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Crystals
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Extractive Metallurgy and Chemistry
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Extractive Metallurgy and Chemistry

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Industrial Crystallization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 9456

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Valery G. Dyubanov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMET RAS), 119334 Moscow, Russia
Interests: electric steelmaking; ferrous metallurgy; waste recycling
Dr. Dmitry Zinoveev

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor Assistant
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Iron Ore Processing, A.A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Science, 49 Leninsky Prosp, 119334 Moscow, Russia
Interests: sustainable metallurgy; extractive metallurgy; waste treatment; recycling; low-graduate ore processing; iron; aluminium; niobium; manganese; metallurgy; cement materials
Pavel I. Grudinsky

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor Assistant
Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMET RAS), 119334 Moscow, Russia
Interests: extractive metallurgy; extractive chemistry; pyrometallurgy; hydrometallurgy; recycling; waste; ore processing; iron metallurgy; zinc metallurgy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

At present, many kinds of different industrial and municipal wastes have been accumulating worldwide. Many are hazardous to the environment due to their toxicity. One of the main directions to reduce accumulation of the wastes in landfills is their recycling to extract valuable elements. In such wastes, according to the type of treatment process, the contents of valuable elements vary significantly and can considerably exceed their contents in natural resources. The development of new recycling methods can lead to environmental improvement and increase the resource base of valuable elements.

In this Special Issue, we encourage authors to submit papers related to processing of different wastes and low-grade natural resources to extract valuable elements or obtain end products using hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, beneficiating, physical, biological, chemical, and combined methods. In particular, research on the recycling of different kinds of slag, dust, sludge, fly ash, tailings, scrap, spent catalysts, batteries, low-grade ores, MSWI residues, etc. are welcome for submission. Different fundamental and applied studies, as well as reviews, are expected

Dr. Valery G. Dyubanov
Dmitry Zinoveev
Pavel I. Grudinsky
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • recycling
  • hydrometallurgy
  • pyrometallurgy
  • wastes
  • low-grade resources
  • extraction
  • cleaner production
  • sustainability

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

2 pages, 162 KiB  
Editorial
Extractive Metallurgy and Chemistry
by Dmitry Zinoveev, Pavel Grudinsky and Valery Dyubanov
Crystals 2023, 13(6), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13060950 - 13 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 852
Abstract
In recent years, the proper management and recycling of metallurgical waste have become increasingly important due to their significant environmental impact and the potential for the recovery of valuable metals in order to save natural resources [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extractive Metallurgy and Chemistry)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

12 pages, 2611 KiB  
Article
Fusion Extraction of Base Metals (Al, Cr, Fe, Ti and V) Using Ammonium Phosphate Salt as Flux
by Trevor T. Chiweshe and Megan Welman-Purchase
Crystals 2023, 13(5), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050784 - 8 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1274
Abstract
The fusion method of using ammonium phosphate salt as flux was assessed for its ability to precipitate metaphosphate compounds containing trivalent ions M3+ = Al, Cr, Fe, Ti, and V as M(PO3)3 in inorganic salts and a certified reference [...] Read more.
The fusion method of using ammonium phosphate salt as flux was assessed for its ability to precipitate metaphosphate compounds containing trivalent ions M3+ = Al, Cr, Fe, Ti, and V as M(PO3)3 in inorganic salts and a certified reference material (CRM) mineral ore sample. Fusion analysis using mixtures of inorganic salts containing AlCl3, CrCl3, FeCl3, and VCl3 showed variable amounts of precipitates isolated as metaphosphate compounds in the order of iron (12%) < vanadium (13%) < chromium (30%) < (44%) aluminum. However, an analysis of the CRM (AMIS 0368) where magnetite (Fe3+/Fe2+) and ilmenite (Ti4+) are the dominant phases, showed that the obtained precipitates were in the order of chromium (less than 0.1%) < vanadium (1%) < aluminum (2%) < titanium (9%) < iron (68%). The metaphosphate compounds isolated via the use of this method were identified using XRD analysis. SEM–EDX analysis showed micro-crystalline particles from the inorganic salts that were irregular and clustered, contrary to the amorphous micro particles which were produced from the CRM. The degree of specificity improved considerably using CRM ore (AMIS 0368) with high iron content (~76%, Fe3+/Fe2+). This method was shown to be highly selective towards metals with a stable trivalent oxidation state. No other elements of a different oxidation state were precipitated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extractive Metallurgy and Chemistry)
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17 pages, 5871 KiB  
Article
Reduction Smelting of the Waelz Slag from Electric Arc Furnace Dust Processing: An Experimental Study
by Pavel Grudinsky, Dmitry Zinoveev, Alex Kondratiev, Leonid Delitsyn, Ruslan Kulumbegov, Anton Lysenkov, Pavel Kozlov and Valery Dyubanov
Crystals 2023, 13(2), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020318 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2499
Abstract
Waelz slag is an iron-containing waste generated during electric arc furnace (EAF) dust processing in a rotary kiln named the Waelz process. This study focuses on the reduction smelting of the Waelz slag to produce iron-based alloy. The thermodynamic simulation using FactSage 8.0 [...] Read more.
Waelz slag is an iron-containing waste generated during electric arc furnace (EAF) dust processing in a rotary kiln named the Waelz process. This study focuses on the reduction smelting of the Waelz slag to produce iron-based alloy. The thermodynamic simulation using FactSage 8.0 software was carried out to predict temperatures of the metal and slag obtained as well as their compositions. Based on the simulation results, reduction smelting experiments were performed on a laboratory scale using two approaches, with and without preliminary froth flotation of carbon, respectively. The experiments have confirmed the technological possibility of reduction smelting of the Waelz slag from EAF dust processing. The approach using preliminary flotation of carbon and reduction smelting at 1500 °C resulted in high-copper cast iron production, while the approach without flotation, where the Waelz slag was smelted at 1650 °C with the addition of SiO2 flux, led to obtaining low-silicon ferrosilicon with high Cu content, as well as slag attractive for construction industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extractive Metallurgy and Chemistry)
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17 pages, 12297 KiB  
Article
Kinetics and Mechanism of Red Mud Carbothermic Reduction and Reduced Iron Grain Growth: An Influence of Sodium Sulfate
by Dmitry Zinoveev, Liliya Pasechnik, Pavel Grudinsky, Anfisa Yurtaeva and Valery Dyubanov
Crystals 2023, 13(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13010001 - 20 Dec 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1885
Abstract
The main waste formed during the production of alumina by the Bayer method is red mud. This waste has a high content of iron, which can be effectively extracted by the carbothermic reduction and magnetic separation methods. The crucial factors affecting the commercial [...] Read more.
The main waste formed during the production of alumina by the Bayer method is red mud. This waste has a high content of iron, which can be effectively extracted by the carbothermic reduction and magnetic separation methods. The crucial factors affecting the commercial efficiency of this process are the iron reduction rate and the size of reduced iron particles. This study considers the influence of sodium sulfate addition to red mud on the kinetics of iron reduction and the iron grain growth process. The isothermal kinetics of the iron reduction process at 1000–1200 °C and 5–30 min of time was investigated for the red mud processing without additives and with 13.65% Na2SO4 addition. It was shown that the activation energy value for the reduction without additives was 65 kJ·mol−1, while it was 39 kJ·mol−1 for the reduction with Na2SO4 addition, respectively. Based on the microstructure study of the roasted samples, models were obtained for the calculation of the average diameter of iron grains without and with the additives. The iron grain growth process was thoroughly discussed, and its main mechanism was proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extractive Metallurgy and Chemistry)
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25 pages, 8271 KiB  
Article
Recovery of Scandium, Aluminum, Titanium, and Silicon from Iron-Depleted Bauxite Residue into Valuable Products: A Case Study
by Pavel Grudinsky, Liliya Pasechnik, Anfisa Yurtaeva, Valery Dyubanov and Dmitry Zinoveev
Crystals 2022, 12(11), 1578; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111578 - 5 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2108
Abstract
Bauxite residue is a high-iron waste of the alumina industry with significant contents of scandium, aluminum, and titanium. This study focuses on the recovery of Sc, Al, Ti, and Si from iron-depleted bauxite residue (IDBR) into valuable products. Iron depletion was carried out [...] Read more.
Bauxite residue is a high-iron waste of the alumina industry with significant contents of scandium, aluminum, and titanium. This study focuses on the recovery of Sc, Al, Ti, and Si from iron-depleted bauxite residue (IDBR) into valuable products. Iron depletion was carried out using reduction roasting followed by low-intensity magnetic separation to enrich bauxite residue in Al, Ti, and Sc and reduce an adverse effect of iron on scandium extraction. Hydrochloric high-pressure acid leaching, aluminum precipitation by saturation of the acid leachate, solvent extraction of scandium using di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) and tributyl phosphate (TBP), alkaline leaching of the acid residue with subsequent silica precipitation were used to obtain appropriate selective concentrates. As a result, scandium concentrate of 94% Sc2O3, crude alumina of 93% Al2O3, titanium concentrate of 41.5% TiO2, and white carbon of 77% SiO2 were prepared and characterized. Based on the characterization of the treatment stages and the obtained valuable products, the prospect for the application of the suggested flowsheet was discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extractive Metallurgy and Chemistry)
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