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Nanomaterials
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Recent Advances in Nanocarbon Derivatives: From Synthesis to Application
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Recent Advances in Nanocarbon Derivatives: From Synthesis to Application

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "2D and Carbon Nanomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 February 2023) | Viewed by 15293

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Yongfu Lian

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
Interests: endohedral metallofullerene; single-walled carbon nanotubes; carbon nano-onions; graphene

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nanocarbon refers to a variety of carbon allotropes with at least one external or internal dimension in nanoscale. Since the discovery of fullerene in 1985, many nanocarbon species have been reported. Because of their unique nanostructures and excellent physico-chemical properties, nanocarbons have attracted much attention of worldwide researchers to investigate their structures, properties, preparation methods, and applications. A crucial issue encountered in applications is that the easy aggregation nature of nanocarbons keeps them from maximizing their special performance. Well-dispersed nanocarbons could be obtained by covalent or noncovalent chemical functionalization, or by constructing nanocarbon-based composites, which offers great opportunity to make full use of the excellent properties of nanocarbons.

This Special Issue of Nanomaterials will present comprehensive research on the preparation and characterization of nanocarbon derivatives and nanocarbon-based composites, which are applicable in the fields of energy generation and storage, chemical/biological sensors, photo/electro-catalysis, and absorption of microwave, etc. We invite authors to contribute original research articles and review articles which cover the current progress on the preparation and application of nanocarbon derivatives and nanocarbon-based composites. Nanocarbon materials include, but are not limited to, fullerenes, metallofullerenes, carbon quantum dots, carbon nano-onions, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorn, carbon nanofibers, and graphene.

Prof. Dr. Yongfu Lian
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fullerene
  • metallofullerene
  • carbon quantum dot
  • carbon nano-onion
  • carbon nanotube
  • carbon nanohorn
  • carbon nanofiber
  • graphene

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

12 pages, 5411 KiB  
Article
The Various Packing Structures of Tb@C82 (I, II) Isomers in Their Cocrystals with Ni(OEP)
by Wei Dong, Qin Zhou, Wangqiang Shen, Le Yang, Peng Jin, Xing Lu and Yongfu Lian
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(6), 994; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13060994 - 9 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1311
Abstract
Soot-containing terbium (Tb)-embedded fullerenes were prepared by evaporation of Tb4O7-doped graphite rods in an electric arc discharge chamber. After 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene extraction of the soot and rotary evaporation of the extract, a solid product was obtained and then dissolved into [...] Read more.
Soot-containing terbium (Tb)-embedded fullerenes were prepared by evaporation of Tb4O7-doped graphite rods in an electric arc discharge chamber. After 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene extraction of the soot and rotary evaporation of the extract, a solid product was obtained and then dissolved into toluene by ultrasonication. Through a three-stage high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) process, Tb@C82 (I, II) isomers were isolated from the toluene solution of fullerenes and metallofullerenes. With the success of the growth of cocrystals of Tb@C82 (I, II) with Ni(OEP), the molecular structures of Tb@C82 (I) and Tb@C82 (II) were confirmed to be Tb@C2v(9)-C82 and Tb@Cs(6)-C82, respectively, based on crystallographic data from X-ray single-crystal diffraction. Moreover, it was found that Tb@C82 (I, II) isomers demonstrated different packing behaviors in their cocrystals with Ni(OEP). Tb@C2v(9)-C82 forms a 1:1 cocrystal with Ni(OEP), in which Tb@C2v(9)-C82 is aligned diagonally between the Ni(OEP) bilayers to form zigzag chains. In sharp contrast, Tb@Cs(6)-C82 forms a 2:2 cocrystal with Ni(OEP), in which Tb@Cs(6)-C82 forms a centrosymmetric dimer that is aligned linearly with Ni(OEP) pairs to form one-dimensional structures in the a–c lattice plane. In addition, the distance of a Ni atom in Ni(OEP) to the Cs(6)-C82 cage is much shorter than that to the C2v(9)-C82 one, indicative of a stronger π-π interaction between Ni(OEP) and the C82 carbon cage in the cocrystal of Tb@CS(6)-C82 and Ni(OEP). Density functional theory calculations reveal that the regionally selective dimerization of Tb@CS(6)-C82 is the result of a dominant unpaired spin existing on a particular C atom of the CS(6)-C82 cage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanocarbon Derivatives: From Synthesis to Application)
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14 pages, 4812 KiB  
Article
Effects of High-Quality Carbon Nanowalls Ionization-Assisting Substrates on Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Performance
by Ryusei Sakai, Hiroki Kondo, Kenji Ishikawa, Takayuki Ohta, Mineo Hiramatsu, Hiromasa Tanaka and Masaru Hori
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13010063 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1387
Abstract
Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) is performed using carbon nanowalls (CNWs) for ionization-assisting substrates. The CNWs (referred to as high-quality CNWs) in the present study were grown using a radical-injection plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RI-PECVD) system with the addition of oxygen in [...] Read more.
Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) is performed using carbon nanowalls (CNWs) for ionization-assisting substrates. The CNWs (referred to as high-quality CNWs) in the present study were grown using a radical-injection plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RI-PECVD) system with the addition of oxygen in a mixture of CH4 and H2 gases. High-quality CNWs were different with respect to crystallinity and C–OH groups, while showing similar wall-to-wall distances and a wettability comparable to CNWs (referred to as normal CNWs) grown without O2. The efficiency of SALDI was tested with both parameters of ion intensity and fragmental efficiency (survival yield (SY)) using N-benzylpyridinuim chloride (N-BP-CI). At a laser fluence of 4 mJ/cm2, normal CNWs had an SY of 0.97 and an ion intensity of 0.13, while 5-sccm-O2– high-quality CNWs had an SY of 0.89 and an ion intensity of 2.55. As a result, the sensitivity for the detection of low-molecular-weight analytes was improved with the high-quality CNWs compared to the normal CNWs, while an SY of 0.89 was maintained at a low laser fluence of 4 mJ/cm2. SALDI-MS measurements available with the high-quality CNWs ionization-assisting substrate provided high ionization and SY values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanocarbon Derivatives: From Synthesis to Application)
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27 pages, 4606 KiB  
Article
High-Throughput Preparation of Uncontaminated Graphene-Oxide Aqueous Dispersions with Antioxidant Properties by Semi-Automated Diffusion Dialysis
by Ivan V. Mikheev, Sofiya M. Byvsheva, Madina M. Sozarukova, Sergey Yu. Kottsov, Elena V. Proskurnina and Mikhail A. Proskurnin
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(23), 4159; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12234159 - 24 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1909
Abstract
A semi-automated diffusion-dialysis purification procedure is proposed for the preparation of uncontaminated graphene oxide (GO) aqueous dispersions. The purification process is integrated with analytical-signal processing to control the purification degree online by several channels: oxidation-reduction potential, conductivity, and absorbance. This approach reduces the [...] Read more.
A semi-automated diffusion-dialysis purification procedure is proposed for the preparation of uncontaminated graphene oxide (GO) aqueous dispersions. The purification process is integrated with analytical-signal processing to control the purification degree online by several channels: oxidation-reduction potential, conductivity, and absorbance. This approach reduces the amounts of reagents for chemical treatment during dialysis. The total transition metal (Mn and Ti) content was reduced to a sub-ppb level (assessed by slurry nebulization in inductively coupled plasma optical atomic emission spectroscopy). Purified aqueous GO samples possess good stability for about a year with a zeta-potential of ca. −40 mV and a lateral size of ca. sub-µm. Purified GO samples showed increased antioxidant properties (up to five times compared to initial samples according to chemiluminometry by superoxide-radical (O2−) generated in situ from xanthine and xanthine oxidase with the lucigenin probe) and significantly decreased peroxidase-like activity (assessed by the H2O2–L-012 system). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanocarbon Derivatives: From Synthesis to Application)
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20 pages, 9189 KiB  
Article
Carbon Fabric Decorated with In-Situ Grown Silver Nanoparticles in Epoxy Composite for Enhanced Performance
by Meghashree Padhan, Umesh Marathe and Jayashree Bijwe
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(22), 3986; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12223986 - 12 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1542
Abstract
The current study focuses on studying the effect of reinforcement of carbon fabric (CF) decorated with in-situ grown silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) on the performance properties of epoxy composite. The Ag NPs were grown on carbon fabric by reducing silver nitrate. The main [...] Read more.
The current study focuses on studying the effect of reinforcement of carbon fabric (CF) decorated with in-situ grown silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) on the performance properties of epoxy composite. The Ag NPs were grown on carbon fabric by reducing silver nitrate. The main objective of developing such an innovative reinforcement was to improve thermal conductivity, interlaminar strength, and tribological properties of CF-epoxy composites. The growth of NPs on the surface of CF was confirmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction studies. The development of composites was conducted by the impregnation method, followed by compression molding. It was observed that in-situ growth of Ag NPs enhanced thermal conductivity by 40%, enhanced inter-laminar shear strength by 70%, enhanced wear resistance by 95%, and reduced the friction coefficient by 35% in comparison to untreated CF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanocarbon Derivatives: From Synthesis to Application)
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16 pages, 3222 KiB  
Article
Polymethyl(1–Butyric acidyl)silane–Assisted Dispersion and Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation Separation of Single–Walled Carbon Nanotubes
by Hongming Liu, Qin Zhou and Yongfu Lian
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(12), 2094; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122094 - 17 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1374
Abstract
Individual single–walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with distinct electronic types are crucial for the fabrication of SWNTs–based electronic and magnetic devices. Herein, the water–soluble polymethyl(1–butyric acidyl)silane (BA–PMS) was synthesized via the hydrosilylation reaction between 3–butenoic acid and polymethylsilane catalyzed by 2,2′–azodibutyronitrile. As a new [...] Read more.
Individual single–walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with distinct electronic types are crucial for the fabrication of SWNTs–based electronic and magnetic devices. Herein, the water–soluble polymethyl(1–butyric acidyl)silane (BA–PMS) was synthesized via the hydrosilylation reaction between 3–butenoic acid and polymethylsilane catalyzed by 2,2′–azodibutyronitrile. As a new dispersant, BA–PMS displayed a quite good dispersing capacity to arc–discharged SWNTs and moderate selectivity for metallic species. The application of sucrose–DGU, the density gradient ultracentrifugation with sucrose as the gradient medium, to the co–surfactants (BA–PMS and sodium dodecyl sulfonate) individually dispersed SWNTs yielded metallic SWNTs of 85.6% purity and semiconducting SWNTs of 99% purity, respectively. This work paves a path to the DGU separation of the SWNTs dispersed by polymer–based dispersants with hydrophobic alkyl chains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanocarbon Derivatives: From Synthesis to Application)
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Review

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25 pages, 4922 KiB  
Review
The Transformation of 0-D Carbon Dots into 1-, 2- and 3-D Carbon Allotropes: A Minireview
by Lerato L. Mokoloko, Roy P. Forbes and Neil J. Coville
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(15), 2515; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12152515 - 22 Jul 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2378
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) represent a relatively new type of carbon allotrope with a 0-D structure and with nanoparticle sizes < 10 nm. A large number of research articles have been published on the synthesis, characteristics, mechanisms and applications of this carbon allotrope. Many [...] Read more.
Carbon dots (CDs) represent a relatively new type of carbon allotrope with a 0-D structure and with nanoparticle sizes < 10 nm. A large number of research articles have been published on the synthesis, characteristics, mechanisms and applications of this carbon allotrope. Many of these articles have also shown that CDs can be synthesized from “bottom-up” and “top-down” methods. The “top-down” methods are dominated by the breaking down of large carbon structures such as fullerene, graphene, carbon black and carbon nanotubes into the CDs. What is less known is that CDs also have the potential to be used as carbon substrates for the synthesis of larger carbon structures such as 1-D carbon nanotubes, 2-D or 3-D graphene-based nanosheets and 3-D porous carbon frameworks. Herein, we present a review of the synthesis strategies used to convert the 0-D carbons into these higher-dimensional carbons. The methods involve the use of catalysts or thermal procedures to generate the larger structures. The surface functional groups on the CDs, typically containing nitrogen and oxygen, appear to be important in the process of creating the larger carbon structures that typically are formed via the generation of covalent bonds. The CD building blocks can also ‘aggregate’ to form so called supra-CDs. The mechanism for the formation of the structures made from CDs, the physical properties of the CDs and their applications (for example in energy devices and as reagents for use in medicinal fields) will also be discussed. We hope that this review will serve to provide valuable insights into this area of CD research and a novel viewpoint on the exploration of CDs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanocarbon Derivatives: From Synthesis to Application)
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29 pages, 7277 KiB  
Review
Photoluminescence and Fluorescence Quenching of Graphene Oxide: A Review
by Xinzhe Xiao, Yumin Zhang, Lei Zhou, Bin Li and Lin Gu
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(14), 2444; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12142444 - 17 Jul 2022
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4320
Abstract
In recent decades, photoluminescence (PL) material with excellent optical properties has been a hot topic. Graphene oxide (GO) is an excellent candidate for PL material because of its unique optical properties, compared to pure graphene. The existence of an internal band gap in [...] Read more.
In recent decades, photoluminescence (PL) material with excellent optical properties has been a hot topic. Graphene oxide (GO) is an excellent candidate for PL material because of its unique optical properties, compared to pure graphene. The existence of an internal band gap in GO can enrich its optical properties significantly. Therefore, GO has been widely applied in many fields such as material science, biomedicine, anti-counterfeiting, and so on. Over the past decade, GO and quantum dots (GOQDs) have attracted the attention of many researchers as luminescence materials, but their luminescence mechanism is still ambiguous, although some theoretical results have been achieved. In addition, GO and GOQDs have fluorescence quenching properties, which can be used in medical imaging and biosensors. In this review, we outline the recent work on the photoluminescence phenomena and quenching process of GO and GOQDs. First, the PL mechanisms of GO are discussed in depth. Second, the fluorescence quenching mechanism and regulation of GO are introduced. Following that, the applications of PL and fluorescence quenching of GO–including biomedicine, electronic devices, material imaging–are addressed. Finally, future development of PL and fluorescence quenching of GO is proposed, and the challenges exploring the optical properties of GO are summarized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanocarbon Derivatives: From Synthesis to Application)
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