochlore oxide Gd2Ru2O7 (GRO) as a photoanode and compared its performance to the TiO2-Gd2Ru2O7 (TGRO) combined-layer configuration. The films were fabricated using the spin-coating technique, resulting in spherical grains with an estimated mean diameter of 0.2 µm, as observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This innovative photoactive gadolinium ruthenate pyrochlore oxide demonstrated strong absorption in the visible range and excellent dye adhesion after just one hour of exposure to natural dye. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of the pyrochlore phase, where Raman spectroscopy identified various vibration modes characteristic of the pyrochlore structure. Incorporating Gd2Ru2O7 as the photoanode significantly enhanced the overall efficiency of the DSSCs. The device configuration FTO/compact-layer/Gd2Ru2O7/Hibiscus-sabdariffa/electrolyte(I−/I3−)/Pt achieved a high efficiency of 9.65%, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of approximately 3.82 V, and a current density of 4.35 mA/cm2 for an active surface area of 0.38 cm2. A mesoporous TiO2-based DSSC was fabricated under the same conditions for comparison. Using impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry measurements, we provided evidence of the mechanism of conductivity and the charge carrier’s contribution or defect contributions in the DSSC cells to explain the obtained Voc value. Through cyclic voltammetry measurements, we highlight the redox activities of hibiscus dye and electrolyte (I−/I3−), which confirmed electrochemical processes in addition to a photovoltaic response. The high and unusual obtained Voc value was also attributed to the presence in the photoanode of active dipoles, the layer thickness, dye concentration, and the nature of the electrolyte.
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Open AccessCommunication
Nevanlinna Analytical Continuation of the Central Charge in 2D Conformal Field Theory
by
Bernardo Barbiellini
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10030037 - 8 Jul 2025
Abstract
We present an analytic continuation of the central charge c in two-dimensional conformal field theory (2D CFT), modeled as a Nevanlinna function—an analytic map from the upper half-plane to itself. Motivated by the structure of vacuum energies arising from the quantization of spin-
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We present an analytic continuation of the central charge c in two-dimensional conformal field theory (2D CFT), modeled as a Nevanlinna function—an analytic map from the upper half-plane to itself. Motivated by the structure of vacuum energies arising from the quantization of spin-j conformal fields on the circle, we derive a discrete spectrum of central charges and extend it continuously via . The Möbius-inverted form satisfies the conditions of a Nevanlinna function, providing a physically consistent analytic structure that captures both the unitarity of minimal models ( ) and the continuous spectrum for . This unified framework highlights the connection between spectral theory, analyticity, and conformal symmetry in quantum field theory.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Universe Observed With Particle Detectors: Celebrating the Scientific Legacy of Prof. Guido Barbiellini Amidei)
Open AccessArticle
Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis for the Control of Silver Nanoparticle Size: A Preliminary Study on the Influence of Pressure and pH
by
Paula Riascos, Daniel Llamosa, Jahaziel Amaya and Hansen Murcia
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(3), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10030036 - 7 Jul 2025
Abstract
The use of plasmonic nanoparticles for biosensor technology is dependent on nanoparticle size and morphology. This study determined the effect of pH and pressure on synthesizing silver nanoparticle size. In Method 1, a mixture of NaBH4 and sodium citrate was added to
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The use of plasmonic nanoparticles for biosensor technology is dependent on nanoparticle size and morphology. This study determined the effect of pH and pressure on synthesizing silver nanoparticle size. In Method 1, a mixture of NaBH4 and sodium citrate was added to a solution of AgNO3 monodispersed by ultrasound energy. In Method 2, the reducer was added to the precursor–dispersant mixture solution. The effect of pH was evaluated by using buffer solutions at pH 4.0, pH 7.0, and pH 10.0 and water as control. To determine the effect of pressure, AgNPs were subjected to 0, 4, and 23 h to 1.75 MPa at 200 °C. AgNPs produced with Method 1 showed a more symmetric SPR and a smaller nanoparticle diameter (±6 nm). The SPR with Method 1 at pH 10.0 produced a higher UV peak with a shift around 20 nm. In the case of the pressure treatment, a shift of approximately 20 nm was observed at all time conditions studied, and a higher AgNP diameter was found in contrast to Method 1. Finally, EDX and Raman analysis confirm the presence of AgNPs and a mild oxidation of these. These results suggest that alkalinity and pressure can affect the diameter of AgNPs.
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(This article belongs to the Section Physics of Materials)
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Open AccessArticle
Field-Induced Ferroaxiality in Antiferromagnets with Magnetic Toroidal Quadrupole
by
Satoru Hayami
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020035 - 14 Jun 2025
Abstract
Magnetic toroidal multipoles have recently emerged as key descriptors of unconventional cross-correlation phenomena in antiferromagnetic systems. Among them, the rank-2 magnetic toroidal quadrupole, which is characterized as a time-reversal-odd polar tensor, has been theoretically associated with a variety of cross-correlation phenomena arising from
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Magnetic toroidal multipoles have recently emerged as key descriptors of unconventional cross-correlation phenomena in antiferromagnetic systems. Among them, the rank-2 magnetic toroidal quadrupole, which is characterized as a time-reversal-odd polar tensor, has been theoretically associated with a variety of cross-correlation phenomena arising from the time-reversal symmetry breaking. In this study, we investigate the interplay between magnetic toroidal quadrupoles and electric toroidal dipoles in antiferromagnets, with a particular focus on magnetic field-induced ferroaxiality. Through symmetry analysis and microscopic model calculations, we demonstrate that ferroaxiality can be induced by an external magnetic field, depending on both the field direction and the type of the magnetic toroidal quadrupole. We classify all magnetic point groups that possess magnetic toroidal quadrupoles and identify various candidate materials based on the MAGNDATA database. Our findings reveal a route to coupling spin and lattice degrees of freedom via toroidal multipoles.
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(This article belongs to the Section Magnetism)
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Open AccessPerspective
The Standard Model of Particle Physics and What Lies Beyond: A View from the Bridge
by
Pran Nath
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020034 - 13 Jun 2025
Abstract
The standard models of particle physics and of cosmology have been enormously successful in correlating a large amount of data. However, there are missing pieces and we are still far from what the ultimate model may look like. We give a broad perspective
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The standard models of particle physics and of cosmology have been enormously successful in correlating a large amount of data. However, there are missing pieces and we are still far from what the ultimate model may look like. We give a broad perspective of both the achievements and of the missing pieces and discuss what may lie beyond.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Universe Observed With Particle Detectors: Celebrating the Scientific Legacy of Prof. Guido Barbiellini Amidei)
Open AccessArticle
Mott Law exp(T0/T)1/4 and Scaling Properties of the Oxygen-Deficient Tenorite CuO0.75
by
Danijel Djurek, Mladen Prester, Djuro Drobac, Vilko Mandić and Damir Pajić
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020033 - 11 Jun 2025
Abstract
The novel sub-stoichiometric copper oxide CuO0.75 was prepared via the slow oxidation of Cu2O. This compound retains the original crystallographic structure of tenorite CuO, despite the considerable presence of disordered oxygen vacancies. CuO0.75 resembles the mixed valence oxide Cu
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The novel sub-stoichiometric copper oxide CuO0.75 was prepared via the slow oxidation of Cu2O. This compound retains the original crystallographic structure of tenorite CuO, despite the considerable presence of disordered oxygen vacancies. CuO0.75 resembles the mixed valence oxide Cu2+/Cu1+, while the unit cell contains one oxygen vacancy. Performance-wise, the electric resistivity and magnetic susceptibility data follow the Anderson–Mott localization theories. The exponential localization decay length was found to be α−1 = 2.1 nm, in line with modern scaling research. Via cooling, magnetic double-exchange interaction, mediated by oxygen, results in Zener conductivity at T~122 K, which is followed by antiferromagnetic transition at T~51 K. The obtained results indicate that the CuO0.75 compound can be perceived as a showcase material for the demonstration of a new class of high-performance magnetic materials.
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(This article belongs to the Section Physics of Materials)
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Open AccessReview
Antimatter Research at the CERN Antiproton Decelerator: Legacy of Guido Barbiellini Amidei
by
Rafael Ferragut
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020032 - 3 Jun 2025
Abstract
This work reviews the current research directions pursued by collaborations at CERN’s Antiproton Decelerator (AD), with an outlook on future perspectives and challenges in the field. The advancement of precision studies on antimatter builds upon foundational contributions by pioneering researchers, such as Guido
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This work reviews the current research directions pursued by collaborations at CERN’s Antiproton Decelerator (AD), with an outlook on future perspectives and challenges in the field. The advancement of precision studies on antimatter builds upon foundational contributions by pioneering researchers, such as Guido Barbiellini Amidei, whose early work on antimatter detection and instrumentation has profoundly influenced the design and methodologies of contemporary experiments at the AD and beyond. This review underscores the lasting impact of these early innovations on ongoing investigations into fundamental symmetries and interactions involving antimatter.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Universe Observed With Particle Detectors: Celebrating the Scientific Legacy of Prof. Guido Barbiellini Amidei)
Open AccessArticle
Correlation Between Structure, Microstructure, and Magnetic Properties of AlCoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy
by
Renee Joselin Sáenz-Hernández, Carlos Roberto Santillán-Rodríguez, Jesús Salvador Uribe-Chavira, José Andrés Matutes-Aquino and María Cristina Grijalva-Castillo
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020031 - 27 May 2025
Abstract
This study explores the crystal structure, microstructure and magnetic phase evolution of the AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA), highlighting its potential for applications requiring tailored magnetic properties across diverse temperatures. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed that the as-cast alloy’s microstructure comprises equiaxed grains
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This study explores the crystal structure, microstructure and magnetic phase evolution of the AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA), highlighting its potential for applications requiring tailored magnetic properties across diverse temperatures. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed that the as-cast alloy’s microstructure comprises equiaxed grains with branching dendrites, showing compositional variations between interdendritic regions enriched in Al and Ni. Temperature-induced phase transformations were observed above room temperature, transitioning from body centered cubic (BCC) phases (A2 and B2) to a predominant FCC phase at higher temperatures, followed by recrystallization of the A2 phase upon cooling. Magnetization measurements showed a drop near 380 K, suggesting the Curie temperature of BCC phases, a peak at 830 K attributed to optimal magnetic alignment in the FCC phase, and a sharp decline at 950 K marking the transition to a paramagnetic state. Magnetic moment calculations provided insights into magnetic alignment dynamics, while low-temperature analysis highlighted the alloy’s magnetically soft nature, dominated by ferromagnetic contributions from the A2 phase. These findings underscore the strong interdependence of microstructural features and magnetic behavior, offering a foundation for optimizing HEAs for temperature-sensitive scientific and industrial applications.
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(This article belongs to the Section Magnetism)
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Magnetic Evolution of Carrier Doping and Spin Dynamics in Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors (Ba,Na)(Zn,Mn)2As2
by
Guoqiang Zhao, Yipeng Cai, Kenji M. Kojima, Qi Sheng, James Beare, Graeme Luke, Xiang Li, Yi Peng, Timothy Ziman, Kan Zhao, Zheng Deng, Xiancheng Wang, Yongqing Li, Gang Su, Sadamichi Maekawa, Bo Gu, Yasutomo J. Uemura and Changqing Jin
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020030 - 15 May 2025
Cited by 2
Abstract
The investigation of novel diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) provides a promising platform for studying magnetism and transport characteristics, with significant implications for spintronics. DMSs based on BaZn2As2 are particularly noteworthy due to their high Curie temperature (TC)
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The investigation of novel diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) provides a promising platform for studying magnetism and transport characteristics, with significant implications for spintronics. DMSs based on BaZn2As2 are particularly noteworthy due to their high Curie temperature (TC) of 260 K, diverse magnetic states, and potential for multilayer heterojunctions. This study investigates the magnetic evolution of carrier doping and spin dynamics in the asperomagnet (Ba,Na)(Zn,Mn)2As2, utilizing a combination of magnetization measurements, ac susceptibility, and muon spin rotation (µSR). Key findings include the following: (1) lower transition temperatures and coercive forces in (Ba,Na)(Zn,Mn)2As2 compared to the ferromagnet (Ba,K)(Zn,Mn)2As2; (2) a dynamic fluctuation peak around the transition temperature observed in both the ac susceptibility and longitudinal field (LF) µSR; and (3) the coexistence of static and dynamic states at low temperatures, exhibiting spin-glass-like characteristics. This study, to the best of our knowledge, may represent the first investigation of asperomagnetic order utilizing µSR techniques. It enhances the understanding of magnetic interactions in BaZn2As2-based systems and provides valuable insights into the exploration of high TC DMSs.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Superstripes Physics, 3rd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
The Defect Charge Effect on Magnetic Anisotropy Energy and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya Interaction of the I Vacancy and 3d Transition Metal Co-Doped Monolayer CrI3
by
Guangtian Ji, Qingqing Yang, Kun Zhang, Jueming Yang, Guixian Ge and Wentao Wang
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020029 - 14 May 2025
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Recently, significant effort has been devoted to enhancing magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) and the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) in two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic materials through various tuning approaches. Among these methods, defect engineering is one of the most effective strategies. However, the influence of these
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Recently, significant effort has been devoted to enhancing magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) and the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) in two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic materials through various tuning approaches. Among these methods, defect engineering is one of the most effective strategies. However, the influence of these charged defects on the MAE and DMI is unclear. Therefore, we systematically investigate the defect effect on the MAE and DMI of I vacancy-doped (vI-CrI3), 3d-transition-metal-doped (TM = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) (3d-TMi@CrI3), and vI-TM co-doped (3d-TMi@vI-CrI3) monolayer CrI3 using first-principles calculations. Our results indicate that Cr-rich conditions can promote the defect formation of vI-CrI3, 3d-TMi@CrI3, and 3d-TMi@vI-CrI3 systems and demonstrate that 49 types of charged systems are stable. Among these systems, the Cui@vI-CrI3 in the +1 charge state (Cui•@vI-CrI3) system has a smaller defect formation energy, exhibiting a large MAE exceeding 30 meV, and the ratio (D/J) of the antisymmetric magnetic exchange parameter (D) to the Heisenberg exchange parameter (J) reaches 1.04. The large MAE originates from the transition from single-ion anisotropy (SIA) to covalent interaction anisotropy (CIA) due to the coupling variation between the py and px orbitals of I atoms near the Fermi level caused by charge states. The enhancement of the DMI is due to the electrostatic potential differences between the I-top and I-bottom layers, which are conducive to forming stable chiral spin textures. This study provides insight into the defect charge state modulating the magnetism of 2D magnetic materials.
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of Annealing Time of GaN Buffer Layer on Curvature and Wavelength Uniformity of Epitaxial Wafer
by
Huanyou Wang, Guangqi Xie and Yingying Zhan
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020028 - 1 May 2025
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In this study, the curvature changes of an unintentionally doped GaN end and third quantum well were observed in situ when the annealing times of a GaN buffer layer were 40 s, 50 s and 55 s, respectively. When the annealing time was
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In this study, the curvature changes of an unintentionally doped GaN end and third quantum well were observed in situ when the annealing times of a GaN buffer layer were 40 s, 50 s and 55 s, respectively. When the annealing time was increased from 40 s to 50 s, the concave curvature of the unintentionally doped GaN end and the third quantum well became smaller. When the annealing time was increased to 55 s, there was no significant change in curvature. These curvature changes are related to the relaxation of the stress in the epitaxial wafer with different annealing times. With the increase in buffer annealing time, the compressive stress and warpage decreased gradually, and the photoluminescence wavelength of the sample became longer. Meanwhile, the standard deviation yield of the dominant wavelength was increased by 5.46%, and the wavelength yield was increased by 19.45% when the annealing time was changed from 40 s to 50 s.
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of t2g-Correlations and Doping in CrSBr Ferromagnetic Semiconductor
by
Luis Craco and Sabrina Silva Carara
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020027 - 28 Apr 2025
Cited by 1
Abstract
We perform a comprehensive analysis of the correlated electronic structure reconstruction of the ferromagnetic CrSBr van der Waals (vdW) bulk crystal. Using generalized gradient approximation combined with dynamical mean-field theory, we show the minor role played by multi-orbital electron–electron interactions in semiconducting CrSBr.
[...] Read more.
We perform a comprehensive analysis of the correlated electronic structure reconstruction of the ferromagnetic CrSBr van der Waals (vdW) bulk crystal. Using generalized gradient approximation combined with dynamical mean-field theory, we show the minor role played by multi-orbital electron–electron interactions in semiconducting CrSBr. Our study is relevant to understanding the electronic structure within the oxidation state with strongly spin-polarized orbitals and should be applicable to other ferromagnetic vdW materials from bulk down to the low-dimensional limit. This work is relevant for understanding orbital and spin selectivity and its link to the memristor current–voltage characteristic of CrSBr for future neuromorphic computing.
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(This article belongs to the Section Condensed Matter Theory)
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Open AccessArticle
Synthesis of PTh/PEDOT Films into FTO Substrate by Electrodeposition, for Energy Storage Systems
by
Daniel Alejandro Vázquez-Loredo, Ulises Páramo-García, Luis Alejandro Macclesh Del Pino-Pérez, Nohra Violeta Gallardo-Rivas, Ricardo García-Alamilla and Diana Lucia Campa-Guevara
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020026 - 27 Apr 2025
Abstract
Thin films of monomeric species polythiophene (PTh), poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and the copolymer PTh/PEDOT were prepared through electropolymerization and deposited above fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates. The functional groups of the monomeric species (PTh, PEDOT) and polymeric species (PTh/PEDOT) were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared
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Thin films of monomeric species polythiophene (PTh), poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and the copolymer PTh/PEDOT were prepared through electropolymerization and deposited above fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates. The functional groups of the monomeric species (PTh, PEDOT) and polymeric species (PTh/PEDOT) were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, while morphological properties were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The analysis showed that monomers films exhibited less material deposition; otherwise, the copolymer PTh/PEDOT showed better deposition on substrate. In addition, the electrochemical characterization showed that the materials that resulted from copolymerization presented an improvement in electrochemical properties relating to monomer properties. The effect of overoxidation of the monomers applied during the electropolymerization process is also known.
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(This article belongs to the Section Surface and Interfaces)
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Open AccessEditorial
Novel Radiation Facilities Based on Plasma Acceleration: The Future of Free Electron Lasers
by
Marcello Coreno, Massimo Ferrario, Augusto Marcelli and Francesco Stellato
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020025 - 27 Apr 2025
Abstract
Exploiting acceleration gradients that are up to three orders of magnitude higher than those achievable using conventional radiofrequency-based devices, plasma-based devices promise a revolution in particle acceleration, enabling particles to reach high energies over much shorter distances than existing accelerators [...]
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Ideas for Novel FEL Facilities Based on Plasma Acceleration)
Open AccessEditorial
In-Depth Experimental and Computational Studies on Rechargeable Battery Materials
by
Jan Kuriplach and Rolando Saniz
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020024 - 25 Apr 2025
Abstract
Judging by the number of downloads and citations, the topics covered by the Special Issue “Rechargeable Batteries Studied Using Advanced Spectroscopic and Computational Techniques I” [...]
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rechargeable Batteries Studied Using Advanced Spectroscopic and Computational Techniques II)
Open AccessArticle
Energy Structure of Yb3+-Yb3+ Paired Center in LiNbO3 Crystal
by
Gagik Demirkhanyan, Narine Babajanyan, Ninel Kokanyan, Michel Aillerie, Marco Bazzan and Edvard Kokanyan
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020023 - 25 Apr 2025
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Within the framework of Dexter’s theory, we calculate the energies of the Stark levels of Yb3+-Yb3+ paired centers in lithium niobate doped with Yb3+ ions (LiNbO3:Yb3+) crystal, considering the interaction of optical electrons of ytterbium
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Within the framework of Dexter’s theory, we calculate the energies of the Stark levels of Yb3+-Yb3+ paired centers in lithium niobate doped with Yb3+ ions (LiNbO3:Yb3+) crystal, considering the interaction of optical electrons of ytterbium ions forming the paired center. The calculated Stark level energies are shown to correspond well with the observed cooperative luminescence wavelengths.
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Open AccessReview
The Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Nd2Fe14B Permanent Magnets: The State of the Art
by
Ivan Pelevin, Maria Lyange, Leonid Fedorenko, Stanislav Chernyshikhin and Irina Tereshina
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020022 - 24 Apr 2025
Abstract
In recent years, significant effort was made to make the 3D printing of fully dense rare-earth permanent magnets a reality. Since suitable Nd2Fe14B-based initial powder material became available, additive manufacturing implementation spread widely, which led to many studies being
[...] Read more.
In recent years, significant effort was made to make the 3D printing of fully dense rare-earth permanent magnets a reality. Since suitable Nd2Fe14B-based initial powder material became available, additive manufacturing implementation spread widely, which led to many studies being focused on using this material in 3D printing. This study shows the principal possibilities of the synthesis of Nd-Fe-B magnets by means of the laser powder bed fusion technique; moreover, this study shows significant progress in increasing their magnetic properties. This progress was made possible by different approaches, such as 3D-printing process optimization, the addition of a second phase (a low-melting eutectic) into the initial powder, the tuning of the main phase’s composition, and exploring different scanning strategies. However, the current level of material magnetic properties obtained via laser powder bed fusion is still far from that of magnets produced by using conventional powder metallurgy methods. The present review aims to capture the current state-of-the-art trials and highlight the main challenges.
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(This article belongs to the Section Magnetism)
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Open AccessReview
Basic Aspects of Ferroelectricity Induced by Noncollinear Alignment of Spins
by
I. V. Solovyev
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020021 - 11 Apr 2025
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Basic principles of ferroelectric activity induced by the noncollinear alignment of spins are reviewed. There is a fundamental reason why the inversion symmetry can be broken by certain magnetic order. This situation occurs when the magnetic order simultaneously involves ferromagnetic ( )
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Basic principles of ferroelectric activity induced by the noncollinear alignment of spins are reviewed. There is a fundamental reason why the inversion symmetry can be broken by certain magnetic order. This situation occurs when the magnetic order simultaneously involves ferromagnetic ( ) and antiferromagnetic ( ) counterparts, transforming under the spatial inversion and time reversal as and , respectively. The incompatibility of these two conditions results in breaking the inversion symmetry, which manifests itself in the electric polarization . The noncollinear alignment of spins is one of examples of such coexistence of and . This coexistence principle imposes a constraint on possible dependencies of on the directions of spins, which can include only “antisymmetric coupling” in the bond, , and “single-ion anisotropy”, . Microscopically, can be evaluated in the framework of superexchange theory. For the single Kramers doublet, this theory yields , where is the spin-dependent part of the position operator induced by the relativistic spin-orbit coupling. remains invariant under spatial inversion, providing the microscopic reason why noncollinear alignment of spins can induce even in centrosymmetric crystals. The symmetry properties of can be rationalized from the viewpoint of symmetry of Kramers states. Particularly, the commonly used Katsura–Nagaosa–Balatsky (KNB) rule ( being the direction of the bond ) can be justified only for relatively high symmetry of the bonds. The single-ion anisotropy vanishes for the spin or if magnetic ions are located in inversion centers, thus severely restricting the applicability of this microscopic mechanism. The properties of multiferroic materials are reconsidered from the viewpoint of these principles. A particular attention is paid to complications caused by possible deviations from the KNB rule.
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Special Issues
Special Issue in
Condensed Matter
Selected Papers from the Annual Global Summit on Nanotechnology and Materials Science (AGSNANOMAT2025)
Guest Editors: Vladimir Sobolev, Binhao WangDeadline: 15 October 2025
Special Issue in
Condensed Matter
Unlocking Quantum Phenomena: Insights into Materials and Applications
Guest Editors: Guoxing Miao, Erbin QiuDeadline: 31 October 2025
Special Issue in
Condensed Matter
New Advances in Condensed Matter Physics, 2nd Edition
Guest Editor: Mukunda DasDeadline: 31 October 2025
Special Issue in
Condensed Matter
Non-equilibrium Dynamics in Ultra-Cold Quantum Gases
Guest Editors: Sayak Ray, Lamberto RondoniDeadline: 20 November 2025