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Membranes
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Membrane based Materials for Artificial Organs
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Membrane based Materials for Artificial Organs

A special issue of Membranes (ISSN 2077-0375). This special issue belongs to the section "Membrane Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2021) | Viewed by 20350

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Bettina Wiegmann

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department for Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
Interests: tissue engineering; regenerative medicine; endothelial cells; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; artificial lung; intensive care medicine; ex-vivo lung perfusion; ex vivo heart perfusion; ex vivo limb perfusion
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

End-stage organ failure, especially based on chronic diseases, appears with an increasing prevalence and incidence. For most cases, no durable long-term assist device exists as a final destination therapy, so transplantation is the only therapy option for these patients. However, the gap between potential organ donors and organ recipients is becoming wider and wider, clarifying the need for the development of artificial organs as an alternative to transplantation. In order to turn long-term biocompatible artificial organs into a reality, not only cellular aspects, but also material properties and their interactions need to be examined and optimized.

This Special Issue on “Membrane-Based Materials for Artificial Organs” of the journal Membranes seeks contributions of state-of-the-art and future developments in the field of membrane-based materials which can be used for artificial organs. Topics include but are not limited to novel membrane materials, enabling, for example, sufficient oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer, their novel production processes, and techniques. Additionally, the focus will be on surface treatments for improved bio- and hemocompatibility, active and passive coatings promoting hemocompatibility, biohybrid approaches for membrane biofunctionalization and computational and in silico models for fluid dynamics, prediction of transfer rates, and individualization for artificial organs. Authors are invited to submit their latest results; both original papers and reviews are welcome.

We look forward to receiving your outstanding work in this Special Issue.

Sincerely,
Dr. Bettina Wiegmann
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Membranes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hollow fibers
  • membrane materials (e.g., polymers/co-polymers)
  • production techniques and processes
  • membrane symmetries and geometries
  • membrane biofunctionalization
  • improved bio-/hemocompatibility
  • computational/in silico models

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 3077 KiB  
Article
In Vitro and In Vivo Feasibility Study for a Portable VV-ECMO and ECCO2R System
by Lasse J. Strudthoff, Hannah Lüken, Sebastian V. Jansen, Jan Petran, Peter C. Schlanstein, Lotte Schraven, Benjamin J. Schürmann, Niklas B. Steuer, Georg Wagner, Thomas Schmitz-Rode, Ulrich Steinseifer, Jutta Arens and Rüdger Kopp
Membranes 2022, 12(2), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020133 - 22 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4093
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an established rescue therapy for patients with chronic respiratory failure waiting for lung transplantation (LTx). The therapy inherent immobilization may result in fatigue, consecutive deteriorated prognosis, and even lost eligibility for transplantation. We conducted a feasibility study on [...] Read more.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an established rescue therapy for patients with chronic respiratory failure waiting for lung transplantation (LTx). The therapy inherent immobilization may result in fatigue, consecutive deteriorated prognosis, and even lost eligibility for transplantation. We conducted a feasibility study on a novel system designed for the deployment of a portable ECMO device, enabling the physical exercise of awake patients prior to LTx. The system comprises a novel oxygenator with a directly connected blood pump, a double-lumen cannula, gas blender and supply, as well as control and energy management. In vitro experiments included tests regarding performance, efficiency, and blood damage. A reduced system was tested in vivo for feasibility using a novel large animal model. Six anesthetized pigs were first positioned in supine position, followed by a 45° angle, simulating an upright position of the patients. We monitored performance and vital parameters. All in vitro experiments showed good performance for the respective subsystems and the integrated system. The acute in vivo trials of 8 h duration confirmed the results. The novel portable ECMO-system enables adequate oxygenation and decarboxylation sufficient for, e.g., the physical exercise of designated LTx-recipients. These results are promising and suggest further preclinical studies on safety and efficacy to facilitate translation into clinical application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane based Materials for Artificial Organs)
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16 pages, 8234 KiB  
Article
Endogenous Nitric Oxide-Releasing Microgel Coating Prevents Clot Formation on Oxygenator Fibers Exposed to In Vitro Blood Flow
by Patrick Winnersbach, Aisa Hosseinnejad, Thomas Breuer, Tamara Fechter, Felix Jakob, Ulrich Schwaneberg, Rolf Rossaint, Christian Bleilevens and Smriti Singh
Membranes 2022, 12(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010073 - 6 Jan 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3121
Abstract
Background: Clot formation on foreign surfaces of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation systems is a frequent event. Herein, we show an approach that mimics the enzymatic process of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) release on the oxygenator membrane via a biomimetic, non-fouling microgel coating to spatiotemporally [...] Read more.
Background: Clot formation on foreign surfaces of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation systems is a frequent event. Herein, we show an approach that mimics the enzymatic process of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) release on the oxygenator membrane via a biomimetic, non-fouling microgel coating to spatiotemporally inhibit the platelet (PLT) activation and improve antithrombotic properties. This study aims to evaluate the potential of this biomimetic coating towards NO-mediated PLT inhibition and thereby the reduction of clot formation under flow conditions. Methods: Microgel-coated (NOrel) or bare (Control) poly(4-methyl pentene) (PMP) fibers were inserted into a test channel and exposed to a short-term continuous flow of human blood. The analysis included high-resolution PLT count, pooled PLT activation via β-Thromboglobulin (β-TG) and the visualization of remnants and clots on the fibers using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: In the Control group, PLT count was significantly decreased, and β-TG concentration was significantly elevated in comparison to the NOrel group. Macroscopic and microscopic visualization showed dense layers of stable clots on the bare PMP fibers, in contrast to minimal deposition of fibrin networks on the coated fibers. Conclusion: Endogenously NO-releasing microgel coating inhibits the PLT activation and reduces the clot formation on PMP fibers under dynamic flow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane based Materials for Artificial Organs)
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16 pages, 2150 KiB  
Article
Extracorporeal Hyperoxygenation Therapy (EHT) for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: In-Vitro Proof of Principle
by Niklas B. Steuer, Peter C. Schlanstein, Anke Hannig, Stephan Sibirtsev, Andreas Jupke, Thomas Schmitz-Rode, Rüdger Kopp, Ulrich Steinseifer, Georg Wagner and Jutta Arens
Membranes 2022, 12(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010056 - 31 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2669
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is the leading cause of poisoning-related deaths globally. The currently available therapy options are normobaric oxygen (NBO) and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). While NBO lacks in efficacy, HBO is not available in all areas and countries. We present a novel [...] Read more.
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is the leading cause of poisoning-related deaths globally. The currently available therapy options are normobaric oxygen (NBO) and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). While NBO lacks in efficacy, HBO is not available in all areas and countries. We present a novel method, extracorporeal hyperoxygenation therapy (EHT), for the treatment of CO poisoning that eliminates the CO by treating blood extracorporeally at elevated oxygen partial pressure. In this study, we proof the principle of the method in vitro using procine blood: Firstly, we investigated the difference in the CO elimination of a hollow fibre membrane oxygenator and a specifically designed batch oxygenator based on the bubble oxygenator principle at elevated pressures (1, 3 bar). Secondly, the batch oxygenator was redesigned and tested for a broader range of pressures (1, 3, 5, 7 bar) and temperatures (23, 30, 37 °C). So far, the shortest measured carboxyhemoglobin half-life in the blood was 21.32 min. In conclusion, EHT has the potential to provide an easily available and effective method for the treatment of CO poisoning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane based Materials for Artificial Organs)
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19 pages, 20136 KiB  
Article
Towards Biohybrid Lung Development—Fibronectin-Coating Bestows Hemocompatibility of Gas Exchange Hollow Fiber Membranes by Improving Flow-Resistant Endothelialization
by Michael Pflaum, Sophie Jurmann, Katherina Katsirntaki, Marisa Mälzer, Axel Haverich and Bettina Wiegmann
Membranes 2022, 12(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010035 - 27 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2948
Abstract
To provide an alternative treatment option for patients with end-stage lung disease, we aim for biohybrid lung development (BHL) based on hollow fiber membrane (HFM) technology used in extracorporeal membrane oxygenators. For long-term BHL application, complete hemocompatibility of all blood-contacting surfaces is indispensable [...] Read more.
To provide an alternative treatment option for patients with end-stage lung disease, we aim for biohybrid lung development (BHL) based on hollow fiber membrane (HFM) technology used in extracorporeal membrane oxygenators. For long-term BHL application, complete hemocompatibility of all blood-contacting surfaces is indispensable and can be achieved by their endothelialization. Indeed, albumin/heparin (AH) coated HFM enables initial endothelialization, but as inexplicable cell loss under flow conditions was seen, we assessed an alternative HFM coating using fibronectin (FN). Therefore, endothelial cell (EC) adherence and viability on both coated HFM were analyzed by fluorescence-based staining. Functional leukocyte and thrombocyte adhesion assays were performed to evaluate hemocompatibility, also in comparison to blood plasma coated HFM as a clinically relevant control. To assess monolayer resistance and EC behavior under clinically relevant flow conditions, a mock circulation setup was established, which also facilitates imitation of lung-disease specific blood gas settings. Besides quantification of flow-associated cell loss, endothelial responses towards external stimuli, like flow exposure or TNFα stimulation, were analyzed by qRT-PCR, focusing on inflammation, thrombus formation and extracellular matrix production. Under static conditions, both coated HFM enabled the generation of a viable, confluent, non-inflammatory and anti-thrombogenic monolayer. However, by means of homogenous FN coating, cell retention and physiologic gene regulation towards an improved hemocompatible-and extracellular matrix producing phenotype, was significantly superior compared to the inhomogeneous AH coating. In summary, our adaptable in-house FN coating secures the endothelial requirements for long-term BHL application and may promote monolayer establishment on all other blood contacting surfaces of the BHL (e.g., cannulae). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane based Materials for Artificial Organs)
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Review

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19 pages, 9751 KiB  
Review
Effects of Expanded Hemodialysis with Medium Cut-Off Membranes on Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: A Review
by Zhuyun Zhang, Tinghang Yang, Yupei Li, Jiameng Li, Qinbo Yang, Liya Wang, Luojia Jiang and Baihai Su
Membranes 2022, 12(3), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12030253 - 23 Feb 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6777
Abstract
Kidney failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Hemodialysis, the most prevalent modality of renal replacement therapy, uses the principle of semipermeable membranes to remove solutes and water in the plasma of patients with kidney failure. With the evolution of hemodialysis technology [...] Read more.
Kidney failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Hemodialysis, the most prevalent modality of renal replacement therapy, uses the principle of semipermeable membranes to remove solutes and water in the plasma of patients with kidney failure. With the evolution of hemodialysis technology over the last half century, the clearance of small water-soluble molecules in such patients is adequate. However, middle molecules uremic toxins are still retained in the plasma and cause cardiovascular events, anemia, and malnutrition, which significantly contribute to poor quality of life and high mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. A new class of membrane, defined as a medium cut-off (MCO) membrane, has emerged in recent years. Expanded hemodialysis with MCO membranes is now recognized as the artificial kidney model closest to natural kidney physiology. This review summarizes the unique morphological characteristics and internal filtration–backfiltration mechanism of MCO membranes, and describes their effects on removing uremic toxins, alleviating inflammation and cardiovascular risk, and improving quality of life in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane based Materials for Artificial Organs)
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