Effect of Mycotoxins on Crops and Their Prevention

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2024) | Viewed by 2434

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via Stezzano, 24, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
Interests: mycotoxins; crops; safety
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via Stezzano, 24, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
Interests: fungal pathogens; mycotoxins; crop protection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Department of of Sustainable Crop Protection (DiProVeS), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
Interests: fungal ecology; mycotoxigenic fungal species; mycotoxin production; crop protection; natural compounds for mycotoxin containment; green circular economy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi of different species that can contaminate food and feed with possible toxic effects for humans and animals. They represent the most important class of chemical hazards in the European Rapid Alert System on Feed and Food (RASFF). In 2017, more than 40% of the alerts concerning a potential threat to human health from chemical contaminants in food products, in particular for cereals and nuts, were due to mycotoxins.

Mycotoxin contamination is the most insidious and subtle crop quality problem. The origin of contamination by fungi naturally present in fields and agricultural environments and the strict connection with seasonal meteorological trends cannot be controlled or mitigated in open-field conditions, making these contaminants particularly difficult to limit and to manage. For all these reasons, agrotechnical solutions, genetics studies and post-harvest practices are of paramount importance to reduce the spoilage of toxigenic fungi and to limit the frequency of contamination that may cause restrictions on the use and marketing of commodities.

Mycotoxins are ubiquitous. They can occur in cereals, cereal products and foods, feeds, animal products and soil all over the world. Moreover, animal feeds contaminated by mycotoxigenic fungi, such as wheat bran and maize grain, can be affected by a continuous production of mycotoxins post harvest in case of unsuitable storage conditions. This can even lead to a significant exposure to mycotoxins for humans, since they can also be transferred from feed to food of animal origin.

Globally, it has been estimated that mycotoxins affect up to 25% of the world’s crop production, causing important economic losses with possible long-term issues for human and animal health. Control of mycotoxigenic fungal species development and guaranteeing safe and plentiful crops represent a strong challenge for the world’s future, also taking into consideration the necessity to reduce the environmental impact of chemical products like fungicides or fertilizers. This Special Issue “Effect of Mycotoxins on Crops and Their Prevention” aims to examine the occurrence of mycotoxins in crops, food and feed and the possibility of prevention and control strategies against mycotoxigenic fungi, also considering new possible and effective environmentally friendly approaches.

Dr. Sabrina Locatelli
Dr. Chiara Lanzanova
Dr. Paola Giorni
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • mycotoxigenic fungi
  • mycotoxin occurrence
  • mycotoxin prevention
  • crop safety management
  • sustainable tools against mycotoxins

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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30 pages, 1027 KiB  
Article
Stability of Resistance of Maize to Ear Rots (Fusarium graminearum, F. verticillioides and Aspergillus flavus) and Their Resistance to Toxin Contamination and Conclusions for Variety Registration
by Akos Mesterhazy, Balazs Szabo, Denes Szieberth, Szabolcs Tóth, Zoltan Nagy, Tamas Meszlenyi, Beata Herczig, Attila Berenyi and Beata Tóth
Toxins 2024, 16(9), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16090390 - 10 Sep 2024
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Abstract
All major ear rots (F. graminearum, F. verticillioides, and Aspergillus flavus) and their toxins are present in maize of preharvest origin in Hungary. Resistance can be an important tool in reducing the infection and toxin contamination from these rots [...] Read more.
All major ear rots (F. graminearum, F. verticillioides, and Aspergillus flavus) and their toxins are present in maize of preharvest origin in Hungary. Resistance can be an important tool in reducing the infection and toxin contamination from these rots in maize. Previous results identified resistance differences in maize hybrids that were suitable for use in evaluating their risk from toxigenic fungi and their toxins. During the tests, two methodical improvements were achieved: the use of three isolates of the fungus secured and a more precise estimation of resistance to ear rots and their resistance to toxin accumulation or overproduction. The improvement in sampling and the tests of subsamples made the evaluation for the statistics much more exact. This way, we were able to reduce the Within value, providing a statistically more reliable method of evaluation. Earlier data had confirmed that toxin contamination could not be predicted well from visual ear rot severity data. Contradictory results for hybrid ranking were often identified between isolates. The resistance to disease and toxin contamination is not generally valid. The new suggested methodology compares the performance of hybrids in a large number of epidemic situations to identify adaptable hybrids that can respond to diverse conditions; therefore, the stability of resistance and toxin response is decisive information to evaluate risk analyses. The increased number of disease toxin data allowed for lower LSD 5% values for toxins, a much finer analysis of toxin overproduction and underproduction, and a wider database for stability analyses. This way, we obtained important additional separated information about resistance to accumulation of toxins and about maize resistance to these pathogens that is suitable to provide much more reliable testing than was possible until now. Globally, about 50–100 million metric tons can be saved by excluding susceptible hybrids from commercial production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Mycotoxins on Crops and Their Prevention)
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18 pages, 2701 KiB  
Article
Fungal Laccases and Fumonisin Decontamination in Co-Products of Bioethanol from Maize
by Marianela Bossa, Noelia Edith Monesterolo, María del Pilar Monge, Paloma Rhein, Sofía Noemí Chulze, María Silvina Alaniz-Zanon and María Laura Chiotta
Toxins 2024, 16(8), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16080350 - 10 Aug 2024
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Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) may be infected by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, and consequently contaminated with fumonisins (FBs), as well as the co-products of bioethanol intended for animal feed. Laccase enzymes have a wide industrial application such as mycotoxin degradation. [...] Read more.
Maize (Zea mays L.) may be infected by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, and consequently contaminated with fumonisins (FBs), as well as the co-products of bioethanol intended for animal feed. Laccase enzymes have a wide industrial application such as mycotoxin degradation. The aims were to isolate and identify fungal laccase-producing strains, to evaluate laccase production, to determine the enzymatic stability under fermentation conditions, and to analyse the effectiveness in vitro of enzymatic extracts (EEs) containing laccases in degrading FB1. Strains belonging to Funalia trogii, Phellinus tuberculosus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pycnoporus sanguineus and Trametes gallica species showed laccase activity. Different isoforms of laccases were detected depending on the evaluated species. For the FB1 decontamination assays, four enzymatic activities (5, 10, 15 and 20 U/mL) were tested, in the absence and presence of vanillic acid (VA) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) as redox mediators (1 and 10 mM). Trametes gallica B4-IMICO-RC EE was the most effective strain in buffer, achieving a 60% of FB1 reduction. Laccases included in EEs remained stable at different alcoholic degrees in maize steep liquor (MSL), but no significant FB1 reduction was observed under the conditions evaluated using MSL. This study demonstrate that although laccases could be good candidates for the development of a strategy to reduce FB1, further studies are necessary to optimise this process in MSL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Mycotoxins on Crops and Their Prevention)
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17 pages, 1616 KiB  
Systematic Review
Resistance of Transgenic Maize Cultivars to Mycotoxin Production—Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Ana Silvia de Lara Pires Batista Gomes, Saulo Henrique Weber and Fernando Bittencourt Luciano
Toxins 2024, 16(8), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16080373 - 22 Aug 2024
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Abstract
Approximately 25% of cereal grains present with contamination caused by fungi and the presence of mycotoxins that may cause severe adverse effects when consumed. Maize has been genetically engineered to present different traits, such as fungal or insect resistance and herbicide tolerance. This [...] Read more.
Approximately 25% of cereal grains present with contamination caused by fungi and the presence of mycotoxins that may cause severe adverse effects when consumed. Maize has been genetically engineered to present different traits, such as fungal or insect resistance and herbicide tolerance. This systematic review compared the observable quantities, via meta-analysis, of four mycotoxins (aflatoxins—AFL, fumonisins—FUM, deoxynivalenol—DON, zearalenone—ZEA) between genetically modified (GM) and conventional maize kernels. This study was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, with searches performed using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and CAPES journals databases. Analyses were conducted using RevMan v.5.4 software. Transgenic maize showed a 58% reduction in total mycotoxins (p < 0.001) compared to conventional maize. FUM were the most impacted, with a 59% reduction (p < 0.001) in GM maize. AFL and ZEA levels were also lower in GM maize by 49% (p = 0.02) and 51% (p < 0.001), respectively. On the other hand, DON levels increased by 6% (p < 0.001) in GM maize compared to conventional maize. However, results for ZEA and DON were inconclusive due to the limited research and sample sizes. We conclude that transgenic maize reduces total mycotoxins by over 50%, primarily fumonisin and aflatoxin. Most studies presented maize varieties that were resistant to insects or herbicides, not fungal pathogens, showing a positive collateral effect of these genetic alterations. Therefore, transgenic maize appears to be a safer product for animal and human consumption from a toxicological point of view. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm our findings for ZEA and DON in transgenic maize. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Mycotoxins on Crops and Their Prevention)
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