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Topical Advisory Panel Members' Collection Series: Sensors for Gait Monitoring

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2024) | Viewed by 4295

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Physical Therapy, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90630, USA
Interests: fall-risk reduction; balance disorders; gait abnormalities; biomechanical evaluation of movement performance

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Guest Editor
Laboratory Performance, Santé, Métrologie, Société (PSMS), UFR STAPS, Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
Interests: gait analysis; motion analysis; measurement systems; rehabilitation; motor control; clinical assessment
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sensors used to assess and monitor gait are important tools for detecting changes in an individual’s mobility and balance. They can be used to identify normal gait patterns, detect changes in gait patterns, assess the risk of falls and the effectiveness of interventions, and monitor progress over time. Gait monitoring can also help to identify underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to deteriorating mobility. It can provide valuable insight into an individual’s physical and mental health, as well as help to reduce the risk of injury and improve quality of life. The following sensors are extensively used to analyze human gait:

  1. Inertial measurement units (IMUs): IMUs are small, low-cost, and wearable devices that measure linear and angular motion. They typically contain three-dimensional accelerometers, three-dimensional gyroscopes, and sometimes, a three-dimensional magnetometer. This data can be used to derive some gait parameters such as stride length, step frequency, and step angle.
  2. Force and pressure sensors: Pressure sensors are placed on the floor or inside the shoe and measure the pressure distribution under the foot, strike patterns, or pathway of the center of pressure in the stance. When the sensors form a sensitive matrix on which the person ambulates, then these data can be used to measure more gait parameters such as step length and step width, and can be used to dynamically analyze the global center of pressure.
  3. Motion capture systems: Motion analysis systems use video cameras to capture the motion of the body. As they have mostly been based on the use of reflective markers in the past, the recent development of markerless systems that are now based on artificial intelligence is a promising way to obtain 3D joint motion information, even if some validation is still required.

This Special Issue of Sensors aims to highlight advances in sensors and development of sensing methodologies, techniques, and algorithms that are used to investigate/monitor normal or pathological human gait. Experimental and theoretical results, in as much detail as possible, are very welcome. Review papers are also welcome. There is no restriction on the length of the papers.

Topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Wearable sensor-based gait monitoring;
  • Machine learning-based gait monitoring;
  • Artificial intelligence-based gait monitoring;
  • Image-based gait monitoring;
  • Gait biometrics;
  • Real-time gait monitoring;
  • Smartphone-based gait monitoring;
  • Rehabilitation robotics for gait monitoring;
  • Ambulatory gait monitoring.

We look forward to receiving your submission for the new Special Issue.

Dr. Vennila Krishnan
Dr. Arnaud Gouelle
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 2813 KiB  
Article
Effects of Artificially Induced Leg Length Discrepancy on Treadmill-Based Walking and Running Symmetry in Healthy College Students: A Lab-Based Experimental Study
by Maria Korontzi, Ioannis Kafetzakis and Dimitris Mandalidis
Sensors 2023, 23(24), 9695; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249695 - 8 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1430
Abstract
Leg length discrepancy (LLD) is a common postural deviation of musculoskeletal origin, which causes compensatory reactions and often leads to injury. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of artificially induced LLD on gait symmetry by means of the spatiotemporal [...] Read more.
Leg length discrepancy (LLD) is a common postural deviation of musculoskeletal origin, which causes compensatory reactions and often leads to injury. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of artificially induced LLD on gait symmetry by means of the spatiotemporal gait parameters and ground reaction forces (GRFs) using a treadmill equipped with capacitive sensors (instrumented) as well as the EMG activity of trunk and hip muscles during walking and running. Twenty-six healthy male and female college students were required to perform two sets of four 2.5-min walking and running trials on an instrumented treadmill at 5.6 and 8.1 km·h−1, respectively, without (0) and with 1, 2, and 3 cm LLD implemented by wearing a special rubber shoe. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way repeated measures or a mixed-design ANOVA. Most spatiotemporal gait parameters and GRFs demonstrated an increase or decrease as LLD increased either on the short-limb or the long-limb side, with changes becoming more apparent at ≥1 cm LLD during walking and ≥2 cm LLD during running. The EMG activity of trunk and hip muscles was not affected by LLD. Our findings showed that gait symmetry in terms of treadmill-based spatiotemporal parameters of gait and GRFs is affected by LLD, the magnitude of which depends on the speed of locomotion. Full article
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15 pages, 3387 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Walking Behavior during the Instrumented TUG and Habitual Gait
by Catherine P. Agathos, Anca Velisar and Natela M. Shanidze
Sensors 2023, 23(16), 7261; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167261 - 18 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 909
Abstract
The timed up and go test (TUG) is a common clinical functional balance test often used to complement findings on sensorimotor changes due to aging or sensory/motor dysfunction. The instrumented TUG can be used to obtain objective postural and gait measures that are [...] Read more.
The timed up and go test (TUG) is a common clinical functional balance test often used to complement findings on sensorimotor changes due to aging or sensory/motor dysfunction. The instrumented TUG can be used to obtain objective postural and gait measures that are more sensitive to mobility changes. We investigated whether gait and body coordination during TUG is representative of walking. We examined the walking phase of the TUG and compared gait metrics (stride duration and length, walking speed, and step frequency) and head/trunk accelerations to normal walking. The latter is a key aspect of postural control and can also reveal changes in sensory and motor function. Forty participants were recruited into three groups: young adults, older adults, and older adults with visual impairment. All performed the TUG and a short walking task wearing ultra-lightweight wireless IMUs on the head, chest, and right ankle. Gait and head/trunk acceleration metrics were comparable across tasks. Further, stride length and walking speed were correlated with the participants’ age. Those with visual impairment walked significantly slower than sighted older adults. We suggest that the TUG can be a valuable tool for examining gait and stability during walking without the added time or space constraints. Full article
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8 pages, 226 KiB  
Article
Circle Diameter Impacts Stride Frequency and Forelimb Stance Duration at Various Gaits in Horses
by Alyssa A. Logan, Alyson J. Snyder and Brian D. Nielsen
Sensors 2023, 23(9), 4232; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094232 - 24 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1318
Abstract
The effects of gait and diameter have been studied independently, but rarely together in equine circular exercise studies. This study aimed to determine the impact of diameter (10-m or 15-m) at various gaits (walk, trot, and canter) on stride frequency or forelimb stance [...] Read more.
The effects of gait and diameter have been studied independently, but rarely together in equine circular exercise studies. This study aimed to determine the impact of diameter (10-m or 15-m) at various gaits (walk, trot, and canter) on stride frequency or forelimb stance duration. Nine mature horses were outfitted with Tekscan™ Hoof Sensors on their forelimbs during circular and straight-line exercise at various gaits on a clay and sand arena surface. Statistical analysis was performed in SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of exercise type, recording, leg, and breed (PROC GLIMMIX, p < 0.05 significance). At walk (p < 0.0001) and trot (p < 0.001), stride frequency was lower during circular exercise. Stride frequency was similar between forelimbs at all gaits. At walk (p < 0.001) and canter (p = 0.01), stance duration was greatest during 10-m circle exercise. At walk (p = 0.0007), trot (p < 0.001), and canter (p < 0.0001), the inside forelimb had longer stance duration than the outside forelimb. Differences between forelimb stance durations may support asymmetrical travel while horses exercise on a circle at the walk, trot, and canter. These results demonstrate diameter and gait are important factors when evaluating forelimb kinematics during circular exercise. Full article
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