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Nanomaterials
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Nanodiamonds: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
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Nanodiamonds: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 15869

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Alfio Battiato

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
Interests: surface science; x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; nanoparticles; nanostructured materials; CVD diamond; diamond graphitization; ion implantation; biosensors; diamond-based multiarrays; surface functionalization

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nanodiamonds represent a breakthrough research topic in different fields of chemistry, physics, and biology due to their unique combination of the outstanding properties of diamond with the peculiarities of nanoscale research and its technology developments.

Diamond is an extremely versatile material because of its high refractive index, hardness, great stability and inertness, low electrical but high thermal conductivity, high chemical inertness and structural stability in biological environments, very low toxicity, and good biocompatibility. Furthermore, diamond defects can show stable fluorescence, being employed as single photon sources.

All these issues find application in the use of nanodiamonds as sensors for temperature, magnetic fields, electric fields, as well as markers, biomarkers, and catalysis facilitators since, complementarily to the abovementioned general chemical inertness, the surface of diamond nanoparticles can be chemically decorated with a variety of functional molecules employing several different chemical processes, monitoring their stability.

The Special Issue aims to present recent advances in the synthesis and purification of nanodiamonds either by HPHT or detonation, in the characterization of their physical and chemical properties, as well as the key role of structural defects or chemical impurities present both in the core and on the surface.

Topics may also include nanodiamonds’ colloidal properties, novel methods to chemically modify the surface and tailor its reactivity with respect to external solicitation, any aspects of nanodiamond applications ranging from quantum technology to drug delivery, and the state-of-the-art and promising developments in engineering and industrial research.

Dr. Alfio Battiato
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Nanodiamond production and purification
  • Crystalline structure, shape, defects, and impurities of nanodiamonds
  • Physical and chemical properties of nanodiamonds
  • Color centers in nanodiamonds
  • Surface chemistry of nanodiamonds
  • Biomarkers and drug delivery applications of nanodiamonds
  • Application of color centers as nanoscopic sensors
  • Employment of nanodiamonds in catalysis

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 4249 KiB  
Article
Modified Nanodiamonds as a Means of Polymer Surface Functionalization. From Fouling Suppression to Biosensor Design
by Pavel V. Melnikov, Anastasia Yu. Alexandrovskaya, Alina O. Naumova, Nadezhda M. Popova, Boris V. Spitsyn, Nikolay K. Zaitsev and Nikolay A. Yashtulov
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(11), 2980; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112980 - 6 Nov 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2279
Abstract
The development of different methods for tuning surface properties is currently of great interest. The presented work is devoted to the use of modified nanodiamonds to control the wetting and biological fouling of polymers using optical sensors as an example. We have shown [...] Read more.
The development of different methods for tuning surface properties is currently of great interest. The presented work is devoted to the use of modified nanodiamonds to control the wetting and biological fouling of polymers using optical sensors as an example. We have shown that, depending on the type of modification and the amount of nanodiamonds, the surface of the same fluorinated polymer can have both bactericidal properties and, on the contrary, good adhesion to the biomaterial. The precise control of wetting and biofouling properties of the surface was achieved by the optimization of the modified nanodiamonds thermal anchoring conditions. In vitro and in vivo tests have shown that the fixation of amine functional groups leads to inhibition of biological activity, while the presence of a large number of polar groups of mixed composition (amide and acid chloride) promotes adhesion of the biomaterial and allows one to create a biosensor on-site. A comprehensive study made it possible to establish that in the first 5 days the observed biosensor response is provided by cells adhered to the surface due to the cell wall interaction. On the 7th day, the cells are fixed by means of the polysaccharide matrix, which provides much better retention on the surface and a noticeably greater response to substrate injections. Nevertheless, it is important to note that even 1.5 h of incubation is sufficient for the formation of the reliable bioreceptor on the surface with the modified nanodiamonds. The approach demonstrated in this work makes it possible to easily and quickly isolate the microbiome on the surface of the sensor and perform the necessary studies of its substrate specificity or resistance to toxic effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanodiamonds: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications)
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14 pages, 27173 KiB  
Article
Pore-Mouth Structure of Highly Agglomerated Detonation Nanodiamonds
by Elda Zoraida Piña-Salazar, Kento Sagisaka, Takuya Hayashi, Yoshiyuki Hattori, Toshio Sakai, Eiji Ōsawa and Katsumi Kaneko
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(11), 2772; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112772 - 20 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1754
Abstract
Detonation nanodiamond aggregates contain water that is removed by thermal treatments in vacuo, leaving available pores for the adsorption of target molecules. A hard hydrogel of detonation nanodiamonds was thermally treated at 423 K for 2 h, 10 h, and 52 h in [...] Read more.
Detonation nanodiamond aggregates contain water that is removed by thermal treatments in vacuo, leaving available pores for the adsorption of target molecules. A hard hydrogel of detonation nanodiamonds was thermally treated at 423 K for 2 h, 10 h, and 52 h in vacuo to determine the intensive water adsorption sites and clarify the hygroscopic nature of nanodiamonds. Nanodiamond aggregates heated for long periods in vacuo agglomerate due to the removal of structural water molecules through the shrinkage and/or collapse of the pores. The agglomerated nanodiamond structure that results from long heating periods decreases the nitrogen adsorption but increases the water adsorption by 40%. Nanodiamonds heated for long times possess ultramicropores <0.4 nm in diameter in which only water molecules can be adsorbed, and the characteristic mouth-shaped mesopores adsorb 60% more water than nitrogen. The pore mouth controls the adsorption in the mesopores. Long-term dehydration partially distorts the pore mouth, decreasing the nitrogen adsorption. Furthermore, the nitrogen adsorbed at the pore mouth suppresses additional nitrogen adsorption. Consequently, the mesopores are not fully accessible to nitrogen molecules because the pore entrances are blocked by polar groups. Thus, mildly oxidized detonation nanodiamond particles can show a unique molecular sieving behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanodiamonds: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications)
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15 pages, 3321 KiB  
Article
Interaction of Nanodiamonds with Water: Impact of Surface Chemistry on Hydrophilicity, Aggregation and Electrical Properties
by Pietro Aprà, Lorenzo Mino, Alfio Battiato, Paolo Olivero, Sofia Sturari, Maria Carmen Valsania, Veronica Varzi and Federico Picollo
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(10), 2740; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11102740 - 16 Oct 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2439
Abstract
In recent decades, nanodiamonds (NDs) have earned increasing interest in a wide variety of research fields, thanks to their excellent mechanical, chemical, and optical properties, together with the possibility of easily tuning their surface chemistry for the desired purpose. According to the application [...] Read more.
In recent decades, nanodiamonds (NDs) have earned increasing interest in a wide variety of research fields, thanks to their excellent mechanical, chemical, and optical properties, together with the possibility of easily tuning their surface chemistry for the desired purpose. According to the application context, it is essential to acquire an extensive understanding of their interaction with water in terms of hydrophilicity, environmental adsorption, stability in solution, and impact on electrical properties. In this paper, we report on a systematic study of the effects of reducing and oxidizing thermal processes on ND surface water adsorption. Both detonation and milled NDs were analyzed by combining different techniques. Temperature-dependent infrared spectroscopy was employed to study ND surface chemistry and water adsorption, while dynamic light scattering allowed the evaluation of their behavior in solution. The influence of water adsorption on their electrical properties was also investigated and correlated with structural and optical information obtained via Raman/photoluminescence spectroscopy. In general, higher oxygen-containing surfaces exhibited higher hydrophilicity, better stability in solution, and higher electrical conduction, although for the latter the surface graphitic contribution was also crucial. Our results provide in-depth information on the hydrophilicity of NDs in relation to their surface chemical and physical properties, by also evaluating the impacts on their aggregation and electrical conductance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanodiamonds: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications)
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12 pages, 3347 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Thermal Analysis of Diamond in a High-Power Raman Cavity Based on FVM-FEM Coupled Method
by Zhenxu Bai, Zhanpeng Zhang, Kun Wang, Jia Gao, Zhendong Zhang, Xuezong Yang, Yulei Wang, Zhiwei Lu and Richard P. Mildren
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(6), 1572; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11061572 - 15 Jun 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2716
Abstract
Despite their extremely high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficients, thermal effects in diamond are still observed in high-power diamond Raman lasers, which proposes a challenge to their power scaling. Here, the dynamics of temperature gradient and stress distribution in the diamond [...] Read more.
Despite their extremely high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficients, thermal effects in diamond are still observed in high-power diamond Raman lasers, which proposes a challenge to their power scaling. Here, the dynamics of temperature gradient and stress distribution in the diamond are numerically simulated under different pump conditions. With a pump radius of 100 μm and an absorption power of up to 200 W (corresponding to the output power in kilowatt level), the establishment period of thermal steady-state in a millimeter diamond is only 50 μs, with the overall thermal-induced deformation of the diamond being less than 2.5 μm. The relationship between the deformation of diamond and the stability of the Raman cavity is also studied. These results provide a method to better optimize the diamond Raman laser performance at output powers up to kilowatt-level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanodiamonds: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications)
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12 pages, 4200 KiB  
Article
Monitoring Dark-State Dynamics of a Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Nanodiamond by Auto-Correlation Spectroscopy: Photonionization and Recharging
by Mengdi Zhang, Bai-Yan Li and Jing Liu
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(4), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11040979 - 10 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2534
Abstract
In this letter, the photon-induced charge conversion dynamics of a single Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) center in nanodiamond between two charge states, negative (NV−) and neutral (NV0), is studied by the auto-correlation function. It is observed that the ionization of NV [...] Read more.
In this letter, the photon-induced charge conversion dynamics of a single Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) center in nanodiamond between two charge states, negative (NV−) and neutral (NV0), is studied by the auto-correlation function. It is observed that the ionization of NV− converts to NV0, which is regarded as the dark state of the NV−, leading to fluorescence intermittency in single NV centers. A new method, based on the auto-correlation calculation of the time-course fluorescence intensity from NV centers, was developed to quantify the transition kinetics and yielded the calculation of transition rates from NV− to NV0 (ionization) and from NV0 to NV− (recharging). Based on our experimental investigation, we found that the NV−-NV0 transition is wavelength-dependent, and more frequent transitions were observed when short-wavelength illumination was used. From the analysis of the auto-correlation curve, it is found that the transition time of NV− to NV0 (ionization) is around 0.1 μs, but the transition time of NV0 to NV− (recharging) is around 20 ms. Power-dependent measurements reveal that the ionization rate increases linearly with the laser power, while the recharging rate has a quadratic increase with the laser power. This difference suggests that the ionization in the NV center is a one-photon process, while the recharging of NV0 to NV− is a two-photon process. This work, which offers theoretical and experimental explanations of the emission property of a single NV center, is expected to help the utilization of the NV center for quantum information science, quantum communication, and quantum bioimaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanodiamonds: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications)
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12 pages, 3112 KiB  
Article
Various Allotropes of Diamond Nanoparticles Generated in the Gas Phase during Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition
by Hwan-Young Kim, Da-Seul Kim, Kun-Su Kim and Nong-Moon Hwang
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(12), 2504; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10122504 - 14 Dec 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2766
Abstract
Diamond nanoparticles have been synthesized using various methods. Nanodiamonds generated in the gas phase were captured on the membrane of a transmission electron microscope grid during a hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) diamond process. In total, ~600 nanoparticles, which were captured for [...] Read more.
Diamond nanoparticles have been synthesized using various methods. Nanodiamonds generated in the gas phase were captured on the membrane of a transmission electron microscope grid during a hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) diamond process. In total, ~600 nanoparticles, which were captured for 10 s in six conditions of the capture temperatures of 900 °C, 600 °C and 300 °C and the gas mixtures of 1% CH4-99% H2 and 3% CH4-97% H2, were analyzed for phase identification using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and fast Fourier transformation. Hexagonal diamond, i-carbon, n-diamond, and cubic diamond were identified. The observation of two or more carbon allotropes captured on the same membrane suggested their coexistence in the gas phase during HFCVD. The crystal structure of carbon allotropes was related to the size of the nanodiamond. The crystal structure of the nanoparticles affected the crystal structure of diamond deposited for 8 h. Confirmation of various carbon allotropes provides new insight into the nanodiamond synthesis in the gas phase and the growth mechanism of HFCVD diamond. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanodiamonds: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications)
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