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Recent Trends and Advances in Magnetic Sensors
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Recent Trends and Advances in Magnetic Sensors

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2026 | Viewed by 4658

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Valentina Zhukova

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Guest Editor
1. Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
2. Department Applied Physics I, Escuela de Ingeniería de Gipuzkoa, EIG, University of Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
Interests: magnetic sensors; amorphous and nanocrystalline ferromagnetic materials; magnetic microwires; giant magnetoimpedance; giant magnetoresistance; magnetoelastic effects
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Arcady Zhukov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
2. IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
Interests: magnetic materials and applications; amorphous nano-crystalline and granular magnetic materials; hysteretic magnetic properties; magnetic wires; transport properties (giant magneto-impedance effect, magneto-resistance); magnetic sensors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yoshinobu Honkura

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Magnedesign Corporation, Nagoya 466-0059, Japan
Interests: micromagnetic; mMagnetic sensor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will focus the latest developments, research findings, and ideas regarding highly sensitive magnetic devices and the applications of magnetic sensing technology, including the basic phenomena and fundamental aspects of magnetic materials suitable for magnetic sensors and applications as well as wireless non-destructive control and monitoring, wearable electronics, and medicine involving magnetic sensorics.
Topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

Magnetic sensors including magnetometers, magnetoimpedance, and magnetoresistance sensors, magnetoelastic sensors, Hall effect devices, and fluxgates;

  • Novel magnetic materials for sensor and actuator applications and their advanced processing;
  • Fundamentals and physics involving the basic effects, theory, and modeling of magnetic sensors;
  • Magnetic measurements and instrumentation, including their measurement standards;
  • Smart materials for wireless and non-destructive stress and temperature monitoring, including (but not limited to) tuneable metamaterials and magnetorelastic sensors and devices.

Dr. Valentina Zhukova
Prof. Dr. Arcady Zhukov
Dr. Yoshinobu Honkura
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • magnetic sensors
  • non-destructive control and monitoring
  • magnetoelastic sensors
  • giant magnetoimpedance effect and related applications
  • GHz spin rotation effect and related applications
  • magnetic materials for sensor and actuator applications
  • magnetometers
  • fundamentals and physics of magnetic sensors
  • magnetic measurements and instrumentation
  • measurement standards
  • smart materials and composites
  • tuneable metamaterials and composites
  • magnetic sensors applications
  • novel sensing techniques

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2641 KB  
Article
Domain Structure Transformation and Impedance Tuning in Partially Nanocrystallized Fe-Based Microwires
by Oleg Aksenov, Artem Fuks and Alexandr Aronin
Sensors 2026, 26(4), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041200 - 12 Feb 2026
Viewed by 372
Abstract
Fe-based amorphous microwires were studied to examine the effect of partial surface nanocrystallization on their magnetic and electrical properties. Controlled annealing was used to induce nanocrystallization within the surface layer of the metallic core. The giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) was found to increase up [...] Read more.
Fe-based amorphous microwires were studied to examine the effect of partial surface nanocrystallization on their magnetic and electrical properties. Controlled annealing was used to induce nanocrystallization within the surface layer of the metallic core. The giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) was found to increase up to 150% compared to the as-cast microwires, which correlates with variations in the electromagnetic skin depth. Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) revealed a pronounced transformation of the magnetic domain structure: inclined and zigzag domains evolved into a ring domain configuration with radially oriented magnetization. This transformation of the domain structure occurred within the same magnetic field range where the maximum impedance response was observed. These results show a strong coupling between surface nanostructuring, domain configuration, and magnetoimpedance behavior, providing insights for optimizing Fe-based microwires for use in high-sensitivity magnetic and mechanical sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends and Advances in Magnetic Sensors)
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12 pages, 2601 KB  
Article
Comparison of Giant Magnetoimpedance and Anisotropic Magnetoresistance Sensors for Residual Stress Distribution Determination in Magnetic Steels
by Sergey Gudoshnikov, Tatiana Damatopoulou and Evangelos Hristoforou
Sensors 2026, 26(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010032 - 20 Dec 2025
Viewed by 529
Abstract
Our team has initiated work to determine residual stresses by means of monitoring magnetic properties, namely differential permeability, magnetoacoustic emission, and surface field components. Concerning surface field measurements, Hall, AMR, and TMR sensors have been used, with AMR and TMR sensors enabling 3D [...] Read more.
Our team has initiated work to determine residual stresses by means of monitoring magnetic properties, namely differential permeability, magnetoacoustic emission, and surface field components. Concerning surface field measurements, Hall, AMR, and TMR sensors have been used, with AMR and TMR sensors enabling 3D field determination. In this paper, we compare the surface magnetic field components with residual stresses in 2 mm thick AISI 4130 steel coupons. The steel samples were in a dog-bone structure with residual stresses induced by localized RF induction heating to create a temperature gradient, followed by quenching to transform the temperature gradient into a residual stress one. GMI and AMR sensors were used to determine the localized magnetic field component distribution on the surface of the steel coupons and at the same areas where the residual stresses were determined. The GMI sensor was able to monitor the field component perpendicular to the surface of the steel coupon, while the AMR sensor was able to monitor the three field components at the same points. The results illustrated that both sensors were able to monitor residual stresses, with the GMI sensor illustrating better sensitivity at a higher cost, while the AMR sensor had a lower sensitivity with a significantly lower cost as an integrated sensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends and Advances in Magnetic Sensors)
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9 pages, 2332 KB  
Article
Influence of Sample Position on Strain Monitoring in Composite Materials Using Magnetic Microwires
by Rafael Garcia-Etxabe, Maitane Mendinueta, Marta Camacho-Iglesias, Valentina Zhukova and Arcady Zhukov
Sensors 2025, 25(16), 4892; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25164892 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 870
Abstract
Soft magnetic materials are highly suitable for use as sensors in the monitoring of materials, applications, and processes, with proven effectiveness across various industries. Their ability to be configured as microwires allows excellent integration within composite structures, making them particularly effective for structural [...] Read more.
Soft magnetic materials are highly suitable for use as sensors in the monitoring of materials, applications, and processes, with proven effectiveness across various industries. Their ability to be configured as microwires allows excellent integration within composite structures, making them particularly effective for structural health monitoring. Research in this area has enabled the analysis of both hysteresis loops and scattering parameters in transmission and reflection within the microwave frequency range, under conditions such as composite matrix polymerization or when subjecting specimens to different stress states. Consequently, a clear dependence of scattering parameters and impedance on applied stress in composites with magnetic microwire inclusions, which can be monitored, has been demonstrated. However, despite the repeatability of the phenomenon, modeling this behavior is challenging due to the dispersion of results caused by multiple factors and varying conditions that influence outcomes in a conventional environment. This study analyzes the influence of the relative sample position on these measurements and presents results obtained by modifying the position and orientation of microwires through rotation and flipping movements of the test specimen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends and Advances in Magnetic Sensors)
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Review

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26 pages, 6245 KB  
Review
2D Magnetic Materials for Sensor Technologies
by Matthew Metcalf, Bamidele Onipede, Jesse Martinez and Hui Cai
Sensors 2026, 26(8), 2467; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26082467 - 17 Apr 2026
Viewed by 285
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials have emerged as a promising platform for next-generation sensing technologies due to their atomic thickness, tunable magnetic properties, and compatibility with van der Waals heterostructures. Rapid progress in material discovery, synthesis, and device integration has expanded opportunities for compact, [...] Read more.
Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials have emerged as a promising platform for next-generation sensing technologies due to their atomic thickness, tunable magnetic properties, and compatibility with van der Waals heterostructures. Rapid progress in material discovery, synthesis, and device integration has expanded opportunities for compact, low-power, and highly sensitive sensor platforms. This review examines selected sensing mechanisms enabled by 2D magnetic materials, highlighting recent experimental advances and emerging device concepts. Current limitations and challenges such as environmental stability, scalability, and room-temperature operation are considered in the context of ongoing research efforts. By examining these approaches, this review aims to provide insight into the current development and potential of 2D magnetic materials for sensing technologies. This review is organized to first introduce the fundamental properties and challenges of 2D magnetic materials, followed by a survey of key sensing mechanisms and representative device implementations, and concludes with an outlook on future research directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends and Advances in Magnetic Sensors)
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23 pages, 4098 KB  
Review
Contactless Inductive Sensors Using Glass-Coated Microwires
by Larissa V. Panina, Adrian Acuna, Nikolay A. Yudanov, Alena Pashnina, Valeriya Kolesnikova and Valeria Rodionova
Sensors 2026, 26(2), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020428 - 9 Jan 2026
Viewed by 649
Abstract
This paper explores the potential of amorphous and nanocrystalline glass-coated microwires as highly versatile, miniaturized sensing elements, leveraging their intrinsic nonlinear magnetization dynamics. In magnetic systems, this approach is particularly advantageous because the degree of nonlinearity can be externally tuned using stimuli such [...] Read more.
This paper explores the potential of amorphous and nanocrystalline glass-coated microwires as highly versatile, miniaturized sensing elements, leveraging their intrinsic nonlinear magnetization dynamics. In magnetic systems, this approach is particularly advantageous because the degree of nonlinearity can be externally tuned using stimuli such as applied magnetic fields, mechanical stress, or temperature variations. From this context, we summarize key properties of microwires—including bistability, a specific easy magnetization direction, internal stress distributions, and magnetostriction—that can be tailored through composition and annealing. In this review, we compare for the first time two key contactless readout methodologies: (i) time-domain detection of the switching field and (ii) frequency-domain harmonic analysis of the induced voltage. These principles have been successfully applied to a broad range of practical sensors, including devices for monitoring mechanical stress in structural materials, measuring temperature in biomedical settings, and detecting magnetic particles. Together, these advances highlight the potential of microwires for embedded, wireless sensing in both engineering and medical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends and Advances in Magnetic Sensors)
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73 pages, 3131 KB  
Review
Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Sensor: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances in Non-Destructive Testing and Material Characterization
by Polyxeni Vourna, Pinelopi P. Falara, Aphrodite Ktena, Evangelos V. Hristoforou and Nikolaos D. Papadopoulos
Sensors 2026, 26(1), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010258 - 31 Dec 2025
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1362
Abstract
Magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) represents a powerful non-destructive testing and material characterization methodology enabling quantitative assessment of microstructural features, mechanical properties, and stress states in ferromagnetic materials. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent advances spanning theoretical foundations, sensor design, signal processing methodologies, and industrial [...] Read more.
Magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) represents a powerful non-destructive testing and material characterization methodology enabling quantitative assessment of microstructural features, mechanical properties, and stress states in ferromagnetic materials. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent advances spanning theoretical foundations, sensor design, signal processing methodologies, and industrial applications. The physical basis rooted in domain wall dynamics and statistical mechanics provides rigorous frameworks for interpreting MBN signals in terms of grain structure, dislocation density, phase composition, and residual stress. Contemporary instrumentation innovations including miniaturized sensors, multi-parameter systems, and high-entropy alloy cores enable measurements in challenging environments. Advanced signal processing techniques—encompassing time-domain analysis, frequency-domain spectral methods, time–frequency transforms, and machine learning algorithms—extract comprehensive material information from raw Barkhausen signals. Deep learning approaches demonstrate superior performance for automated material classification and property prediction compared to traditional statistical methods. Industrial applications span manufacturing quality control, structural health monitoring, railway infrastructure assessment, and predictive maintenance strategies. Key achievements include establishing quantitative correlations between material properties and stress states, with measurement uncertainties of ±15–20 MPa for stress and ±20 HV for hardness. Emerging challenges include standardization imperatives, characterization of advanced materials, machine learning robustness, and autonomous system integration. Future developments prioritizing international standards, physics-informed neural networks, multimodal sensor fusion, and wireless monitoring networks will accelerate industrial adoption supporting safe, efficient engineering practice across diverse sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends and Advances in Magnetic Sensors)
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