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Membranes
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Research on Electrodialytic Processes
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Research on Electrodialytic Processes

A special issue of Membranes (ISSN 2077-0375). This special issue belongs to the section "Membrane Applications for Water Treatment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2025) | Viewed by 6606

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kayo Barros

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Guest Editor
Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering (IEC Group, ISIRYM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
Interests: wastewater treatment; water treatment; water and wastewater treatment; separation processes; separation technologies; electrodialysis; Donnan dialysis; ion exchange membrane; chronopotentiometry; electrochemical membrane evaluation; concentration polarization; electroconvection; water dissociation; water splitting; over-limiting ion transfer mechanisms
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Valentín Pérez-Herranz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departmet of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering (IEC Group, ISIRYM), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain
Interests: wastewater treatment; water treatment; water and wastewater treatment; separation processes; separation technologies; electrodialysis; donnan dialysis; ion-exchange membrane; chronopotentiometry; electrochemical membrane evaluation; concentration polarization; electroconvection; water dissociation; water splitting; overlimiting ion transfer mechanisms; cyclic voltammetry; electrodeposition; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electrodialysis is a mature separation technique in which ions migrate through electromembranes that are selective to cations or anions. Due to its versatility, electrodialysis has become a multifunctional process that is applied in several fields, such as seawater desalination, the treatment of various industrial wastewaters, as well as the production of food, medicines, biopolymers, ultrapure water, acids, and alkali. The main advantages of electrodialytic processes include their ability to extract and recover valuable components and the fact that, in most situations, it is not necessary to add reagents to the solution for treatment. On the other hand, the costs of ion exchange membranes and energy consumption are relatively high, besides the maintenance to mitigate the negative effects caused by fouling phenomena. Therefore, to ensure the economical and technical viability of electrodialytic processes, it is crucial that studies are carried out in order to 1) develop new membranes that are more selective to certain types of ions and present lower electrical resistance and costs (monopolar, bipolar, mosaic, amphoteric, monovalent selective ones, etc.), 2) develop new spacer configurations to promote turbulence at the membranes and intensify the ion transfer rate, 3) propose new layouts that reduce the total resistance of the system, 4) evaluate methods to mitigate fouling occurrence and 5) membrane cleaning procedures that extend their lifespan, 6) evaluate the impact of over-limiting mechanisms on membranes and the practical viability of operating the separation processes at over-limiting current regimes, and 7) propose hybrid processes that overcome the limitations faced in each of the processes when operated separately, among other things. This Special Issue serves as a platform gathering all recent advances in the broad scope of electrodialytic processes: Articles, case studies, reviews, and communications are welcome and are held in high regard.

Dr. Kayo Santana Barros
Prof. Dr. Valentín Pérez-Herranz
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Membranes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electrodialysis
  • electro-electrodialysis
  • electrodialysis with bipolar membrane
  • electrodialysis reversal
  • fouling
  • concentration polarization at electro membranes
  • electroconvection

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 1820 KiB  
Article
Nickel and Cobalt Recovery from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Electrodialysis Metathesis
by Adam Isaksson, Juan Anaya Garzon, Ida Strandkvist and Lena Sundqvist Öqvist
Membranes 2025, 15(4), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15040097 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 216
Abstract
Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries is important due to the increasing demand for electric vehicles and efforts to realize a circular economy. There is a need to develop environmentally friendly processes for the refining of nickel, cobalt, and other metals contained in the [...] Read more.
Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries is important due to the increasing demand for electric vehicles and efforts to realize a circular economy. There is a need to develop environmentally friendly processes for the refining of nickel, cobalt, and other metals contained in the batteries. Electrodialysis is an appealing method for recycling of battery metals with selective separation and low chemical input. In this study, sodium sulfate was used in an electrodialysis metathesis procedure to sequentially separate EDTA-chelated nickel and cobalt. Replacing hitherto used sulfuric acid with sodium sulfate mitigates membrane fouling caused by precipitation of EDTA. It was possible to separate up to 97.9% of nickel and 96.6% of cobalt at 0.10 M, a 30-times higher concentration than previously reported for electrodialysis of similar solutions. Through the thermally activated persulfate method, new to this application, 99.7% of nickel and 87.0% of cobalt could be precipitated from their EDTA chelates. Impurity behavior during electrodialysis of battery leachates has not previously been described in the literature. It is paramount to remove copper, iron, and phosphorous prior to electrodialysis since they contaminate the nickel product. Aluminum was difficult to remove in the solution purification step and ended up in all electrodialysis products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Electrodialytic Processes)
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22 pages, 8618 KiB  
Article
Suitability of Electrodialysis with Monovalent Selective Anion-Exchange Membranes for Fractionation of Aqueous Mixture Containing Reactive Dye and Mineral Salt
by Katarzyna Majewska-Nowak, Arif Eftekhar Ahmed, Martyna Grzegorzek and Karolina Baraniec
Membranes 2025, 15(3), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15030085 - 7 Mar 2025
Viewed by 325
Abstract
To fulfil the goals of the circular economy, the treatment of textile wastewater should be focused on the recovery of valuable components. Monovalent anion-selective electrodialysis (MASED) was applied for the separation of reactive dyes from mineral salts. Standard cation-exchange membranes (CM membranes) and [...] Read more.
To fulfil the goals of the circular economy, the treatment of textile wastewater should be focused on the recovery of valuable components. Monovalent anion-selective electrodialysis (MASED) was applied for the separation of reactive dyes from mineral salts. Standard cation-exchange membranes (CM membranes) and monovalent selective anion-exchange membranes (MVA membranes) were used in the electrodialysis (ED) stack. The separation efficiency was evaluated for model solutions of various reactive dyes (varying in molecular weight and chemical reactivity) containing NaCl. In the course of MASED, the mineral salt was successfully removed from the dye solutions with an efficacy of 97.4–99.4%, irrespectively of the composition of the treated solution. The transport of dye molecules through the ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) from diluate to concentrate compartments was irrelevant. Nonetheless, a significant adsorption of dye particles on the membranes was observed. Around 11–40% of the initial dye mass was deposited in the ED stack. Dye adsorption intensity was significantly affected by dye reactivity. This study showed the potential of the MASED process for the separation of the reactive dye from the mineral salt on condition that antifouling membrane properties are improved. The obtained streams (the concentrate rich in mineral salt and the diluate containing the reactive dye) can be reused in the dye-house textile operations; however, some loss of dye mass should be included. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Electrodialytic Processes)
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20 pages, 5046 KiB  
Article
Simulation of a Reverse Electrodialysis–Absorption Refrigeration Integration System for the Efficient Recovery of Low-Grade Waste Heat
by Xi Wu, Linjing Yan, Xiaojing Zhu and Mingjun Liu
Membranes 2025, 15(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15010002 - 24 Dec 2024
Viewed by 967
Abstract
The absorption refrigeration system (ARS) stands as a remarkable device that is capable of efficiently harnessing low-grade thermal energy and converting it into cooling capacity. The reverse electrodialysis (RED) system harvests the salinity gradient energy embedded in two solutions of different concentrations into [...] Read more.
The absorption refrigeration system (ARS) stands as a remarkable device that is capable of efficiently harnessing low-grade thermal energy and converting it into cooling capacity. The reverse electrodialysis (RED) system harvests the salinity gradient energy embedded in two solutions of different concentrations into electricity. An innovative RED–ARS integration system is proposed that outputs cooling capacity and electric energy, driven by waste heat. In this study, a comprehensive mathematical simulation model of a RED–ARS integration system was established, and an aqueous lithium bromide solution was selected as the working solution. Based on this model, the authors simulated and analyzed the impact of various factors on system performance, including the heat source temperature (90 °C to 130 °C), concentrated solution concentration (3 mol∙L⁻1 to 9 mol∙L⁻1), dilute solution concentration (0.002 mol∙L⁻1 to 0.5 mol∙L⁻1), condensing temperature of the dilute solution (50 °C to 70 °C), solution temperature (30 °C to 60 °C) and flow rate (0.4 cm∙s⁻1 to 1.3 cm∙s⁻1) in the RED stacks, as well as the number of RED stacks. The findings revealed the maximum output power of 934 W, a coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.75, and overall energy efficiency of 33%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Electrodialytic Processes)
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19 pages, 2651 KiB  
Article
Cationic/Anionic Poly(p-Phenylene Oxide) Membranes: Preparation and Electrodialysis Performance for Nickel Recovery from Industrial Effluents
by Fabrício Wilbert, Joana Farias Corte, Felipe Tiago do Nascimento, Vanusca Dalosto Jahno, Marco Antônio Siqueira Rodrigues, Fabrício Celso, Salatiel W. da Silva and Andrea Moura Bernardes
Membranes 2024, 14(12), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14120268 - 11 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 965
Abstract
Electrodialysis (ED) has already been applied to recover nickel in galvanizing processes, allowing nickel recovery and the production of a treated effluent with demineralized water quality. However, the growth in ED use is still limited by the production and commercialization of ion-selective membranes, [...] Read more.
Electrodialysis (ED) has already been applied to recover nickel in galvanizing processes, allowing nickel recovery and the production of a treated effluent with demineralized water quality. However, the growth in ED use is still limited by the production and commercialization of ion-selective membranes, currently limited to a few large companies. Therefore, this paper presents the development of homogeneous cationic and anionic membranes made from poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) for ED use. Cationic membranes were prepared by the sulfonation reaction of PPO under different experimental conditions (PPO:H2SO4 molar ratio and reaction time). Anionic membranes were prepared by the bromination reaction of PPO, followed by the amination reaction. The membranes were characterized for their chemical and electrochemical properties, including ion exchange capacity, conductivity, thermal stability, and surface morphology. The optimal conditions for cationic membrane sulfonation were achieved with a 1:4.4 PPO:H2SO4 molar ratio, and a reaction time of 0.5 h. For anionic membranes, the best results were obtained with bromination, with a PPO:NBS (N-Bromosuccinimide) molar ratio of 1:0.5, followed by 14 days of amination. Overall, 91.8% chloride, 90.9% sulfate, and 85.5% nickel ion extraction was achieved, highlighting PPO as a promising polymer for the development of anionic and cationic ion-selective membranes for ED. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Electrodialytic Processes)
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13 pages, 2140 KiB  
Article
On a Specific Method for Characterizing Ion Exchange Membranes to Assess Their Functionality in Salinity Gradient Power Generation Through Reverse Electrodialysis, Including the Effect of Temperature
by Etienne Brauns and Joost Helsen
Membranes 2024, 14(12), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14120255 - 3 Dec 2024
Viewed by 789
Abstract
Salinity gradient power (SGP) by reverse electrodialysis is a promising method for converting SGP into electricity. Instead of the conventional approach of using seawater and freshwater, an alternative method involves using highly concentrated salt solutions (brines) alongside seawater or brackish water. Key factors [...] Read more.
Salinity gradient power (SGP) by reverse electrodialysis is a promising method for converting SGP into electricity. Instead of the conventional approach of using seawater and freshwater, an alternative method involves using highly concentrated salt solutions (brines) alongside seawater or brackish water. Key factors influencing SGP via reverse electrodialysis (SGP-RE) include the properties of ion exchange membranes, particularly their thickness. This paper outlines a practical experimental set-up that uses both a cation membrane (CM) and an anion membrane (AM). The system is configured with three compartments: two outer compartments filled with highly concentrated brine (HIGH) and a central compartment containing a lower concentration salt solution (LOW), akin to seawater. The compartments are separated by a CM on one side and an AM on the other. The ion transport rate from the HIGH compartments to the central LOW compartment allows for determining the overall ion transport coefficient for thin membranes. Measurements of ion flux and electrochemical voltage under dynamic equilibrium conditions also enable the estimation of the SGP-RE power density (W/m2). By controlling the temperature of the HIGH and LOW solutions, this experiment further investigates the significant impact of temperature on ion transport characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Electrodialytic Processes)
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16 pages, 1713 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Study of the Influence of Electroconvection on the Efficiency of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Modes in ED Desalination
by Victor Nikonenko, Aminat Uzdenova, Anna Kovalenko and Makhamet Urtenov
Membranes 2024, 14(11), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14110225 - 27 Oct 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1072
Abstract
Pulsed electric field (PEF) modes of electrodialysis (ED) are known for their efficiency in mitigating the fouling of ion-exchange membranes. Many authors have also reported the possibility of increasing the mass transfer/desalination rate and reducing energy costs. In the literature, such possibilities were [...] Read more.
Pulsed electric field (PEF) modes of electrodialysis (ED) are known for their efficiency in mitigating the fouling of ion-exchange membranes. Many authors have also reported the possibility of increasing the mass transfer/desalination rate and reducing energy costs. In the literature, such possibilities were theoretically studied using 1D modeling, which, however, did not consider the effect of electroconvection. In this paper, the analysis of the ED desalination characteristics of PEF modes is carried out based on a 2D mathematical model including the Nernst–Planck–Poisson and Navier–Stokes equations. Three PEF modes are considered: galvanodynamic (pulses of constant electric current alternate with zero current pauses), potentiodynamic (pulses of constant voltage alternate with zero voltage pauses), and mixed galvanopotentiodynamic (pulses of constant voltage alternate with zero current pauses) modes. It is found that at overlimiting currents, in accordance with previous papers, in the range of relatively low frequencies, the mass transfer rate increases and the energy consumption decreases with increasing frequency. However, in the range of high frequencies, the tendency changes to the opposite. Thus, the best characteristics are obtained at a frequency close to 1 Hz. At higher frequencies, the pulse duration is too short, and electroconvective vortices, enhancing mass transfer, do not have time to develop. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Electrodialytic Processes)
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22 pages, 2866 KiB  
Article
Targeted Anthocyanin Enrichment of Cranberry Juice by Electrodialysis with Filtration Membranes: Impact of Filtration Membrane Physicochemical Properties and Predictive Statistical Models
by Eva Revellat and Laurent Bazinet
Membranes 2024, 14(5), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14050111 - 14 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1445
Abstract
To optimize cranberry juice enrichment, correlation between physicochemical properties of filtration membranes (FM) and anthocyanin migration was investigated during electrodialysis with filtration membranes (EDFM) using redundancy (RDA) and multivariate regression (MRGA) analyses. Six polyether sulfone (PES) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes with molecular [...] Read more.
To optimize cranberry juice enrichment, correlation between physicochemical properties of filtration membranes (FM) and anthocyanin migration was investigated during electrodialysis with filtration membranes (EDFM) using redundancy (RDA) and multivariate regression (MRGA) analyses. Six polyether sulfone (PES) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes with molecular weight cut-offs between 150 and 500 kDa, commercially available at large scale, were characterized in terms of nine physicochemical characteristics and used for EDFM. The highest migration of total anthocyanin was obtained with PVDF 250 kDa, with a global migration rate of 3.5 ± 0.4 g/m2·h. RDA showed that two FM properties (mesopore porosity and hydrophilic porosity) were significantly negatively correlated to the anthocyanin’s migration and explained 67.4% of their total variation in migration. Predictive MRGA models were also developed for each anthocyanin based on these significant FM properties. A combination of intermolecular interactions may lead to binding in a cooperative and synergistic mode and hinder the anthocyanin migration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Electrodialytic Processes)
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