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Recent Advances of the Magnetic Evolution of Earth and Extraterrestrial...
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Recent Advances of the Magnetic Evolution of Earth and Extraterrestrial Bodies: Insights from Geomagnetism, Rock Magnetism and Paleomagnetism

A special issue of Geosciences (ISSN 2076-3263). This special issue belongs to the section "Geophysics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 8108

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Emilio Herrero-Bervera

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, SOEST, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
Interests: paleomagnetism; rock magnetism; volcanology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are seeking contributions that will improve the data distribution from the under-represented regions of the planet, geographically as well as temporally. In addition to that, we encourage scientific studies and new advances related to all kinds of magnetic materials and their applications such as rock magnetism (e.g., magnetic mineralogy, magnetic domains contributions) paleomagnetism (e.g., paleosecular variations PSV, paleogeographic reconstructions, etc.), biomagnetism, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (e.g., patrofabric, AMS, studies), novel design and operation of instruments dealing with rock magnetic research, planetary magnetism (e.g., the moon, Mars and other exoplanets, meteorites and asteroids), archaeomagnetism (e.g., archaeology artefacts from far removed sites of the world), geomagnetic contributions(e.g., present Earth’s magnetic fields, including theoretical studies), magnetostratigraphic, absolute paleointensity (P.I) determinations of volcanic rocks as well as relative paleointensity (RPI) of sedimentary rocks, and deep-sea sediments, among other contributions.

Prof. Dr. Emilio Herrero-Bervera
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 3028 KiB  
Article
Rock Magnetism and Magnetic Fabric Study of the Icelandite and Rhyodacite Long Volcanic Sequence at Mauna Kuwale, Wai’anae Volcano, Oahu, Hawaii, USA
by Emilio Herrero-Bervera and Mario Moreira
Geosciences 2023, 13(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13040114 - 11 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1857
Abstract
In order to understand further the emplacement (i.e., volcanic growth) of 22 Icelandite and 3 Rhyodacite cooling units in one of the long volcanic sequences known as Mauna Kuwale of the Wai’anae volcano (ca. 3.3 Ma), Oahu Hawaii we have conducted appropriate rock [...] Read more.
In order to understand further the emplacement (i.e., volcanic growth) of 22 Icelandite and 3 Rhyodacite cooling units in one of the long volcanic sequences known as Mauna Kuwale of the Wai’anae volcano (ca. 3.3 Ma), Oahu Hawaii we have conducted appropriate rock magnetic experiments described below as well as anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) studies of such 25 units. We have undertaken rock magnetic investigations such as continuous and partial thermo-magnetic cycles of low field magnetic susceptibility versus temperature dependence, (k-T) curves experiments. We classified the k-T heating-cooling dependence of susceptibility in three groups A, B and C. Type A: yielded two components of titano-magnetite with a predominat Ti rich phase and occasionally a relevant magnetite component phase. Type B: samples are characterized by Ti poor magnetites. Magnetite dominates as the main magnetic carrier. Type C: k-T curves show one single phase of titanomagnetite, and Ti poor magnetite. The coercivity or remanence, determined by back field magnetization is always <60 mT, which suggest the predominance of magnetic components of low coercivity, like magnetite. Usually, two coercivity components are identified in the specimens. In addition we also conducted magnetic granulometry analyses on 27 specimens to determine the domain state of the flows. The ratio of hysteresis parameters (Mr/Mrs versus Hcr/Hc) show that overall samples fall in the Pseudo-Single Domain (PSD) region with high values of Mr/Mrs and very low values of Hcr/Hc. Only two samples from cooling units 17 and specially 22 show a Single Domain (SD) magnetic behavior and a sample from one unit approaches the SD-MD mixture region. We measured the magnetic susceptibility of all cooling units and we found out that in all analyzed units the magnetic susceptibility is low 13.7 ± 8.8 (10−3 SI). Magnetic anisotropy/magnetic fabric is used as a tool in rock fabric analyses to investigate the preferred orientation of magnetic minerals in rocks. Magnetic anisotropy is low on all (measured) flows from the Icelandite cooling units from 1 to 17 (mean P’ = 1.010), but becomes noticeably distinct and high in rhyodacite cooling units 23, 24 and 25 (mean P’ = 1.074). Four units show a magnetic fabric with k3 axes vertical to sub-vertical which may be denoted as normal for the horizontal to sub horizontal units. Two Icelandite cooling units display oblate shapes and two other cooling units triaxial shapes. K1 axes are horizontal but point in different directions, i.e., NE and NW. Remaining cooling units show different magnetic fabric. Units 17, 23, 24 and 25, despite important variations in anisotropy (low for units 25 and high for units 23 and 24) and shape of ellipsoid (oblate in cooling unit 23, prolate in 24 and triaxial in 25) the k3 axes show the same orientation, SW to SSW dipping around 45° and a very steady magnetic lineation azimuth NW nearly horizontal to sub horizontal. The magnetic mineralogy and magnetic fabric indicate that both the Icelandite and Rhyodacite cooling units the magmatic evolution during the shield stage of the entire Wai’anae volcano and that such growth was not affected by tectonic deformation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of the Magnetic Evolution of Earth and Extraterrestrial Bodies: Insights from Geomagnetism, Rock Magnetism and Paleomagnetism)
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15 pages, 5993 KiB  
Article
Rock Magnetism of Lapilli and Lava Flows from Cumbre Vieja Volcano, 2021 Eruption (La Palma, Canary Islands): Initial Reports
by Josep M. Parés, Eva Vernet, Manuel Calvo-Rathert, Vicente Soler, María-Felicidad Bógalo and Ana Álvaro
Geosciences 2022, 12(7), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12070271 - 5 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2876
Abstract
We present initial rock magnetic results for both lava flows and lapilli produced by the 2021 eruption of the Cumbre Vieja, La Palma (Canary Islands). Samples were taken during the eruption to minimize early alteration and weathering of the rocks and tephra. Standard [...] Read more.
We present initial rock magnetic results for both lava flows and lapilli produced by the 2021 eruption of the Cumbre Vieja, La Palma (Canary Islands). Samples were taken during the eruption to minimize early alteration and weathering of the rocks and tephra. Standard procedures included progressive alternating field and thermal demagnetization, hysteresis curves, thermomagnetic experiments, progressive acquisition of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), and First-Order Reversal Curves (FORCs). Overall, our observations, including low to medium unblocking temperatures, isothermal remanent magnetization to 1 Tesla, and the abundance of wasp-waist hysteresis loops, strongly suggest the presence of Ti-rich titanomagnetites as the main remanence carriers in both lava flows and lapilli, in addition to some hematite as well. Whereas the former has been directly seen (SEM), hematite is elusive with nonmagnetic-based methods. Rock magnetic data, on a Day plot, also reveal that the magnetic grain size tends to be larger in the lava flows than in the lapilli. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of the Magnetic Evolution of Earth and Extraterrestrial Bodies: Insights from Geomagnetism, Rock Magnetism and Paleomagnetism)
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24 pages, 5685 KiB  
Article
Anisotropy of Out-of-Phase Magnetic Susceptibility and Its Potential for Rock Fabric Studies: A Review
by František Hrouda, Martin Chadima and Josef Ježek
Geosciences 2022, 12(6), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12060234 - 1 Jun 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2879
Abstract
In anisotropic materials such as minerals and rocks, the AC magnetic susceptibility is also anisotropic, and consists of two components, one in-phase with the applied field (ipMS) and the other out-of-phase (opMS). Correspondingly, anisotropies of these components, in-phase magnetic anisotropy (ipAMS) and out-of-phase [...] Read more.
In anisotropic materials such as minerals and rocks, the AC magnetic susceptibility is also anisotropic, and consists of two components, one in-phase with the applied field (ipMS) and the other out-of-phase (opMS). Correspondingly, anisotropies of these components, in-phase magnetic anisotropy (ipAMS) and out-of-phase anisotropy (opAMS), can be defined. In non-conductive dia- and paramagnetic materials, and in pure multi-domain magnetite, the opMS is effectively zero and only ipAMS can be measured. In some ferromagnetic minerals, such as pyrrhotite, hematite, titanomagnetite, or small magnetically viscous grains of magnetite, the opMS is clearly non-zero, and not only ipAMS but also opAMS can be determined. The opAMS can then be used as a tool for the direct determination of the magnetic sub-fabrics of the minerals with non-zero opMS. The precision in measurement of opMS decreases non-linearly with decreasing opMS/ipMS ratio, which may result in imprecise determination of the opAMS if the ratio is very low. It is highly recommended to inspect the results of the statistical tests of each specimen and to exclude the specimens with statistically insignificant opAMS from further processing. In rocks with a mono-mineral magnetic fraction represented by the mineral with non-zero opMS, the principal directions of the opAMS and ipAMS are virtually coaxial, while the degree of opAMS is higher than that of ipAMS. In some cases, the opAMS provides similar results to those provided by anisotropies of low-field-dependent susceptibility and frequency-dependent susceptibility. The advantage of the opAMS is in its simultaneous measurement with the ipAMS during one measuring process, whereas the other two methods require measurement in several fields or operating frequencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of the Magnetic Evolution of Earth and Extraterrestrial Bodies: Insights from Geomagnetism, Rock Magnetism and Paleomagnetism)
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