Gems Under the Microscope: New Insights into Mineral Structures and Properties

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Crystallography and Physical Chemistry of Minerals & Nanominerals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 October 2025 | Viewed by 1284

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Guest Editor
Gemmology Institute, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: gemmology; mineral microstructure; TEM analysis
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Guest Editor
Ocean & Earth Science School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Interests: gemmology; mineralogy

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Guest Editor
School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519080, China
Interests: gemmology; geochemistry

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gems are not only prized for their aesthetic appeal but also hold immense scientific significance due to their complex mineral structures and properties. As advanced microscopy techniques evolve, from traditional optical microscopy to advanced electron microscopy, we gain unprecedented insights into the microcosm of gemstones, revealing intricate details that can enhance our understanding of their mineral structures and properties.

This Special Issue, “Gems Under the Microscope: New Insights into Mineral Structures and Properties”, aims to explore the relationship between gemstone characteristics and their underlying mineralogy through the application of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and so on. Research in this issue will provide valuable insights into the mineral structures and mineralogical properties of gemstones, enhancing our understanding of both natural and synthetic gems.

We invite contributions that offer new perspectives on the following topics: (1) detailed mineralogical and gemological analyses using advanced microscopy techniques, i.e., optical microscopy, SEM, EPMA, and TEM; (2) investigations of the mineral structures and properties of gemstones and their implications for gem quality and usage; (3) exploring the relationship between gemstone microstructures and their genesis, as well as implications for authenticity, enhancement, and treatment; (4) significant findings regarding inclusions, their origins, and implications for gemological practices; (5) research on synthetic gem production and comparative studies with natural counterparts by using a microscope; (6) technical exploration and critical summary on the material types and origin tracing of antique jewelry; (7) scientific discrimination of antique jewelry and its imitations using microscopy and spectroscopic analysis techniques; and (8) critical reviews that summarize advancements in the study of gemology and mineralogy through microscopy.

This Special Issue encourages a multidisciplinary approach, combining insights from mineralogy, gemology, geology, and materials science to foster a comprehensive understanding of gemstone research. We welcome original research articles, reviews, and short communications from researchers across the globe.

Prof. Dr. Tao Chen
Dr. Zhengyu Zhou
Prof. Dr. Yuzhi Zhang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • mineral structures and microstructure of gemstones
  • mineral properties of gemstones
  • nano-inclusions in gemstones
  • geochemistry characterization
  • geological process
  • mineralogical and gemological research in ancient geomaterials
  • multi-mineral aggregate jade

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 3755 KiB  
Article
Tracing the Source of Red Coral in Xinjiang: Evidence from the Western Han Dynasty Shengjindian Site in Turpan
by Yiheng Xian, Lifei Sun, Hao Ai, Jingwen Guo, Yuchen Tan, Francesca Monteith, Zekun Li, Jian Ma and Chun Yu
Minerals 2025, 15(3), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15030248 - 27 Feb 2025
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Abstract
This study sheds light on the origin and trade routes of early red coral artifacts found in Xinjiang, primarily dating to the Han and Jin dynasties. The red coral relics examined, excavated from the Shengjindian cemetery of the Western Han Dynasty in Turpan, [...] Read more.
This study sheds light on the origin and trade routes of early red coral artifacts found in Xinjiang, primarily dating to the Han and Jin dynasties. The red coral relics examined, excavated from the Shengjindian cemetery of the Western Han Dynasty in Turpan, offer critical insights into the material’s provenance and its introduction to this pivotal region along the ancient Silk Road. Advanced gemological, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses—utilizing computed tomography (CT), laser Raman spectroscopy, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)—has revealed distinctive features. These include red coloration, a waxy luster, concentric ring structures in cross-section, and calcareous composition, identifying the coral as Sardinian (Corallium rubrum), likely originating from the western Mediterranean region. The findings carry significant archaeological implications. Red coral first appears in the archaeological record in Xinjiang during the Western Han period, facilitated by the thriving Silk Road trade and the expanding influence of Buddhist culture. This study not only confirms the Mediterranean origin of these artifacts but also highlights their integration into the cultural and economic networks of ancient Xinjiang, underscoring the significance of early long-distance trade and cultural exchange. Full article
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Review

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17 pages, 1978 KiB  
Review
Multiple Solutions of Ore-Forming Fluids of Carbonate Rock-Related Nephrite Deposits Constrained by Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes
by Ping Li, Zongting Liao, Qi Chen, Lijian Qi and Yungui Liu
Minerals 2025, 15(3), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15030272 - 7 Mar 2025
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Abstract
Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of ore-forming fluid of nephrite deposits have always been changing due to mixings between different fluids and oxygen isotope exchanges between the ore-forming fluid and country rocks, resulting in that the tremolite (or actinolite) has to constantly re-establish new [...] Read more.
Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of ore-forming fluid of nephrite deposits have always been changing due to mixings between different fluids and oxygen isotope exchanges between the ore-forming fluid and country rocks, resulting in that the tremolite (or actinolite) has to constantly re-establish new isotope fractionation equilibriums with the dynamic fluid, which is of great significance to understand the genesis of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of nephrite. Based on this, Taylor’s closed model and fluid mixing model are used to unravel the control of multi-stage evolution of ore-forming fluid on the δD and δ18O of nephrite. Although Taylor’s closed model is conducive to interpreting the genesis of nephrite with light δD and δ18O, such as Vitim nephrite, Russia, and Chuncheon nephrite, South Korea, it is unable to be effectively used in other nephrite. The fluid mixing model can quantitatively constrain proportions of different fluids during different ore-forming stages. Multiple solutions of ore-forming fluids of carbonate rock-related nephrite result from the absence of external constraints, such as isotope compositions of intrusive rocks, carbonate rocks, and meteoric water. Due to the generally heavy δ18O of country rocks, a small amount of meteoric water that enters the hydrothermal system in the later ore-forming stage is insufficient to offset the δ18O increment of nephrite caused by the oxygen isotope exchange between country rocks and water, which should be responsible for the abnormal heavy δ18O of Luodian nephrite, Dahua nephrite, Sanchakou nephrite, Xiaomeiling nephrite, etc., and not metamorphic water dominating their formation. Full article
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