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Photonics
Special Issues
Photoacoustic Imaging and Systems
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Photoacoustic Imaging and Systems

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 32913

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jin Ho Chang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
Interests: photoacoustic microscopy; combined photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging; photoacoustic detectors; photothermal therapy; photodynamic therapy
Prof. Dr. Jaesok Yu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
Interests: ultrasound/photoacoustic multi-modal imaging; super-resolution imaging; deep-learning-based image processing and diagnosis; photoacoustic-guided therapy
Prof. Dr. Changhan Yoon

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
2. Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
Interests: ultrasound imaging; molecular imaging
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Photoacoustic imaging has successfully served as an imaging tool in biomedical applications, which take advantage of its optical contrast, ultrasonic spatial resolution, and ultrasonic imaging depth. Additionally, photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging are relatively easy to combine in order to maximize their advantages while compensating for each other’s disadvantages. In this dual imaging modality, photoacoustic images provide the optically contrasted functional information about target lesions, whereas ultrasound images are used to identify the anatomical location of the target lesions. Recently, many attempts have been made to expand the use of photoacoustic imaging to clinical applications such as diagnosis of breast and prostate cancers. The objective of this Special Issue is to highlight technological advances in photoacoustic imaging and clinical applications of photoacoustic imaging that have recently been developed.

For this Special Issue, the topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • novel photoacoustic detectors;
  • photoacoustic microscopy;
  • clinical photoacoustic imaging;
  • image-processing algorithms for photoacoustic imaging;
  • photoacoustic imaging systems;
  • combined ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging;
  • photoacoustic contrast agents;
  • deep learning for photoacoustic image processing.

Prof. Dr. Jin Ho Chang
Prof. Dr. Changhan Yoon
Prof. Dr. Jaesok Yu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Photonics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 3920 KiB  
Article
Performance Comparison of Feature Generation Algorithms for Mosaic Photoacoustic Microscopy
by Thanh Dat Le, Seong Young Kwon and Changho Lee
Photonics 2021, 8(9), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8090352 - 25 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2500
Abstract
Mosaic imaging is a computer vision process that is used for merging multiple overlapping imaging patches into a wide-field-of-view image. To achieve a wide-field-of-view photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) image, the limitations of the scan range of PAM require a merging process, such as marking [...] Read more.
Mosaic imaging is a computer vision process that is used for merging multiple overlapping imaging patches into a wide-field-of-view image. To achieve a wide-field-of-view photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) image, the limitations of the scan range of PAM require a merging process, such as marking the location of patches or merging overlapping areas between adjacent images. By using the mosaic imaging process, PAM shows a larger field view of targets and preserves the quality of the spatial resolution. As an essential process in mosaic imaging, various feature generation methods have been used to estimate pairs of image locations. In this study, various feature generation algorithms were applied and analyzed using a high-resolution mouse ear PAM image dataset to achieve and optimize a mosaic imaging process for wide-field PAM imaging. We compared the performance of traditional and deep learning feature generation algorithms by estimating the processing time, the number of matches, good matching ratio, and matching efficiency. The analytic results indicate the successful implementation of wide-field PAM images, realized by applying suitable methods to the mosaic PAM imaging process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoacoustic Imaging and Systems)
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12 pages, 6544 KiB  
Communication
In Vivo Rodent Cervicothoracic Vasculature Imaging Using Photoacoustic Computed Tomography
by Junsoo Lee, Hoseong Cho, Sungjo Park, Jaeyul Lee, Daewoon Seong, Ruchire Eranga Wijesinghe, Sangyeob Han, Shinheon Kim, Mansik Jeon and Jeehyun Kim
Photonics 2021, 8(8), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8080312 - 3 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2840
Abstract
Mice and rats are rodent specimens commonly used in multidisciplinary research. Specifically, vasculature imaging of rodents has been widely performed in preclinical studies using various techniques, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound imaging. Photoacoustic CT (PACT) is a noninvasive, nonionizing [...] Read more.
Mice and rats are rodent specimens commonly used in multidisciplinary research. Specifically, vasculature imaging of rodents has been widely performed in preclinical studies using various techniques, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound imaging. Photoacoustic CT (PACT) is a noninvasive, nonionizing optical imaging technique derived from photoacoustic tomography and benefits from using intrinsic endogenous contrast agents to produce three-dimensional volumetric data from images. In this study, a commercial PACT device was employed to assess the cervicothoracic vasculature of mouse and rat specimens, which has rarely been examined using PACT, under two conditions with depilation and skin incision. Various blood vessels, including the common carotid artery, internal/external jugular veins, cranial vena cava, internal thoracic vein, and mammary, were identified in the acquired PACT images. The difference between the depilated and skin-incised specimens also revealed the presence of branches from certain blood vessels and specific anatomical features such as the manubrium of the sternum. This study presents detailed PACT images observing the cervicothoracic vasculature of rodent specimens and is expected to be used as a reference for various preclinical experiments on mice and rats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoacoustic Imaging and Systems)
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10 pages, 2258 KiB  
Communication
Waterproof Galvanometer Scanner-Based Handheld Photoacoustic Microscopy Probe for Wide-Field Vasculature Imaging In Vivo
by Daewoon Seong, Sangyeob Han, Jaeyul Lee, Euimin Lee, Yoonseok Kim, Junsoo Lee, Mansik Jeon and Jeehyun Kim
Photonics 2021, 8(8), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8080305 - 30 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2643
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a hybrid non-invasive imaging technique used to merge high optical contrast and high acoustic resolution in deep tissue. PAI has been extensively developed by utilizing its advantages that include deep imaging depth, high resolution, and label-free imaging. As a [...] Read more.
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a hybrid non-invasive imaging technique used to merge high optical contrast and high acoustic resolution in deep tissue. PAI has been extensively developed by utilizing its advantages that include deep imaging depth, high resolution, and label-free imaging. As a representative implementation of PAI, photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has been used in preclinical and clinical studies for its micron-scale spatial resolution capability with high optical absorption contrast. Several handheld and portable PAM systems have been developed that improve its applicability to several fields, making it versatile. In this study, we developed a laboratory-customized, two-axis, waterproof, galvanometer scanner-based handheld PAM (WP-GVS-HH-PAM), which provides an extended field of view (14.5 × 9 mm2) for wide-range imaging. The fully waterproof handheld probe enables free movement for imaging regardless of sample shape, and volume rate and scanning region are adjustable per experimental conditions. Results of WP-GVS-HH-PAM-based phantom and in vivo imaging of mouse tissues (ear, iris, and brain) confirm the feasibility and applicability of our system as an imaging modality for various biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoacoustic Imaging and Systems)
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11 pages, 3208 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous Dual-Modal Multispectral Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Macroscopy for Three-Dimensional Whole-Body Imaging of Small Animals
by Eun-Yeong Park, Sinyoung Park, Haeni Lee, Munsik Kang, Chulhong Kim and Jeesu Kim
Photonics 2021, 8(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8010013 - 10 Jan 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5456
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is a promising medical imaging technique that provides excellent function imaging of an underlying biological tissue or organ. However, it is limited in providing structural information compared to other imaging modalities, such as ultrasound imaging. Thus, to offer complete morphological details [...] Read more.
Photoacoustic imaging is a promising medical imaging technique that provides excellent function imaging of an underlying biological tissue or organ. However, it is limited in providing structural information compared to other imaging modalities, such as ultrasound imaging. Thus, to offer complete morphological details of biological tissues, photoacoustic imaging is typically integrated with ultrasound imaging. This dual-modal imaging technique is already implemented on commercial clinical ultrasound imaging platforms. However, commercial platforms suffer from limited elevation resolution compared to the lateral and axial resolution. We have successfully developed a dual-modal photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging to address these limitations, specifically targeting animal studies. The system can acquire whole-body images of mice in vivo and provide complementary structural and functional information of biological tissue information simultaneously. The color-coded depth information can be readily obtained in photoacoustic images using complementary information from ultrasound images. The system can be used for several biomedical applications, including drug delivery, biodistribution assessment, and agent testing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoacoustic Imaging and Systems)
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Review

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11 pages, 34550 KiB  
Review
Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging of Laser-Activated Phase-Change Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets
by Heechul Yoon
Photonics 2021, 8(10), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8100405 - 22 Sep 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3212
Abstract
Laser-activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (PFCnDs) are emerging phase-change contrast agents that showed promising potential in ultrasound and photoacoustic (US/PA) imaging. Unlike monophase gaseous microbubbles, PFCnDs shift their state from liquid to gas via optical activation and can provide high US/PA contrast on demand. Depending [...] Read more.
Laser-activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (PFCnDs) are emerging phase-change contrast agents that showed promising potential in ultrasound and photoacoustic (US/PA) imaging. Unlike monophase gaseous microbubbles, PFCnDs shift their state from liquid to gas via optical activation and can provide high US/PA contrast on demand. Depending on the choice of perfluorocarbon core, the vaporization and condensation dynamics of the PFCnDs are controllable. Therefore, these configurable properties of activation and deactivation of PFCnDs are employed to enable various imaging approaches, including contrast-enhanced imaging and super-resolution imaging. In addition, synchronous application of both acoustic and optical pulses showed a promising outcome vaporizing PFCnDs with lower activation thresholds. Furthermore, due to their sub-micrometer size, PFCnDs can be used for molecular imaging of extravascular tissue. PFCnDs can also be an effective therapeutic tool. As PFCnDs can carry therapeutic drugs or other particles, they can be used for drug delivery, as well as photothermal and photodynamic therapies. Blood barrier opening for neurological applications was recently demonstrated with optically-triggered PFCnDs. This paper specifically focuses on the activation and deactivation properties of laser-activated PFCnDs and associated US/PA imaging approaches, and briefly discusses their theranostic potential and future directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoacoustic Imaging and Systems)
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19 pages, 33495 KiB  
Review
A Review of Transparent Sensors for Photoacoustic Imaging Applications
by Danyang Ren, Yizhe Sun, Junhui Shi and Ruimin Chen
Photonics 2021, 8(8), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8080324 - 10 Aug 2021
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6054
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is a new type of noninvasive, nonradiation imaging modality that combines the deep penetration of ultrasonic imaging and high specificity of optical imaging. Photoacoustic imaging systems employing conventional ultrasonic sensors impose certain constraints such as obstructions in the optical path, bulky [...] Read more.
Photoacoustic imaging is a new type of noninvasive, nonradiation imaging modality that combines the deep penetration of ultrasonic imaging and high specificity of optical imaging. Photoacoustic imaging systems employing conventional ultrasonic sensors impose certain constraints such as obstructions in the optical path, bulky sensor size, complex system configurations, difficult optical and acoustic alignment, and degradation of signal-to-noise ratio. To overcome these drawbacks, an ultrasonic sensor in the optically transparent form has been introduced, as it enables direct delivery of excitation light through the sensors. In recent years, various types of optically transparent ultrasonic sensors have been developed for photoacoustic imaging applications, including optics-based ultrasonic sensors, piezoelectric-based ultrasonic sensors, and microelectromechanical system-based capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers. In this paper, the authors review representative transparent sensors for photoacoustic imaging applications. In addition, the potential challenges and future directions of the development of transparent sensors are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoacoustic Imaging and Systems)
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22 pages, 7365 KiB  
Review
Types/Applications of Photoacoustic Contrast Agents: A Review
by Jaehun Jung, Yongho Jang, Mingyun Kim and Hyuncheol Kim
Photonics 2021, 8(7), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8070287 - 19 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3164
Abstract
Ultrasound imaging, one of the common diagnosis techniques, is frequently used since it is safe, cost-efficient technique and real-time imaging can be conducted. However, various organs and tissues reflect ultrasonic waves, which leads to difficulty in imaging small biomolecules and to a low [...] Read more.
Ultrasound imaging, one of the common diagnosis techniques, is frequently used since it is safe, cost-efficient technique and real-time imaging can be conducted. However, various organs and tissues reflect ultrasonic waves, which leads to difficulty in imaging small biomolecules and to a low spatial resolution for deep-tissue images. As such, there have been significant advances in photonics and optical molecular probes in recent years, and photoacoustic (PA) tomography (PAT) has emerged as a promising modality that can overcome the limitations of ultrasound. PAT relies on the photoacoustic effect, which is the conversion of absorbed optical energy into acoustic energy. Since fewer biomolecules exhibit the photoacoustic effect compared to the scattering or reflection of ultrasound, PAT can be employed to generate high-resolution images. PAT also has a number of other advantages when compared to conventional biomedical imaging modalities such as optical tomography, ultrasound imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. This review provides a general overview of the contrast agents used for PAT, including organic, inorganic and hybrid contrast agents, and describes their application. This review also identifies limitations of current PAT contrast agents and suggests future research directions for their development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoacoustic Imaging and Systems)
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21 pages, 14803 KiB  
Review
Advances in Endoscopic Photoacoustic Imaging
by Yan Li, Gengxi Lu, Qifa Zhou and Zhongping Chen
Photonics 2021, 8(7), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8070281 - 16 Jul 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5535
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is able to provide extremely high molecular contrast while maintaining the superior imaging depth of ultrasound (US) imaging. Conventional microscopic PA imaging has limited access to deeper tissue due to strong light scattering and attenuation. Endoscopic PA technology enables direct [...] Read more.
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is able to provide extremely high molecular contrast while maintaining the superior imaging depth of ultrasound (US) imaging. Conventional microscopic PA imaging has limited access to deeper tissue due to strong light scattering and attenuation. Endoscopic PA technology enables direct delivery of excitation light into the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body for functional and molecular PA imaging of target tissue. Various endoscopic PA probes have been developed for different applications, including the intravascular imaging of lipids in atherosclerotic plaque and endoscopic imaging of colon cancer. In this paper, the authors review representative probe configurations and corresponding preclinical applications. In addition, the potential challenges and future directions of endoscopic PA imaging are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoacoustic Imaging and Systems)
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