Molecules

17 pages, 4499 KB

Open AccessArticle

Processing Suitability and Flavor Profiles of Wagyu Beef Tallow from Different Anatomical Regions

by Yanxia Xing, He Zhu, Mengqi Li, Yanfei Yang, Mengliu Zhu, Yushu Wang, Zien Li, Baochen Xu, Yang Yu and Lizeng Peng

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030426 (registering DOI) - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study investigated the technological properties and volatile flavor profiles of tallow from three anatomical regions of Wagyu cattle, omental fats (OF), perirenal fats (PF), and subcutaneous fats (SF), smelted at temperatures ranging from 100 to 160 °C. The objective was to provide [...] Read more.

This study investigated the technological properties and volatile flavor profiles of tallow from three anatomical regions of Wagyu cattle, omental fats (OF), perirenal fats (PF), and subcutaneous fats (SF), smelted at temperatures ranging from 100 to 160 °C. The objective was to provide a theoretical basis for the targeted utilization of Wagyu fats. Results showed that smelting temperature significantly affected oil yield, with the highest yield obtained at 160 °C for all regions. PF exhibited the greatest oil yield, followed by OF and SF. Physicochemical analyses indicated that OF had the highest degree of unsaturation, whereas PF demonstrated superior hardness and oxidative stability. Microstructural and spectroscopic analyses, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize the samples, revealed that the compact protein structure of SF residues limited oil release, while the porous structures of OF and PF residues facilitated higher yields. With respect to flavor profiling, headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was employed to analyze volatile compounds, identified aldehydes as the dominant flavor contributors in OF and PF, imparting fatty and citrus notes, whereas SF was characterized by a distinct creamy aroma primarily due to γ-butyrolactone. These regional differences were further validated by principal component analysis (PCA). Overall, PF obtained the highest comprehensive quality score. The integrated evaluation underscores the potential for precision-based utilization of Wagyu tallow: PF and OF are recommended for applications demanding high yield and intense flavor, whereas SF, characterized by its distinctive creamy aroma, is more suitable for specialized or niche products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Chemistry)

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57 pages, 4375 KB

Open AccessReview

Phenanthrene-like Benzodichalcogenophenes: Synthesis, Electrochemical Behavior and Applications

by Valentina Pelliccioli, Serena Arnaboldi and Silvia Cauteruccio

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030425 (registering DOI) - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

Benzodichalcogenophenes represent a valuable class of organic π-conjugated systems that have been investigated in a plethora of cutting-edge applications in the field of materials chemistry. Isomeric benzodifuran (BDF), benzodithiophene (BDT) and benzodiselenophene (BDS) analogs of phenanthrene, in [...] Read more.

Benzodichalcogenophenes represent a valuable class of organic π-conjugated systems that have been investigated in a plethora of cutting-edge applications in the field of materials chemistry. Isomeric benzodifuran (BDF), benzodithiophene (BDT) and benzodiselenophene (BDS) analogs of phenanthrene, in which the two heteroaromatic rings are ortho-fused onto a benzene ring, represent convenient frameworks as functional materials in organic electronics. The orientation of the two condensed heteroaromatic rings with respect to the central benzene ring provides diverse structural isomers, which significantly differ in degrees of curvature, electronic and electrochemical properties. Furthermore, tailored modification and functionalization strategies enable fine-tuning of their intrinsic properties, leading to unique systems. This review offers a comprehensive overview of synthetic methodologies for constructing isomeric BDF, BDT and BDS skeletons, alongside an analysis of their electrochemical properties as influenced by the nature of heteroatoms. Finally, the most relevant applications of these systems, ranging from optoelectronics, supramolecular chemistry, and emerging biological studies, are discussed, providing valuable insights for future research direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organosulfur and Organoselenium Chemistry II)

15 pages, 1942 KB

Open AccessArticle

Measurements of Radical Reactivity with an Imine, (CF₃)₂CNH: Rate Constants for Chlorine Atoms and Hydroxyl Radicals and the Global Warming Potential

by Savi Savi and Paul Marshall

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030424 - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

The rate constant k_OH for the reaction of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroprop-2-imine with OH radicals was measured relative to two reference compounds, CH₃F and CH₃CHF₂, to be k_OH = (4.2 ± 1.1) × 10⁻¹⁴ cm³ molecule [...] Read more.

The rate constant k_OH for the reaction of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroprop-2-imine with OH radicals was measured relative to two reference compounds, CH₃F and CH₃CHF₂, to be k_OH = (4.2 ± 1.1) × 10⁻¹⁴ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹ at 295 K. This implies an atmospheric lifetime with respect to consumption by OH of 0.75 years. Reaction with Cl atoms yielded k_Cl = (7.9 ± 1.7) × 10⁻¹⁶ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹ at 295 K, and reaction with O₃ has an upper limit of k_O3 < 4 × 10⁻²³ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹, so that the atmospheric consumption by Cl and O₃ is negligibly slow. Absolute infrared cross sections of the imine yield a radiative efficiency of 0.34 W m⁻² ppb⁻¹, which is corrected to 0.23 W m⁻² ppb⁻¹ for the effects of atmospheric lifetime. The imine’s corresponding 100-year global warming potential is 64 ± 19. This value is an upper limit, given that heterogenous atmospheric removal paths, such as hydrolysis in water droplets, are not included. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry)

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33 pages, 4725 KB

Open AccessReview

Importance and Involvement of Imidazole Structure in Current and Future Therapy

by Alexandra Pavel Burlacu, Maria Drăgan, Ovidiu Oniga, Mădălina Nicoleta Matei, Ilioara Oniga, Elena-Lăcrămioara Lisă, Claudia-Simona Stefan and Oana-Maria Dragostin

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030423 - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

Imidazole is, from a structural point of view, a heterocycle consisting of three C atoms and two N atoms, belonging to the class of diazoles, having two N atoms at the first and third positions in the aromatic ring. Being a polar and [...] Read more.

Imidazole is, from a structural point of view, a heterocycle consisting of three C atoms and two N atoms, belonging to the class of diazoles, having two N atoms at the first and third positions in the aromatic ring. Being a polar and ionizable aromatic compound, it has the role of improving the pharmacological properties of lead molecules, thus being used to optimize their solubility and bioavailability. Imidazole is a constituent of many important biological compounds, like histidine, histamine, and purine compounds, the most widespread heterocyclic compound in nature. In current practice, substituted imidazole derivatives play a major role in antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, CNS active compounds, antiprotozoal, as well as anticancer therapy. Thus, imidazole derivatives have demonstrated significant anticancer activities by inhibiting the key metabolic pathways essential for tumor cell growth and survival. Nitroimidazoles, for instance, have been employed as hypoxia-directed therapeutic agents, targeting oxygen-deprived tumor tissues, while mercaptopurine derivatives are well-established in oncological treatments. Structural modifications of the imidazole nucleus have led to the novel compounds exhibiting increased selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells, while sparing normal healthy cells. In accordance with what has been stated, this review highlights recent research on the medicinal and pharmaceutical interest of novel imidazole derivatives, emphasizing their potential in the development of new drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Heterocyclic Compounds with Outstanding Biological Activities)

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24 pages, 9675 KB

Open AccessArticle

N-Aryl-S-aryl-2-mercaptoacetamide Derivatives Effectively Inhibit Mushroom and Cellular Tyrosinase Activities, Melanin Production, and Pigmentation in Zebrafish Larvae: Regarding Copper Ion Chelation

by Hee Jin Jung, Hye Jin Kang, Hyeon Seo Park, Minchang Kim, Hyunju Lee, Hyunhee Ju, Yeonsoo Jeong, Yujin Park, Hae Young Chung and Hyung Ryong Moon

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030422 (registering DOI) - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

In this study, we designed and synthesized 11 N-aryl-S-aryl-2-mercaptoacetamide derivatives as new tyrosinase inhibitors (TYRIs). Experiments with pyrocatechol violet confirmed that four derivatives showed copper-chelating abilities similar to or superior to those of well-known copper-chelating TYRIs like kojic acid (KA) [...] Read more.

In this study, we designed and synthesized 11 N-aryl-S-aryl-2-mercaptoacetamide derivatives as new tyrosinase inhibitors (TYRIs). Experiments with pyrocatechol violet confirmed that four derivatives showed copper-chelating abilities similar to or superior to those of well-known copper-chelating TYRIs like kojic acid (KA) and N-phenylthiourea. However, these four derivatives showed little or no inhibition of mushroom TYR (mTYR) activity and melanin production in B16F10 cells. Instead, derivatives with low copper chelation ability exhibited potent inhibitory effects on mTYR activity and melanin production in B16F10 cells. These findings suggest that the results of metal ion chelation by inhibitors in an enzyme-free environment do not always match those under metalloenzyme conditions because of the interactions between inhibitors and amino acid residues around the metalloenzyme active site. Owing to their favorable interactions with amino acids in the mTYR active site, two of the derivatives inhibited mTYR more effectively than KA. Probably for the same reason, three derivatives inhibited B16F10 cellular TYR more effectively than KA, and one derivative inhibited pigment production in zebrafish larvae much better than KA. This last derivative, which effectively exhibits TYR-inhibitory activity and suppresses melanin production in several species, is considered a promising compound for use as a TYRI in various fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzyme Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation—3rd Edition)

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32 pages, 2740 KB

Open AccessReview

Deep Eutectic Solvents as Green Media for Catalyst Synthesis in Advanced Oxidation Processes

by Bárbara Lomba-Fernández, Marta Pazos, Emilio Rosales and Ángeles Sanromán

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030421 - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

At present, the contamination of wastewater by persistent organic pollutants is a problem causing significant concern. Advanced oxidation processes have emerged as effective and innovative technologies for the degradation of these pollutants. In these processes, the synthesis and usage of an appropriate catalyst [...] Read more.

At present, the contamination of wastewater by persistent organic pollutants is a problem causing significant concern. Advanced oxidation processes have emerged as effective and innovative technologies for the degradation of these pollutants. In these processes, the synthesis and usage of an appropriate catalyst is essential to enhance the generation of reactive species and improve treatment efficiency. In this sense, the use of greener solvents in the synthesis procedure has attracted great interest in recent years, improving the catalyst performance and reducing the associated synthesis impact. Among them, deep eutectic solvents stand out for the synthesis of catalytic materials in advanced oxidation processes for water treatment, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional methods due to their unique properties and low environmental impact. This review summarizes recent advances in this field, highlighting primarily the methods for preparing new catalytic materials using deep eutectic solvents and their application in different types of advanced oxidation processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents in Catalysis: Current Status and Future Outlook)

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16 pages, 3976 KB

Open AccessArticle

CeO₂ Promoted Ni/Al₂O₃ Catalyst for the Enhanced Hydrogenolysis of Glucose to 1,2-Propanediol Performance

by Yu Jiang, Xiaoli Pan, Jifeng Pang, Pengfei Wu, Qinggang Liu and Mingyuan Zheng

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030420 - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

The selective hydrogenolysis of glucose into 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PG) constitutes a significant yet challenging transformation in biomass valorization, as it involves a highly coupled network of isomerization, C-C bond cleavage, and hydrogenation steps. Herein, a highly efficient Ni-CeO₂ catalyst supported by basic Al [...] Read more.

The selective hydrogenolysis of glucose into 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PG) constitutes a significant yet challenging transformation in biomass valorization, as it involves a highly coupled network of isomerization, C-C bond cleavage, and hydrogenation steps. Herein, a highly efficient Ni-CeO₂ catalyst supported by basic Al₂O₃ is developed via a urea-assisted precipitation strategy. Systematic catalytic evaluation and comprehensive characterization reveal that this synthesis method markedly enhances Ni dispersion and hydrogen activation capacity, while CeO₂ modification modulates the electronic state of Ni and introduces strong Lewis basic sites associated with oxygen vacancies. The synergistic interplay between Ni and CeO₂ effectively promotes glucose isomerization and retro-aldol condensation while maintaining sufficient hydrogenation activity. As a result, the optimized catalyst achieves a 1,2-PG yield of 45.1% with over 99% glucose conversion under optimal hydrothermal reaction conditions. Moreover, the catalyst exhibits relatively stable catalytic performance over four consecutive runs. This work elucidates key structure–activity relationships in multifunctional Ni-based catalysts and provides design principles for efficient biomass-derived polyol production. Full article

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16 pages, 1942 KB

Open AccessReview

The Pharmaceutical Industry in 2025: An Analysis of FDA Drug Approvals from the Perspective of Molecules

by Beatriz G. de la Torre and Fernando Albericio

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030419 - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

In 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 44 new drugs, reflecting a slight decrease compared to previous years but maintaining the overall trends in pharmaceutical innovation. Biologics accounted for 25% of approvals, including nine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), two antibody–drug conjugates [...] Read more.

In 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 44 new drugs, reflecting a slight decrease compared to previous years but maintaining the overall trends in pharmaceutical innovation. Biologics accounted for 25% of approvals, including nine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), two antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), and one fusion protein, with cancer remaining the primary therapeutic focus. TIDES, comprising three oligonucleotides and one peptide, continued to consolidate their presence in the market, with the three oligonucleotides featuring N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) for liver-targeted delivery. Small molecules dominate the remainder, with a high prevalence of N-aromatic moieties and fluorine atoms present in most of the molecules. Peptide manufacturing and sustainability concerns, including PFAS usage, remain key challenges. Despite these advances, the high cost of innovative therapies limits access, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This report provides a structural and chemical analysis of the newly approved drugs, highlighting trends in molecular design, therapeutic areas, and technological innovations shaping modern drug discovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)

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24 pages, 3022 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Insights into Cranberry Bioactivity: Polyphenol Composition, Adhesive Effects Against Food Spoilage Yeasts, and Influence on Intestinal Cells

by Dorota Kręgiel, Joanna Oracz, Karolina Czarnecka-Chrebelska and Adriana Nowak

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030418 (registering DOI) - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to characterise the effect of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) juice on unicellular and multicellular systems, specifically food spoilage yeasts (Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Dekkera bruxellensis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) and intestinal cells (IEC-6 and Caco-2 cells). [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to characterise the effect of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) juice on unicellular and multicellular systems, specifically food spoilage yeasts (Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Dekkera bruxellensis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) and intestinal cells (IEC-6 and Caco-2 cells). The effects of both raw cranberry juice and juice digested in vitro were investigated. The juices were analysed for polyphenol content using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The cranberry juice was evaluated for its impact on yeast surface hydrophobicity and anti-adhesive action using the MATH test and luminometry/microscopy, respectively. We also assessed the effects of raw and digested cranberry juices on IEC-6 and Caco-2 cells by measuring cell viability, metabolic modulation, genotoxicity, and antioxidant activity. Chromatographic analysis of the raw cranberry juice revealed the presence of diverse bioactive compounds, identified as hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanins. After digestion, the cranberry juice remained a rich source of phenolic acids. The yeast strain R. mucilaginosa was characterised by the highest hydrophobicity and adhesive abilities, but cell adhesion in the presence of raw cranberry juice was several times lower for all the tested strains. Both tested cranberry juices reduced ROS levels and were well tolerated by intestinal epithelial cells, without significant cytotoxic or genotoxic effects. Our findings provide new insights into the safety of using cranberry juice across unicellular and multicellular systems. However, further validation in real-world settings is necessary before practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products with Pharmaceutical Activities, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 545 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition, Nutritional Profile, and Bioactive Properties of Diplotaxis tenuifolia, a Health-Promoting Food

by Sandrine Ressurreição, Lígia Salgueiro and Artur Figueirinha

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030417 - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (Brassicaceae), valued for its culinary use and bioactive potential, has not yet been comprehensively characterized in terms of its chemical composition and biological properties. This study investigated the nutritional profile, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activity of D. tenuifolia cultivated in Portugal. [...] Read more.

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (Brassicaceae), valued for its culinary use and bioactive potential, has not yet been comprehensively characterized in terms of its chemical composition and biological properties. This study investigated the nutritional profile, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activity of D. tenuifolia cultivated in Portugal. The leaves contain substantial levels of essential minerals, particularly calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, manganese, and chromium, while heavy metal levels were below regulatory safety limits. The nutritional profile also revealed high dietary fiber content, enriched glutamic and aspartic acids in the protein fraction, and α-linolenic acid as the predominant fatty acid. Phenolic compounds were most efficiently extracted by boiling them in 80% methanol, yielding the highest total phenolic (125.41 mg gallic acid equivalents g⁻¹) and flavonoid contents (3.72 mg quercetin equivalents g⁻¹). HPLC-PDA-ESI-MSⁿ analysis enabled the detailed characterization of phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides, and glucosinolates, highlighting the first report of sulfoglucobrassicin in D. tenuifolia. Additionally, 6-methylsulfonyl-3-oxohexyl-glucosinolate, proline, pipecolic acid, glucaric acid, eicosanoic acid, 9,10,12,13-tetrahydroxy-octadecanoic acid (sativic acid) and 9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadec-10-enoic acid were described for the first time in this species. The extract exhibited also antioxidant activity, with ABTS IC₅₀ 57.54 ± 0.18 µg mL⁻¹, DPPH IC₅₀ 302.73 ± 2.36 µg mL⁻¹, and FRAP 752.71 ± 4.59 µmol eq. Fe(II) g⁻¹. These findings establish D. tenuifolia as a nutritionally rich plant and a promising source of natural antioxidants for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Ingredients in Functional Foods and Their Impact on Health, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 2378 KB

Open AccessArticle

Second Harmonic Generation Nanoparticles for Biomedical Imaging: Synthesis and Interaction with Model Bio-Interfaces

by Irene Nepita, Maria Teresa Buscaglia, Belen Arcos-Álvarez, Eduardo Guzmán, Eva Santini, Libero Liggieri and Francesca Ravera

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030416 (registering DOI) - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

This work investigates the synthesis and characterization of Barium Titanate (BT) nanoparticles, which exhibit non-linear optical properties, with a focus on their potential application in biomedical imaging. BT nanoparticles are active in second harmonic generation (SHG), enabling deep tissue imaging with a high [...] Read more.

This work investigates the synthesis and characterization of Barium Titanate (BT) nanoparticles, which exhibit non-linear optical properties, with a focus on their potential application in biomedical imaging. BT nanoparticles are active in second harmonic generation (SHG), enabling deep tissue imaging with a high signal-to-noise ratio. A major objective of this study is to advance in the understanding of the interactions between these nanoparticles and model biological systems. To this end, monolayers of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) spread on aqueous sub-phase are employed as model bio-interfaces, and the effects of BT nanoparticles on their properties are investigated using physicochemical experimental techniques such as Langmuir trough and Dynamic Light Scattering, also in the presence of albumin, a representative serum protein. The results evidence nanoparticle incorporation into the lipid layer, affecting its phase behavior, as well as the spontaneous formation of protein coronas around NPs, which is further confirmed by super-resolution optical microscopy Full article

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9 pages, 1658 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Cu(II)-Based Fluorescent Probe for Carbon Monoxide, Nap-BC-Cu(II), Does Not Selectively Detect Carbon Monoxide

by Dongning Liu, Hongliang Li, Shivanagababu Challa and Binghe Wang

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030415 - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

Reports of carbon monoxide (CO) pharmacology have spurred intense interest in developing its fluorescent probes with much success. However, one unfortunate event in this area is the wide-spread use of chemically reactive metal/BH₃-CO complexes as “CO-releasing molecules” or CORMs that do [...] Read more.

Reports of carbon monoxide (CO) pharmacology have spurred intense interest in developing its fluorescent probes with much success. However, one unfortunate event in this area is the wide-spread use of chemically reactive metal/BH₃-CO complexes as “CO-releasing molecules” or CORMs that do not produce CO or produce CO in an idiosyncratic fashion. Consequently, a large number of reported fluorescent “CO probes” only respond to the CORM used, but not to CO. Though most of these issues have been clarified in the literature, there is a surprising recent publication on a Cu(II)-based fluorescent “CO probe,” Nap-BC-Cu(II), relying on undefined chemical principles. We reassessed the ability for Nap-BC-Cu(II) to detect CO and found no evidence for Nap-BC-Cu(II) to selectively detect CO at even non-physiologically relevant high concentrations (high micromolar) of CO. Marginal effects were observed only when CO was continuously bubbled through the “probe” solution for 15 min. Further, Nap-BC-Cu(II) was found to be sensitive to ascorbic acid and cysteine. Overall, this probe did not respond to CO in a pathophysiologically relevant context. Our findings do not support the notion of Nap-BC-Cu(II) being a CO probe for studying CO biology. We hope this will be the last of this saga of “CO probes” that do not afford selective detection of CO, largely due to the confusions caused by using chemically reactive CORMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organic Chemistry)

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17 pages, 7796 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Design Strategies of Nucleating Agents with Synergistic Effects for Upcycling Polyethylene Terephthalate

by Xinyu Hao, Tianjiao Zhao, Fuhua Lin, Meizhen Wang, Dingyi Ning, Wenju Cui, Yuanjian Ye, Jun Luo and Bo Wang

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030414 - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

The nucleating agents with different alkyl chain lengths sodium 4-[(benzyl)amino] benzoate (SAB-Be), sodium 4-[(heptanoyl)amino] benzoate (SAB-7C), and sodium 4-[(stearoyl)amino] benzoate (SAB-18C) were synthesized via chemical to improve the crystallization and mechanical properties of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) that had been damaged during mechanical [...] Read more.

The nucleating agents with different alkyl chain lengths sodium 4-[(benzyl)amino] benzoate (SAB-Be), sodium 4-[(heptanoyl)amino] benzoate (SAB-7C), and sodium 4-[(stearoyl)amino] benzoate (SAB-18C) were synthesized via chemical to improve the crystallization and mechanical properties of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) that had been damaged during mechanical recycling. The rPET/nucleating agent blends were prepared by melt blending. The molecular structure and thermal stability of the nucleating agents were characterized using the utilization of fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the crystallization properties of the rPET had been improved. In addition, the glass transition temperatures (T_g) of rPET, rPET/SAB-Be, rPET/SAB-7C, and rPET/SAB-18C were 80.3 ± 0.3 °C, 80.4 ± 0.9 °C, 77.0 ± 1.2 °C, and 69.7 ± 0.9 °C, respectively, demonstrating that the length of the alkyl chain in the nucleating agents was essentially proportional to the lubrication effect on rPET. Meanwhile, the rheological properties also supported the conclusion. The isothermal thermodynamic analysis indicated that the compatibility between nucleating agents and rPET was related to the length of the alkyl chain in the nucleating agents. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results of the fracture surfaces of the rPET/nucleating agent blends showed that the longer the alkyl chain in the nucleating agent, the greater the compatibility with rPET. Furthermore, the rPET/SAB-18C exhibited the best mechanical properties of the samples used in this research, with flexural strength and impact strength increased by 5.1% and 58.9%, respectively, compared to rPET. Overall, this work provided the new approach for rPET upcycling by combining molecular design strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Green and Recycled Polymer Materials Towards Sustainability)

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20 pages, 1732 KB

Open AccessArticle

Immunomodulatory Effects of the Antimicrobial Peptide KR-20: Implications for Trichomoniasis

by María G. Ramírez-Ledesma, Eva E. Ávila and Nayeli Alva-Murillo

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030413 - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

Trichomoniasis is the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide and is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. The development of resistance against the standard treatment, metronidazole, highlights the need for alternative therapeutic approaches. The role of innate immune cells is crucial for understanding [...] Read more.

Trichomoniasis is the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide and is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. The development of resistance against the standard treatment, metronidazole, highlights the need for alternative therapeutic approaches. The role of innate immune cells is crucial for understanding trichomoniasis; however, the contribution of monocytes remains poorly characterized. We previously reported that the antimicrobial peptides LL-37 and its derivative KR-20 are trichomonacidal. In other systems, LL-37 displays immunomodulatory effects. Nevertheless, whether these peptides modulate monocyte responses in the presence of T. vaginalis remains unknown, which was the aim of this study. U937 monocytes were co-incubated with LL-37 or KR-20 (3 h), with or without parasite. Monocyte metabolic activity, nitric oxide production, and relative expression of innate immune genes were assessed. LL-37 decreased monocyte metabolic activity and upregulated TNF-α expression (10 and 5 μM, respectively) in parasite-challenged monocytes. Meanwhile, KR-20 (2.5–10 μM) preserved metabolic activity, bound microbial components (LPS), reduced parasite-induced nitric oxide production, and downregulated the expression of IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2 in infected monocytes. This work provides initial evidence that KR-20 modulates innate immune response in monocytes during T. vaginalis infection, suggesting its potential—yet to be fully validated—as an immunomodulatory candidate for trichomoniasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)

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2 pages, 491 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Kulsirirat et al. Natural Polyphenol Corilagin Enhances Osteogenesis and Chondrogenesis Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Implications for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration. Molecules 2026, 31, 194

by Thitianan Kulsirirat, Sittisak Honsawek, Mariko Takeda-Morishita and Korbtham Sathirakul

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030412 - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)

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1 pages, 352 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Guo et al. Shikonin as a WT1 Inhibitor Promotes Promyeloid Leukemia Cell Differentiation. Molecules 2022, 27, 8264

by Zhenzhen Guo, Luyao Sun, Haojie Xia, Shibin Tian, Mengyue Liu, Jiejie Hou, Jiahuan Li, Haihong Lin and Gangjun Du

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030411 - 26 Jan 2026

Abstract

Following publication of the original article [...] Full article

19 pages, 778 KB

Open AccessReview

Hepatic Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome Induced by Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids from Gynura segetum: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Advances

by Zheng Zhou, Dongfan Yang, Tong Chu, Dayuan Zheng, Kuanyun Zhang, Shaokui Liang, Lu Yang, Yanchao Yang and Wenzhe Ma

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030410 - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

The traditional Chinese medicinal herb Gynura segetum is increasingly recognized for its hepatotoxic potential, primarily attributed to its pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) content. PAs are a leading cause of herb-induced liver injury (HILI) in China and are strongly linked to hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome [...] Read more.

The traditional Chinese medicinal herb Gynura segetum is increasingly recognized for its hepatotoxic potential, primarily attributed to its pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) content. PAs are a leading cause of herb-induced liver injury (HILI) in China and are strongly linked to hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS). This review systematically summarizes the pathogenesis, diagnostic advancements, and therapeutic strategies for PA-induced HSOS. Molecular mechanisms of PA metabolism are detailed, encompassing cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation and the subsequent formation of pyrrole–protein adducts, which trigger sinusoidal endothelial cell injury and hepatocyte apoptosis. Advances in diagnostic criteria, including the Nanjing Criteria and the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM)-integrated Drum Tower Severity Scoring System, are discussed. Furthermore, emerging biomarkers, such as circulating microRNAs and pyrrole–protein adducts, are examined. Imaging modalities, such as contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have evolved from descriptive tools into quantitative and prognostic instruments. Therapeutic approaches have evolved from supportive care to precision interventions, including anticoagulation, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), and autophagy-modulating agents. A comprehensive literature review, utilizing databases such as PubMed and Web of Science, was conducted to summarize progress since the introduction of the “Nanjing Guidelines”. Ultimately, this review underscores the critical need for integrated diagnostic and therapeutic frameworks, alongside enhanced public awareness and regulatory oversight, to effectively mitigate PA-related liver injury. Full article

12 pages, 3125 KB

Open AccessArticle

Polymyxin E-Modified Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticle for Photodynamic and Photothermal Combined Antimicrobial Therapy

by Qi Jiang, Yulu Hu, Huimin Ye, Xinyue Hu, Yue Yang, Minghui Yang, Fang Wang, Mengna Zhang and Lisheng Qian

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030409 - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

The irrational or excessive use of antibiotics causes the emergence of bacterial resistance, making antibiotics less effective or ineffective. As the number of resistant antibiotics increases, it is crucial to develop new strategies and innovative approaches to potentiate the efficacy of existing antibiotics. [...] Read more.

The irrational or excessive use of antibiotics causes the emergence of bacterial resistance, making antibiotics less effective or ineffective. As the number of resistant antibiotics increases, it is crucial to develop new strategies and innovative approaches to potentiate the efficacy of existing antibiotics. Prior to this, we discovered that some of the traditional antibiotics produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) under specific light exposure. In this paper, we report a multifunctional polymeric nanoparticle (F8IC NPs-PME) that combines targeted and photodynamic–photothermal therapy (PDT-PTT) in one device. The PME on the surface of F8IC enables the selective binding of F8IC NPs-PME to the surface of Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, PME and F8IC can generate ROS and photothermia under near-infrared light excitation, respectively. The results showed that the sterilization efficiency of F8IC NPs-PME at a concentration of 8 μg/mL was as high as 94.7% against kanamycin-resistant E. coli under 808 nm near-infrared light irradiation (0.8 W/cm², 10 min). This antimicrobial strategy can achieve efficient bacteria killing with a low dosage of antibiotics and opens up a new avenue for fighting bacterial resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanochemistry)

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16 pages, 1232 KB

Open AccessPerspective

Black Gold in Medicine: Rediscovering the Pharmacological Potential

by Ulduz Hashimova, Aliya Gaisina and Khatira Safikhanova

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030408 - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study explores crude oil as a chemically and structurally heterogeneous system with potential pharmaceutical relevance beyond its established roles as an energy and feedstock resource. Recent advances in analytical technologies have enabled the detailed characterization of crude oil constituents at the molecular [...] Read more.

This study explores crude oil as a chemically and structurally heterogeneous system with potential pharmaceutical relevance beyond its established roles as an energy and feedstock resource. Recent advances in analytical technologies have enabled the detailed characterization of crude oil constituents at the molecular level, thereby linking structural features to physicochemical properties and possible biological activities. The presented analysis outlines the rationale, methodological considerations, and future research directions for integrating crude oil molecular motifs into the pharmaceutical chemical space. Beyond its conventional role as an industrial and energy resource, crude oil may also hold promise for drug discovery. This study seeks to provide a conceptual framework for reconsidering crude oil as a reservoir of pharmacologically relevant scaffolds and to outline methodological approaches for their systematic assessment. Its rigid sp³-rich frameworks, together with sterane/hopane biomarkers, porphyrins, and functional aromatics, structurally overlap with established therapeutic classes and are naturally present in crude oil in suitable abundance, offering opportunities to reduce synthetic effort and expand the chemical space accessible to drug discovery. Advances in petroleomics and in silico methodologies now enable petroleum-derived constituents to be characterized in terms of drug-likeness, bioactivity, and toxicity, providing a framework to reconsider crude oil as an unconventional but analytically and computationally tractable resource for pharmaceutical research. Full article

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