Nanomaterials

46 pages, 3112 KiB

Open AccessReview

Protein Adsorption on Nano- and Microparticles: Dependence on Morphological and Physicochemical Properties of Particles and Effect on Particle–Cell Interactions

by Evgeniia Gerasimovich, Alexander Karaulov, Igor Nabiev and Alyona Sukhanova

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1013; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131013 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Engineered nano- and microparticles are considered as promising tools in biomedical applications, such as imaging, sensing, and drug delivery. Protein adsorption on these particles in biological media is an important factor affecting their properties, cellular interactions, and biological fate. Understanding the parameters determining [...] Read more.

Engineered nano- and microparticles are considered as promising tools in biomedical applications, such as imaging, sensing, and drug delivery. Protein adsorption on these particles in biological media is an important factor affecting their properties, cellular interactions, and biological fate. Understanding the parameters determining the efficiency and pattern of protein adsorption is crucial for the development of effective biocompatible particle-based applications. This review focuses on the influence of the morphological and physicochemical properties of particles on protein adsorption, including the pattern and amount of the adsorbed protein species, as well as the relative abundance of proteins with specific functions or physicochemical parameters. The effects of functionalization of the particle surface with polyethylene glycol, zwitterions, zwitterionic polymers, or proteins on the subsequent protein adsorption are analyzed. In addition, the dependences of protein adsorption on the protein species, biological buffers, fluids, tissues, and other experimental conditions are looked into. The influence of protein adsorption on the targeting efficiency of particle-based delivery systems is also discussed. Finally, the effect of the adsorbed protein corona on the interaction of the engineered micro- and nanoparticles with cells and the roles of specific proteins adsorbed on the particle surface in the recognition of the particles by the immune system are considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 1820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Graph Neural Network Determine the Ground State Structures of Boron or Nitride Substitute C₆₀ Fullerenes

by Linwei Sai, Beiran Du, Li Fu, Sultana Akter, Chunmei Tang and Jijun Zhao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1012; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131012 - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

Substitutional doping of fullerenes represents a significant category of heterofullerenes. Due to the vast number of isomers, confirming the ground state structure poses considerable challenges. In this study, we generated isomers of C_60−nB_n and C_60−nN_n [...] Read more.

Substitutional doping of fullerenes represents a significant category of heterofullerenes. Due to the vast number of isomers, confirming the ground state structure poses considerable challenges. In this study, we generated isomers of C_60−nB_n and C_60−nN_n with n ranging from 2 to 12. To avoid overlooking the ground state structures, we applied specific filtering rules: no adjacent nitrogen (N) or boron (B) atoms are allowed, and substitutions in meta-positions within pentagons are prohibited when the substitution number n exceeds nine. Approximately 15,000 isomers across various values of n within the range of 2 to 12 for B and N substituted fullerenes were selected and optimized using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, forming our dataset. We developed a Graph Neural Network (GNN) that aggregates both topological connections and its dual graph with ring types as input information to predict their binding energies. The GNN achieved high accuracy, reaching a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.713 meV. Furthermore, it operates efficiently; indeed, it can predict over six thousand isomers per second on an eight-core PC. Several predicted stable structures were further optimized by DFT to confirm their ground state configurations. The energy cutoffs of each composition were determined through statistical simulations to ensure that the selected ground state structures possess high confidence levels. Notably, new lower-energy structures have been discovered for boron-substituted fullerenes with substitution number ranging from seven to twelve and nitride-substituted fullerenes with substitution number ranging from seven to eleven. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue First-Principles Investigations of Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 7554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plant-Based ZnO Nanoparticles for Green Nanobiocontrol of a Highly Virulent Bacterial Leaf Blight Pathogen: Mechanistic Insights and Biocompatibility Evaluation

by Preeda Chanthapong, Duangkamol Maensiri, Paweena Rangsrisak, Thanee Jaiyan, Kanchit Rahaeng, Atcha Oraintara, Kunthaya Ratchaphonsaenwong, Jirawat Sanitchon, Piyada Theerakulpisut and Wuttipong Mahakham

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1011; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131011 - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), poses a serious threat to rice cultivation. This study presents the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using an aqueous leaf extract of the medicinal plant Centella asiatica [...] Read more.

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), poses a serious threat to rice cultivation. This study presents the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using an aqueous leaf extract of the medicinal plant Centella asiatica (L.) Urban and evaluates their potential as dual-function nanopesticides. The synthesized CA-ZnO NPs exhibited high crystallinity, a hexagonal to quasi-spherical morphology, and nanoscale dimensions (~22.5 nm), as confirmed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and SAED analyses. These nanoparticles demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against a highly virulent, field-derived Thai Xoo strain, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 µg/mL. Mechanistic investigations revealed substantial membrane disruption, intracellular nanoparticle penetration, and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in treated cells. Cytotoxicity testing using human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) revealed excellent biocompatibility, with no statistically significant reduction in cell viability at concentrations up to 500 µg/mL. In contrast, viability markedly declined at 1000 µg/mL. These findings underscore the selective antibacterial efficacy and minimal mammalian cytotoxicity of CA-ZnO NPs. Overall, CA-ZnO NPs offer a promising green nanopesticide platform that integrates potent antibacterial activity with biocompatibility, supporting future applications in sustainable crop protection and biomedical nanotechnology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nano-Enabled Innovations in Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Doping Tuned the Carrier Dynamics in Li-Doped Bi₂Se₃ Crystals Revealed by Femtosecond Transient Optical Spectroscopy

by Qiya Liu, Min Zhang, Xinsheng Yang, Tixian Zeng and Minghu Pan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131010 - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

Topological insulators (TIs) can be widely applied in the fields of ultrafast optical and spintronic devices owing to the existence of topologically protected gapless Dirac surface states. However, the study of ultrafast dynamics of carriers in TIs remains elusive. In this work, the [...] Read more.

Topological insulators (TIs) can be widely applied in the fields of ultrafast optical and spintronic devices owing to the existence of topologically protected gapless Dirac surface states. However, the study of ultrafast dynamics of carriers in TIs remains elusive. In this work, the carrier dynamics of Li-doped Bi_2−xSe₃ single crystals were investigated by femtosecond (fs) transient optical spectroscopy (ΔR/R(t) signals). The temperature dependence for the relaxation rates of the electron–electron interaction and electron–phonon coupling is consistent with the results of electrical transport, which indicates the carrier dynamics of TI is highly related with carrier concentrations. We find that the carrier type and concentration of Bi₂Se₃ can be tuned by Li doping, leading to a metal-insulation transition at low temperatures (T ≤ 55 K), indicating that electron–electron interactions are dominant at low temperature. For T > 55 K, electron–phonon coupling in the bulk carriers becomes the main electric transport mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Two-Dimensional Ferromagnetic Materials for Spintronics: From Fundamental to Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electronic Transport Properties in a One-Dimensional Sequence of Laser-Dressed Modified Pöschl-Teller Potentials

by Carlos A. Dagua-Conda, John A. Gil-Corrales, Miguel E. Mora-Ramos, Alvaro L. Morales and Carlos A. Duque

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1009; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131009 - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

Modifying the potential profiles in low-dimensional semiconductor heterostructures changes the confinement of particles, impacting the electronic transport properties. In this work, we study the electronic transport properties of a modified Pöschl-Teller double-barrier potential heterostructure of GaAs/AlGaAs, and for a similar double-barrier system including [...] Read more.

Modifying the potential profiles in low-dimensional semiconductor heterostructures changes the confinement of particles, impacting the electronic transport properties. In this work, we study the electronic transport properties of a modified Pöschl-Teller double-barrier potential heterostructure of GaAs/AlGaAs, and for a similar double-barrier system including a Pöschl-Teller well between the barriers. For these two configurations, we calculated the current density–bias voltage characteristics, varying barrier and well half-width, the separation between barriers, and the depth of the central well. Additionally, the application of a non-resonant intense laser field. Our results show a redshift in the electronic transmission with increasing barrier separation, and a decrease in the area under the electronic transmission curve with the increase in the half-width of the barriers for both models. The characteristic current density-bias voltage curves in both models exhibit negative differential resistance, with tunable peaks that can be varied through changes in structural parameters and the external laser field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 4363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Cutting Oil Efficiency with Nanoparticle Additives: A Gaussian Process Regression Approach to Viscosity and Cost Optimization

by Beytullah Erdoğan, İrfan Kılıç, Abdulsamed Güneş, Orhan Yaman and Ayşegül Çakır Şencan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131008 - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

Nanoparticle additives are used to increase the cooling efficiency of cutting fluids in machining. In this study, changing dynamic viscosity values depending on the addition of nanoparticles to cutting oils was investigated. Mono nanofluids were prepared by adding hBN (hexagonal boron nitride), ZnO, [...] Read more.

Nanoparticle additives are used to increase the cooling efficiency of cutting fluids in machining. In this study, changing dynamic viscosity values depending on the addition of nanoparticles to cutting oils was investigated. Mono nanofluids were prepared by adding hBN (hexagonal boron nitride), ZnO, MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotube), TiO₂, and Al₂O₃ as nanoparticles, hybrid nanofluids were prepared by using two types of nanoparticles (ZnO + MWCNT, hBN + MWCNT etc.), and ternary nanofluids were prepared by using three types of nanoparticles. GPR (Gaussian process regression) was used to estimate unmeasured dynamic viscosity values using the dynamic viscosity values measured for different temperatures. Dynamic viscosity results are a precise determination (R² = 1). An augmented dataset was obtained by adding the dynamic viscosity values estimated with high accuracy. A fitness function based on dynamic viscosity and nanoparticle unit costs was proposed for the cost analysis. With the help of the proposed fitness function, it was observed that the best performing nanoparticles were the ZnO and ZnO hybrid mixtures according to different dynamic viscosity and cost effects. The study showed that the most suitable nanofluid selection focused on performance and cost could be made without performing experiments under various operating conditions by increasing the limited experimental measurements with strong GPR estimates and using the proposed fitness function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Silver Nanoparticles-Decorated Porous Silicon Microcavity as a High-Performance SERS Substrate for Ultrasensitive Detection of Trace-Level Molecules

by Manh Trung Hoang, Huy Bui, Thi Hong Cam Hoang, Van Hai Pham, Nguyen Thu Loan, Long Van Le, Thanh Binh Pham, Chinh Vu Duc, Thuy Chi Do, Tae Jung Kim, Van Hoi Pham and Thuy Van Nguyen

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131007 - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

In this study, we present a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate based on porous silicon microcavities (PSiMCs) decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for ultra-sensitive molecule detection. This substrate utilizes a dual enhancement mechanism: the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of AgNPs and [...] Read more.

In this study, we present a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate based on porous silicon microcavities (PSiMCs) decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for ultra-sensitive molecule detection. This substrate utilizes a dual enhancement mechanism: the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of AgNPs and the optical resonance of the PSiMC structure, which together create intense electromagnetic hot spots and prolong photon–molecule interactions. The porous architecture provides a large surface area for uniform nanoparticle distribution and efficient analyte adsorption. The AgNP/PSiMC substrate demonstrates an impressive detection limit of 1.0 × 10⁻¹³ M for rhodamine101 and 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁰ M for methyl parathion, outperforming many previously reported SERS platforms. Furthermore, the substrate exhibits excellent signal uniformity (RSD ≈ 6.14%) and long-term stability, retaining over 50% signal intensity after 28 days. These results underscore the potential of AgNP/PSiMCs as highly efficient, reproducible, and scalable SERS platforms for trace-level chemical and environmental sensing applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 5329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Immune-Regulatory Pseudo-Protein-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Tumor

by Ying Ji, Juan Li, Li Ma, Zhijie Wang, Bochu Du, Hiu Yee Kwan, Zhaoxiang Bian and Chih-Chang Chu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131006 - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) frequently evades immune recognition and elimination, resulting in an immunosuppressive microenvironment. The phagocytic activity of tumor-associated macrophages underscores the development of nanomaterials as a promising strategy to target these macrophages and modulate their polarization, thereby advancing immunotherapy against TNBC. [...] Read more.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) frequently evades immune recognition and elimination, resulting in an immunosuppressive microenvironment. The phagocytic activity of tumor-associated macrophages underscores the development of nanomaterials as a promising strategy to target these macrophages and modulate their polarization, thereby advancing immunotherapy against TNBC. This research developed functional polymers that are complexed with therapeutic molecules as a coating strategy for iron oxide nanoparticles. An arginine-based poly (ester urea urethane) polymer complexed with a macrophage-polarizing molecule (APU-R848) could provide a synergistic effect with iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) to stimulate the M1-polarization of macrophages at the tumor site, resulting in a versatile nano-platform for immune regulation of TNBC. In the 4T1 in vivo breast tumor model, the APU-R848-IONPs demonstrated an improved intratumoral biodistribution compared to IONPs without a polymer coating. APU-R848-IONPs significantly reversed the immune-suppressive tumor environment by reducing the M2/M1 macrophage phenotype ratio by 51%, associated with an elevated population of cytotoxic T cells and a significantly enhanced production of tumoricidal cytokines. The activated immune response induced by APU-R848-IONP resulted in a significant anti-tumor effect, demonstrating an efficacy that was more than 3.2-fold more efficient compared to the controls. These immune-regulatory pseudo-protein-coated iron oxide nanoparticles represent an effective nano-strategy for macrophages’ regulation and the activation of anti-tumor immunity, providing a new treatment modality for triple-negative breast cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 1265 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plant-Derived Exosomes: Carriers and Cargo of Natural Bioactive Compounds: Emerging Functions and Applications in Human Health

by Sorur Yazdanpanah, Silvia Romano, Anna Valentino, Umberto Galderisi, Gianfranco Peluso and Anna Calarco

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1005; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131005 - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained increasing attention in recent years as a valuable focus of scientific investigation, owing to their potential therapeutic properties and wide-ranging uses in medicine. EVs are a heterogeneous population of membrane-enclosed vesicles with lipid bilayers, released by cells from [...] Read more.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained increasing attention in recent years as a valuable focus of scientific investigation, owing to their potential therapeutic properties and wide-ranging uses in medicine. EVs are a heterogeneous population of membrane-enclosed vesicles with lipid bilayers, released by cells from both animal and plant origins. These widespread vesicles play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication and serve as carriers for a variety of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The most common method of classifying EVs is based on their biogenesis pathway, distinguishing exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies as the major types. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in PDEs, as they offer a practical and eco-friendly alternative to exosomes sourced from mammals. Mounting data from both laboratory-based and animal model experiments indicate that PDEs have natural therapeutic properties that modulate biological activities within cells, demonstrating properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects that may aid in treating diseases and enhancing human well-being. Moreover, PDEs hold promise as reliable and biologically compatible carriers for drug delivery. Although studies conducted before clinical trials have yielded encouraging results, numerous unresolved issues and gaps in understanding remain, which must be resolved to facilitate the effective advancement of PDEs toward medical use in human patients. A key concern is the absence of unified procedures for processing materials and for obtaining PDEs from different botanical sources. This article provides a comprehensive summary of existing findings on PDEs, critically examining the hurdles they face, and highlighting their substantial promise as a novel class of therapeutic tools for a range of illnesses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Dimensional Porous Beryllium Trinitride Monolayer as Multifunctional Energetic Material

by Jiaxin Jiang, Qifan Hu, Weiyi Wang and Hongyan Guo

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131004 - 29 Jun 2025

Abstract

Polynitrogen compounds have broad applications in the field of high-energy materials, making the exploration of two-dimensional polynitride materials with both novel properties and practical utility a highly attractive research challenge. Through global structure search methods and first-principles theoretical calculations at the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) [...] Read more.

Polynitrogen compounds have broad applications in the field of high-energy materials, making the exploration of two-dimensional polynitride materials with both novel properties and practical utility a highly attractive research challenge. Through global structure search methods and first-principles theoretical calculations at the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) level of density functional theory (DFT), the globally minimum-energy configuration of a novel planar BeN₃ monolayer (tetr-2D-BeN₃) is predicted. This material exhibits a planar quasi-isotropic structure containing pentagonal, hexagonal, and dodecagonal rings, as well as “S”-shaped N6 polymeric units, exhibiting a high energy density of 3.34 kJ·g⁻¹, excellent lattice dynamic stability and thermal stability, an indirect bandgap of 2.66 eV (HSE06), high carrier mobility, and ultraviolet light absorption capacity. In terms of mechanical properties, it shows a low in-plane Young’s stiffness of 52.3–52.9 N·m⁻¹ and a high in-plane Poisson’s ratio of 0.55–0.56, indicating superior flexibility. Furthermore, its porous structure endows it with remarkable selectivity for hydrogen (H₂) and argon (Ar) gas separation, achieving a maximum selectivity of up to 10²³ (He/Ar). Therefore, the tetr-2D-BeN₃ monolayer represents a multifunctional two-dimensional polynitrogen-based energetic material with potential applications in energetic materials, flexible semiconductor devices, ductile materials, ultraviolet photodetectors, and other fields, thereby expanding the design possibilities for polynitride materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical Calculation Study of Nanomaterials: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 3149 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress and Future Perspectives on Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices Based on p-Type Boron-Doped Diamond/n-Type Titanium Dioxide Heterojunctions: A Mini Review

by Shunhao Ge, Dandan Sang, Changxing Li, Yarong Shi, Qinglin Wang and Dao Xiao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1003; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131003 - 29 Jun 2025

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material with broad application potential, known for its excellent photocatalytic performance, high chemical stability, low cost, and non-toxicity. These properties make it highly attractive for applications in photovoltaic energy, environmental remediation, and optoelectronic devices. [...] Read more.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material with broad application potential, known for its excellent photocatalytic performance, high chemical stability, low cost, and non-toxicity. These properties make it highly attractive for applications in photovoltaic energy, environmental remediation, and optoelectronic devices. For instance, TiO₂ is widely used as a photocatalyst for hydrogen production via water splitting and for degrading organic pollutants, thanks to its efficient photo-generated electron–hole separation. Additionally, TiO₂ exhibits remarkable performance in dye-sensitized solar cells and photodetectors, providing critical support for advancements in green energy and photoelectric conversion technologies. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is renowned for its exceptional electrical conductivity, high hardness, wide electrochemical window, and outstanding chemical inertness. These unique characteristics enable its extensive use in fields such as electrochemical analysis, electrocatalysis, sensors, and biomedicine. For example, BDD electrodes exhibit high sensitivity and stability in detecting trace chemicals and pollutants, while also demonstrating excellent performance in electrocatalytic water splitting and industrial wastewater treatment. Its chemical stability and biocompatibility make it an ideal material for biosensors and implantable devices. Research indicates that the combination of TiO₂ nanostructures and BDD into heterostructures can exhibit unexpected optical and electrical performance and transport behavior, opening up new possibilities for photoluminescence and rectifier diode devices. However, applications based on this heterostructure still face challenges, particularly in terms of photodetector, photoelectric emitter, optical modulator, and optical fiber devices under high-temperature conditions. This article explores the potential and prospects of their combined heterostructures in the field of optoelectronic devices such as photodetector, light emitting diode (LED), memory, field effect transistor (FET) and sensing. TiO₂/BDD heterojunction can enhance photoresponsivity and extend the spectral detection range which enables stability in high-temperature and harsh environments due to BDD’s thermal conductivity. This article proposes future research directions and prospects to facilitate the development of TiO₂ nanostructured materials and BDD-based heterostructures, providing a foundation for enhancing photoresponsivity and extending the spectral detection range enables stability in high-temperature and high-frequency optoelectronic devices field. Further research and exploration of optoelectronic devices based on TiO₂-BDD heterostructures hold significant importance, offering new breakthroughs and innovations for the future development of optoelectronic technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Photonics and Optoelectronics)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 2045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulating the Afterglow Time of Mn²⁺ Doped Metal Halides and Applications in Advanced Optical Information Encryption

by Yu-Lin Hu, Yi-Lin Zhu, Shi-Ying Gu, Jia-Qing Xu, Zhi-Xing Gan and Chuan-Guo Shi

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131002 - 28 Jun 2025

Abstract

Mn²⁺ doped metal halide that can be grown by a facile solution reaction is a promising low-cost afterglow material. However, the afterglow mechanism is still elusive. Using a facile method to modulate afterglow time is still to be explored. In this work, [...] Read more.

Mn²⁺ doped metal halide that can be grown by a facile solution reaction is a promising low-cost afterglow material. However, the afterglow mechanism is still elusive. Using a facile method to modulate afterglow time is still to be explored. In this work, we reveal that the afterglow of Cs₂Na_0.2Ag_0.8InCl₆:y%Mn can be significantly modulated by Mn²⁺ concentration. We propose that replacing Ag⁺ with Mn²⁺ leads to the appearance of interstitial Ag⁺, which temporally store the photogenerated electrons (

{A g}^{+} + e^{-} \to A g

). After the removal of excitation, the gradual recombination between residual holes and stored electrons [

h^{+} + ({A g}^{+} + e^{-}) \to h ν + {A g}^{+}

] explains the afterglow. However, excessive Mn²⁺ doping at interstitial sites does not bring about more interstitial Ag⁺ but instead introduces nonradiative traps. Therefore, as the Mn²⁺ concentration increases, the afterglow time increases from 350 s to 530 s and then decreases to 230 s, reaching a maximum at y = 40. Thus, a dynamic optical information storage and encryption application is demonstrated based on the modulated afterglow time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photofunctional Nanomaterials and Nanostructure, Second Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Interfacial Adhesion of a Ductile Gold Electrode with PDMS Using an Interlocking Structure for Applications in Temperature Sensors

by Shuai Shi, Penghao Zhao, Pan Yang, Le Zhao, Jingguang Yi, Zuohui Wang and Shihui Yu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131001 - 28 Jun 2025

Abstract

The poor interfacial adhesion between ductile gold (Au) electrodes and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates affects their application in flexible sensors. Here, a porous Au electrode is designed and combined with a flexible PDMS substrate to form a structure that embeds Au into the PDMS [...] Read more.

The poor interfacial adhesion between ductile gold (Au) electrodes and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates affects their application in flexible sensors. Here, a porous Au electrode is designed and combined with a flexible PDMS substrate to form a structure that embeds Au into the PDMS film, thereby enhancing the interfacial adhesion of the Au/PDMS electrode. The resistivity change of the Au/PDMS electrode is only 12.3% after 100 tape peeling trials. The resistance of the Au/PDMS electrode remains stable at the 30% strain level after 2000 tensile cycling tests. This feature is mainly attributed to the deformation buffering effect of the porous Au film. After 100 min of ultrasonic oscillation testing, the resistivity change of the Au/PDMS electrode remains stable. It is also shown that the Au/PDMS electrode has excellent interfacial adhesion properties, which is mainly attributed to the interlocking effect of the Au/PDMS electrode structure. In addition, the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the temperature sensor based on the Au/PDMS electrode is approximately 0.00320/°C and the sensor’s sensitivity remains almost stable after 200 temperature measurement cycles. Au/PDMS electrodes have great potential for a wide range of applications in flexible electronics due to their excellent interfacial adhesion and electrical stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

22 pages, 2603 KiB

Open AccessReview

Core–Shell Engineering of One-Dimensional Cadmium Sulfide for Solar Energy Conversion

by Rama Krishna Chava and Misook Kang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131000 - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Fabricating efficient photocatalysts that can be used in solar-to-fuel conversion and to enhance the photochemical reaction rate is essential to the current energy crisis and climate changes due to the excessive usage of nonrenewable fossil fuels. To attain high photo-to-chemical conversion efficiency, it [...] Read more.

Fabricating efficient photocatalysts that can be used in solar-to-fuel conversion and to enhance the photochemical reaction rate is essential to the current energy crisis and climate changes due to the excessive usage of nonrenewable fossil fuels. To attain high photo-to-chemical conversion efficiency, it is important to fabricate cost-effective and durable catalysts with high activity. One-dimensional cadmium sulfides (1D CdS), with higher surface area, charge carrier separation along the linear direction, and visible light harvesting properties, are promising candidates for converting solar energy to H₂, reducing CO₂ to commodity chemicals, and remediating environmental pollutants. The main disadvantage of CdS is photocorrosion due to the leaching of S²⁻ ions during the photochemical reactions, and further charge recombination rate leads to low quantum efficiency. Therefore, the implementation of core–shell heterostructured morphology, i.e., the growth of the shell on the surface of the 1D CdS, which offers unique features such as protection of CdS from photocorrosion, a tunable interface between the core CdS and shell, and photogenerated charge carrier separation via heterojunctions, provides additional active sites and enhanced visible light harvesting. Therefore, the viability of the core–shell synthesis strategy and synergetic effects offer a new way of designing photocatalysts with enhanced stability and improved charge separation in solar energy conversion systems. This review highlights some critical aspects of synthesizing 1D CdS core–shell heterostructures, underlying reaction mechanisms, and their performance in photoredox reactions. Finally, some challenges and considerations in the fabrication of 1D CdS-based core–shell nanostructures that can overcome the current barriers in industrial applications are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Nanomaterials and/or Nanocomposites for Photo(Electro-) Catalytic Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 12123 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in Laser-Processed Functional Surfaces for Medical Devices: A Current Review

by Ziyi Xu, Yanxiao Austin Wang, Vivian Ng, Hongyan Yin and Shuai Xu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15130999 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Functional and safety requirements for medical devices are increasing with the continuous advancement of medical technology. To improve the therapeutic effect and safety of medical devices and patients, researchers are constantly exploring new materials and processes. Among them, the preparation of functional surfaces [...] Read more.

Functional and safety requirements for medical devices are increasing with the continuous advancement of medical technology. To improve the therapeutic effect and safety of medical devices and patients, researchers are constantly exploring new materials and processes. Among them, the preparation of functional surfaces has become an important means to improve the performance of medical devices. This paper provides a comprehensive and critical review of recent advancements in laser processing technologies for the fabrication of functional surfaces in medical devices. Leveraging the unique capabilities of laser-based techniques to precisely tailor micro- and nanoscale surface structures, these methods have demonstrated remarkable potential in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy, biocompatibility, and overall safety of medical implants and surgical instruments. Such innovations are paving the way for the development of next-generation medical devices with multifunctional surface properties, meeting the increasing demands of modern clinical applications. The review focuses on the key applications, including cell function regulation, antibacterial properties, corrosion resistance, friction characteristics, and anti-adhesion properties. It also explores the considerable potential of laser processing technology, while addressing the challenges associated with multifunctional surface design and material selection. Looking ahead, the paper discusses future directions for the application of laser processing in novel materials and complex biomimetic structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Research of Laser Manufacturing Technology in Nanomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 9078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Performance Cu_1.8Se Nanosheets for Dual-Sensing: H₂O₂ Electrochemical Detection and SERS Substrate

by Ying-Chu Chen, Michael Chen and Yu-Kuei Hsu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15130998 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

A facile fabrication method was developed for the growth of Cu_1.8Se nanosheets (NSs) on a Cu foil substrate, enabling dual-functionality as an electrochemical sensor for H₂O₂ and an active surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. The process involved the [...] Read more.

A facile fabrication method was developed for the growth of Cu_1.8Se nanosheets (NSs) on a Cu foil substrate, enabling dual-functionality as an electrochemical sensor for H₂O₂ and an active surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. The process involved the preparation of Cu(OH)₂ nanowires (NWs) via electrochemical oxidation, followed by chemical conversion to Cu_1.8Se through a selenization process. The morphology, composition, and microstructure of the resulting Cu_1.8Se NSs were systematically characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Cu_1.8Se NSs exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity for H₂O₂ reduction, achieving a notably low detection limit of 1.25 μM and demonstrating rapid response and high sensitivity with a linear relationship in amperometric detection. Additionally, SERS experiments using Rhodamine B as a probe molecule and the Cu_1.8Se NS/Cu foil as a substrate displayed outstanding performance, with a detection limit as low as 1 μM. The flower-like structure of the Cu_1.8Se NSs exhibited linear dependence between analyte concentration and detection signals, along with satisfactory reproducibility in dual-sensing applications. These findings underscore the scalability and potential of this fabrication approach for advanced sensor development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 6063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effect of MWCNT and CB on the Piezoresistive Properties of Laser Ablation Composites Strain Sensors

by Shikang Yin, Richao Tan, Sitian Wang, Yuan Yuan, Kaiyan Huang, Ziying Wang, Shijie Zhang, Sadaf Bashir Khan, Weifeng Yuan and Ning Hu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15130997 (registering DOI) - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

A flexible and highly sensitive piezoresistive strain sensor was fabricated through the application of CO₂ laser ablation on a composite film composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon black, and polydimethylsiloxane (MWCNT/CB/PDMS). The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) surface analysis shows that [...] Read more.

A flexible and highly sensitive piezoresistive strain sensor was fabricated through the application of CO₂ laser ablation on a composite film composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon black, and polydimethylsiloxane (MWCNT/CB/PDMS). The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) surface analysis shows that the “bush-like” conductive structure on the PDMS-based composite material membrane post-laser ablation is formed. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of the ablation products indicated the formation of an amorphous carbon layer on the surface of carbon nanomaterials due to laser ablation. Experimental findings revealed that the sensitivity (GF) value of the sensor based on CNT0.6CB1.0-P3.0 is up to 584.7 at 5% strain, which is approximately 14% higher than the sensitivity 513 of the sensor previously prepared by the author using CO₂ laser ablation of MWCNT/PDMS composite films. The addition of a very small volume fraction of CB particles significantly enhances the piezoresistive sensitivity of the sensor samples. Combined with the qualitative analysis of microscopic morphology characterization, CB and MWCNT synergistically promote the deposition of amorphous carbon. This phenomenon increases the probability of tunnel effect occurrence in the strain response region of the sensor, which indirectly confirms the synergistic enhancement effect of the combined action of CB and MWCNT on the piezoresistive sensitivity of the sensor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

28 pages, 5633 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biomimetic Cellulose Nanocrystals Composite Hydrogels: Recent Progress in Surface Modification and Smart Soft Actuator Applications

by Yuzhu Cui, Zekai Wang, Mingliang Zhao, Zhihui Wang and Lu Zong

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15130996 (registering DOI) - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), derived from renewable biomass, have emerged as a pivotal component in the design of biomimetic composite hydrogels due to their exceptional mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and tunable surface chemistry. This review comprehensively explores recent advancements in surface modification strategies for CNCs [...] Read more.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), derived from renewable biomass, have emerged as a pivotal component in the design of biomimetic composite hydrogels due to their exceptional mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and tunable surface chemistry. This review comprehensively explores recent advancements in surface modification strategies for CNCs (physical adsorption, chemical grafting, and bio-functionalization) and their impacts on the structure and properties of hydrogel networks, with particular emphasis on mechanical properties. Future applications in light/thermal/electrical-responsive soft actuators are critically analyzed. Guided by biomimetic design principles, the anisotropic mechanical responses induced by CNC-oriented alignment are explored, along with their cutting-edge advancements in soft robotics, wearable sensing, and biomedical devices. Perspectives are provided on future directions, including multi-stimuli synergistic actuation systems and sensing-actuation integration architectures. This work establishes a fundamental framework for designing CNC-enhanced smart hydrogels with tailored functionalities and hierarchical structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellulose Nanocrystals for Biomimetics, Energy, and Flexible Electronics Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 4045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave Dielectric Permittivity of Nanostructured RMn₂O₅ Manganate, R₂Ti₂O₇ Titanate, and LiCoPO₄ and LiNi_0.5Co_0.5PO₄ Orthophosphate Composites

by Anatoly B. Rinkevich, Dmitry V. Perov, Evgeny A. Kuznetsov and Maria S. Stenina

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15130995 (registering DOI) - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

The complex dielectric permittivity has been studied with the waves of millimeter wavelength for rare earth manganate and titanate and LiCoPO₄ and LiNi_0.5Co_0.5PO₄ orthophosphate composites. The measurements are carried out at frequencies of 26 to 38 GHz [...] Read more.

The complex dielectric permittivity has been studied with the waves of millimeter wavelength for rare earth manganate and titanate and LiCoPO₄ and LiNi_0.5Co_0.5PO₄ orthophosphate composites. The measurements are carried out at frequencies of 26 to 38 GHz via measurements of transmission and reflection coefficients through a plate. A special method on how to extract the real and imaginary parts of dielectric permittivity is applied. Discussion is conducted on a nonmonotonic type of the frequency dependences for both real and imaginary parts of permittivity, and it has been shown that relaxation is non-Debye. The Cole–Cole, Havriliak–Negami, and Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts models cannot also explain the nonmonotonic frequency dependence of the real part of dielectric permittivity. Investigation of the structure and phase composition of nanocomposites has been carried out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials and Energetic Application: Experiment and Simulation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Nanomaterials

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI