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Journal Description
Vision
Vision
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on vision published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, PubMed, PMC, and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 24.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Latest Articles
Terson’s Syndrome with Roth Spot-Resembling Features and Third Nerve Palsy without Radiologically Diagnosed Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Vision 2024, 8(4), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8040061 - 7 Oct 2024
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We report an unusual case of pupil-involving third nerve palsy associated with Terson’s syndrome that resulted in the diagnosis of a right posterior communicating artery aneurysm. Interestingly, Terson’s syndrome presented with Roth spot-resembling features, accompanied by third nerve palsy in a patient without
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We report an unusual case of pupil-involving third nerve palsy associated with Terson’s syndrome that resulted in the diagnosis of a right posterior communicating artery aneurysm. Interestingly, Terson’s syndrome presented with Roth spot-resembling features, accompanied by third nerve palsy in a patient without any disturbance of consciousness. To our knowledge, the association of Terson’s syndrome with third nerve palsy has not been described before in the absence of radiologically diagnosed subarachnoid haemorrhage. We present the case of a 48-year-old woman who presented in the Department of Emergencies of the University Hospital of Patras with right-sided complete-pupil-involving third nerve palsy combined with bilateral Terson’s syndrome. More precisely, fundoscopy revealed multiple scattered intra- and pre-retinal haemorrhages in both eyes, while some retinal haemorrhages had a white-centred pattern resembling Roth spots. Neurological examination revealed no nuchal rigidity or any other neurological signs. The Glasgow coma scale score was 15/15. A cerebral computed tomography angiography revealed a 5 mm aneurysm of the right posterior communicating artery and the patient underwent a microvascular clipping operation after craniotomy. The significant contribution of the ophthalmological consultation to the appropriate and timely diagnosis and management of a life-threatening condition is highlighted.
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Open AccessArticle
Measuring the Pupillary Light Reflex Using Portable Instruments in Applied Settings
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Nicola S. Gray, Menna Price, Jennifer Pink, Chris O’Connor, Ana Antunes and Robert J. Snowden
Vision 2024, 8(4), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8040060 - 1 Oct 2024
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The early components of the pupillary light reflex (PLR) are governed by the parasympathetic nervous system. The use of cheap, portable pupillometry devices may allow for the testing of parasympathetic-system health in field settings. We examined the reliability of two portable instruments for
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The early components of the pupillary light reflex (PLR) are governed by the parasympathetic nervous system. The use of cheap, portable pupillometry devices may allow for the testing of parasympathetic-system health in field settings. We examined the reliability of two portable instruments for measuring the PLR and their sensitivity to individual differences known to modulate the PLR. Parameters of the PLR were measured in a community sample (N = 108) in a variety of field settings. Measurements were taken using a commercial pupillometer (NeuroLight, IDMED) and an iPhone using the Reflex Pro PLR analyser (Brightlamp). The parameters of baseline pupil diameter, constriction latency, amplitude and relative amplitude of constriction, and constriction velocity were measured. Individual differences related to age, levels of anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology were assessed. Some measures could not be attained using the iPhone under these field conditions. The reliability of the measures was high, save for the measurement of contraction latency which was particularly unreliable for the iPhone system. The parameters of the PLR showed the same internal relationships as those established in laboratory-based measurements. Age was negatively correlated with all the reliable PLR parameters for both systems. Effects of anxiety and PTSD symptomology were also apparent. The study demonstrated that a hand-held portable infrared pupillometer can be used successfully to measure the PLR parameters under field settings and can be used to examine individual differences. This may allow these devices to be used in workplaces, sports fields, roadsides, etc., to examine parasympathetic activity where needed.
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Open AccessArticle
Preferred Distance in Human–Drone Interaction
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Elisabeth Maria Wögerbauer, Christoph von Castell, Robin Welsch and Heiko Hecht
Vision 2024, 8(4), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8040059 - 1 Oct 2024
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In two augmented-reality experiments, we transferred the paradigm of interpersonal distance regulation to human–drone interaction. In the first experiment, we used a simple spherical drone model and explored how both hovering height and approach angle affect the preferred distance. Drone height above the
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In two augmented-reality experiments, we transferred the paradigm of interpersonal distance regulation to human–drone interaction. In the first experiment, we used a simple spherical drone model and explored how both hovering height and approach angle affect the preferred distance. Drone height above the ground had a strong effect. The preferred distance to the drone was larger than that typically found toward human actors, in particular, when the drone trajectory was very high. In the second experiment, we sought to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that may influence this effect. In addition to the simple spherical drone model used in the first experiment, we also varied its appearance and attachment to the ground. Surprisingly, anthropomorphic features increased preferred distances. We, therefore, discuss the extent to which social aspects and subjectively perceived danger influence the preferred distance for interaction with drones, which thus need to be considered in the design of human–drone interaction.
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Open AccessReview
The “What” and “How” of Pantomime Actions
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Raymond R. MacNeil and James T. Enns
Vision 2024, 8(4), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8040058 - 26 Sep 2024
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Pantomimes are human actions that simulate ideas, objects, and events, commonly used in conversation, performance art, and gesture-based interfaces for computing and controlling robots. Yet, their underlying neurocognitive mechanisms are not well understood. In this review, we examine pantomimes through two parallel lines
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Pantomimes are human actions that simulate ideas, objects, and events, commonly used in conversation, performance art, and gesture-based interfaces for computing and controlling robots. Yet, their underlying neurocognitive mechanisms are not well understood. In this review, we examine pantomimes through two parallel lines of research: (1) the two visual systems (TVS) framework for visually guided action, and (2) the neuropsychological literature on limb apraxia. Historically, the TVS framework has considered pantomime actions as expressions of conscious perceptual processing in the ventral stream, but an emerging view is that they are jointly influenced by ventral and dorsal stream processing. Within the apraxia literature, pantomimes were historically viewed as learned motor schemas, but there is growing recognition that they include creative and improvised actions. Both literatures now recognize that pantomimes are often created spontaneously, sometimes drawing on memory and always requiring online cognitive control. By highlighting this convergence of ideas, we aim to encourage greater collaboration across these two research areas, in an effort to better understand these uniquely human behaviors.
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Open AccessArticle
Comparison between Different Visual Acuity Tests and Validation of a Digital Device
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Blanca Montori, Teresa Pérez Roche, Maria Vilella, Estela López, Adrián Alejandre, Xian Pan, Marta Ortín, Marta Lacort and Victoria Pueyo
Vision 2024, 8(3), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030057 - 23 Sep 2024
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Purpose: To compare different visual acuity (VA) tests (printed and digital, symbols and letters) and to validate a new device for VA testing called DIVE (Devices for an Integral Visual Examination). Methods: VA was tested in a wide spectrum of adult people with
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Purpose: To compare different visual acuity (VA) tests (printed and digital, symbols and letters) and to validate a new device for VA testing called DIVE (Devices for an Integral Visual Examination). Methods: VA was tested in a wide spectrum of adult people with printed tests (ETDRS and LEA Symbols) and with two implemented tests in DIVE (HOTV and DIVE Symbols). We measured agreement between the different VA tests using the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland–Altman method. In addition, we measured the repeatability of all tests. Results: Right eyes from 51 adult participants were included in the study. Correlation between tests was high (ICC from 0.95 to 0.97). Bland–Altman analysis showed good agreement among the different tests, with differences within reasonable clinical limits. However, slightly better VA values were obtained with DIVE HOTV and ETDRS, followed by LEA and DIVE Symbols. ETDRS had the best repeatability. Conclusion: The four evaluated VA tests provide comparable outcomes. In an adult sample, letter optotypes obtained better VA values than symbol optotypes. DIVE VA tests are reliable and well-correlated with printed VA tests.
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Open AccessReview
A Systematic Review of Aphantasia: Concept, Measurement, Neural Basis, and Theory Development
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Feiyang Jin, Shen-Mou Hsu and Yu Li
Vision 2024, 8(3), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030056 - 22 Sep 2024
Abstract
People with aphantasia exhibit the inability to voluntarily generate or form mental imagery in their minds. Since the term “aphantasia” was proposed to describe this, it has gained increasing attention from psychiatrists, neuroscientists, and clinicians. Previous studies have mainly focused on the definition,
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People with aphantasia exhibit the inability to voluntarily generate or form mental imagery in their minds. Since the term “aphantasia” was proposed to describe this, it has gained increasing attention from psychiatrists, neuroscientists, and clinicians. Previous studies have mainly focused on the definition, prevalence, and measurement of aphantasia, its impacts on individuals’ cognitive and emotional processing, and theoretical frameworks synthesizing existing findings, which have contributed greatly to our understanding of aphantasia. However, there are still some debates regarding the conclusions derived from existing research and the theories that were constructed from various sources of evidence. Building upon existing endeavors, this systematic review emphasizes that future research is much needed to refine the definition and diagnosis of aphantasia, strengthen empirical investigations at behavioral and neural levels, and, more importantly, develop or update theories. These multiple lines of efforts could lead to a deeper understanding of aphantasia and further guide researchers in future research directions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Visual Mental Imagery System: How We Image the World)
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Open AccessArticle
Analysis of Deposition and Diffusion of Cholesterol in Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses Using Confocal Microscopy
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Tomasz Suliński, Natalia Nowak, Jędrzej Szymański and Jacek Pniewski
Vision 2024, 8(3), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030055 - 20 Sep 2024
Abstract
In this study, we investigated lipid deposition and diffusion in silicone hydrogel (Si-Hy) contact lenses using confocal microscopy. Different Si-Hy lenses were analyzed to understand the interaction patterns of cholesterol with various lens materials. The results highlight significant differences in the deposition and
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In this study, we investigated lipid deposition and diffusion in silicone hydrogel (Si-Hy) contact lenses using confocal microscopy. Different Si-Hy lenses were analyzed to understand the interaction patterns of cholesterol with various lens materials. The results highlight significant differences in the deposition and diffusion of lipids through the lenses, revealing that some materials, such as comfilcon A, allow lipids to diffuse more freely compared to others, such as samfilcon A, which provides a greater barrier. The study also observed different morphology and movement of lipid agglomerates across the lenses and above it surfaces. These findings contribute to the understanding of lipid–lens interaction, which is important for the development of lenses with improved comfort and functionality. The research highlights the importance of considering lipid interactions in the design and selection of Si-Hy contact lenses to enhance wearer comfort and lens performance.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 4th International Symposium on Visual Physiology, Environment, and Perception (VisPEP 2024))
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Open AccessSystematic Review
Intraocular Pressure (IOP) in Patients with Acromegaly versus Healthy Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Anna M. Kober and Maria Sobol
Vision 2024, 8(3), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030054 - 12 Sep 2024
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Purpose. Acromegaly is an uncommon condition but affects numerous organ systems. It has been found that patients with acromegaly can experience ocular changes, such as raised intraocular pressure (IOP). Numerous studies have since been carried out to determine whether there is a significant
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Purpose. Acromegaly is an uncommon condition but affects numerous organ systems. It has been found that patients with acromegaly can experience ocular changes, such as raised intraocular pressure (IOP). Numerous studies have since been carried out to determine whether there is a significant difference between IOP in patients with acromegaly and healthy controls and there is much disagreement in the literature. This study aims to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to establish whether there is a significant difference in IOP between the two groups in a larger population. Methods. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to access relevant databases and to locate outcome studies. Eligibility criteria included type of publication, participant characteristics, and report of outcomes. Data analysis was conducted with a fixed-effects model. Results. Three articles were included in the final analysis. The mean value of IOP corrected for central corneal thickness (IOPcc) for the group of 102 patients with acromegaly was 15.33 with confidence levels of 13.05–17.62 [mmHg]. The mean difference between the control and acromegaly group was 1.17 with confidence levels of 0.64 to 1.70 [mmHg], which was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion. The results of the meta-analysis indicate that acromegaly is associated with increased IOP. As raised IOP is a risk factor for the development of glaucoma, detailed IOPcc evaluation should be an important procedure in the follow-up visits of patients with acromegaly.
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Open AccessArticle
Colour Vision Changes across Lifespan: Insights from FM100 and CAD Tests
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Renārs Trukša, Sergejs Fomins, Zane Jansone-Langina and Laura Tenisa
Vision 2024, 8(3), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030053 - 6 Sep 2024
Abstract
(1) Background: in this research study, colour vision was evaluated in individuals aged 19 to 70 years with and without red–green colour vision disorders. (2) Methods: study participant colour vision was assessed with anomaloscope, HRR, FM100 hue, and CAD tests. (3) Results: No
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(1) Background: in this research study, colour vision was evaluated in individuals aged 19 to 70 years with and without red–green colour vision disorders. (2) Methods: study participant colour vision was assessed with anomaloscope, HRR, FM100 hue, and CAD tests. (3) Results: No significant correlation was found between participant age and chromatic sensitivity of the red–green colour opponent channel. However, a decrease in blue–yellow colour opponent channel chromatic sensitivity was confirmed with the FM100 hue test and CAD test. Analysis of FM100 hue test error scores across age groups revealed a decline in chromatic sensitivity in the short-wave region of visible light with increasing age. Comparison of the colour-deficient individual results of the CAD and anomaloscope tests confirmed that CAD test sensitivity and specificity reaches 100%. However, some individuals with deutan-type deficits were misclassified as having protan-type deficits. This study confirmed the effectiveness of the FM100 test in identifying individuals with moderate to severe colour vision deficits, with sensitivity and specificity rates of 81.25% and 95.38%. (4) Conclusions: It was found that the FM100 hue test effectively identifies individuals with moderate and severe red–green colour vision deficiencies. On the other hand, individuals with mild colour vision deficiencies may go undetected with the FM100 hue test.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 4th International Symposium on Visual Physiology, Environment, and Perception (VisPEP 2024))
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Open AccessArticle
Microcystic Macular Edema Caused by Non-Glaucomatous Optic Atrophy: A Single-Center, Retrospective, Cohort Study in France
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Tibaut Coutureau, Jacqueline Butterworth, Damien Biotti, Pierre Fournié, Vincent Soler and Fanny Varenne
Vision 2024, 8(3), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030052 - 6 Sep 2024
Abstract
Optic Atrophy (OA) can be associated with the development of microcystic macular edema (MME) in the perifoveal retinal inner nuclear layer (INL). We aimed here to retrospectively determine the prevalence of MME in patients with non-glaucomatous OA in our tertiary ophthalmology department between
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Optic Atrophy (OA) can be associated with the development of microcystic macular edema (MME) in the perifoveal retinal inner nuclear layer (INL). We aimed here to retrospectively determine the prevalence of MME in patients with non-glaucomatous OA in our tertiary ophthalmology department between 2015 and 2020. We then examined how MME affected the thicknesses of the different retinal layers and the differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between those patients who developed MME and those who did not. A total of 643 eyes (429 patients) were included (mean age 45.9 ± 17.8 years, 52% female). MME developed in 95 (15%) eyes and across all etiologies of OA except for toxic/nutritional causes, but the prevalence of MME varied between the different etiologies. The development of MME was associated with thinning of the ganglion cell layer (11.0 vs. 9.6 μm; p = 0.001) and the retinal nerve fiber layer (10.1 vs. 9.15 μm; p = 0.024), with INL thickening in the 3- and 6-mm diameter areas of the central fovea. Patients developing MME had significantly worse distance best-corrected visual acuity than those not developing MME (0.62 vs. 0.38 logMAR; p = 0.002). Overall, the presence of MME in OA cannot be used to guide the diagnostic work-up of OA.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Retinal Function and Disease)
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Open AccessArticle
Objective Refraction Status before and after Cycloplegia: From Childhood to Young Adulthood
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Karola Panke and Megija Jorova
Vision 2024, 8(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030051 - 30 Aug 2024
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the clinical information revealed after cycloplegia and assess how age and non-cycloplegic refractive status influence the classification of types of refractive error, as well as the relationship between age and cycloplegia-induced changes in the power of refractive errors.
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This study aimed to evaluate the clinical information revealed after cycloplegia and assess how age and non-cycloplegic refractive status influence the classification of types of refractive error, as well as the relationship between age and cycloplegia-induced changes in the power of refractive errors. We analysed the records of 472 non-population-based ophthalmology practice patients aged 3–28 years (mean ± SD: 9.1 ± 4.6). Cycloplegia was induced with one drop of cyclopentolate 1% in each eye, and eye refraction was measured 30 ± 5 min later using an objective autorefractometer. Cycloplegia induced a clinically significant (≥0.50 D) hyperopic shift in the spherical equivalent of 60.2% of participants and a myopic shift in 1%, resulting in a 34.1% increase in the frequency of participants with hyperopia, while the frequency of those with myopia and emmetropia decreased by 5.5% and 23.3%, respectively. The average spherical equivalent difference (mean ± SD) induced by cycloplegia was 0.72 ± 0.73 D, with the highest difference observed in the 3–5 years age group (1.18 ± 0.85 D). The differences in astigmatism power (p = 0.84) and astigmatism axis (p = 0.97) between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic conditions were not statistically significant.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 4th International Symposium on Visual Physiology, Environment, and Perception (VisPEP 2024))
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Open AccessArticle
Bridging a Gap in Coherence: The Coordination of Comprehension Processes When Viewing Visual Narratives
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Maverick E. Smith, John P. Hutson, Mi’Kayla Newell, Dimitri Wing-Paul, Kathryn S. McCarthy, Lester C. Loschky and Joseph P. Magliano
Vision 2024, 8(3), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030050 - 30 Aug 2024
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Scene Perception and Event Comprehension Theory (SPECT) posits that understanding picture stories depends upon a coordination of two processes: (1) integrating new information into the current event model that is coherent with it (i.e., mapping) and (2) segmenting experiences into distinct event models
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Scene Perception and Event Comprehension Theory (SPECT) posits that understanding picture stories depends upon a coordination of two processes: (1) integrating new information into the current event model that is coherent with it (i.e., mapping) and (2) segmenting experiences into distinct event models (i.e., shifting). In two experiments, we investigated competing hypotheses regarding how viewers coordinate the mapping process of bridging inference generation and the shifting process of event segmentation by manipulating the presence/absence of Bridging Action pictures (i.e., creating coherence gaps) in wordless picture stories. The Computational Effort Hypothesis says that experiencing a coherence gap prompts event segmentation and the additional computational effort to generate bridging inferences. Thus, it predicted a positive relationship between event segmentation and explanations when Bridging Actions were absent. Alternatively, the Coherence Gap Resolution Hypothesis says that experiencing a coherence gap prompt generating a bridging inference to close the gap, which obviates segmentation. Thus, it predicted a negative relationship between event segmentation and the production of explanations. Replicating prior work, viewers were more likely to segment and generate explanations when Bridging Action pictures were absent than when they were present. Crucially, the relationship between explanations and segmentation was negative when Bridging Action pictures were absent, consistent with the Coherence Gap Resolution Hypothesis. Unexpectedly, the relationship was positive when Bridging Actions were present. The results are consistent with SPECT’s assumption that mapping and shifting processes are coordinated, but how they are coordinated depends upon the experience of a coherence gap.
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Open AccessArticle
A Multi Comparison of 8 Different Intraocular Lens Biometry Formulae, Including a Machine Learning Thin Lens Formula (MM) and an Inbuilt Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Ray Tracing Formula
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Richard N. McNeely, Katherine McGinnity, Stephen Stewart, Emmanuel Eric Pazo, Salissou Moutari and Jonathan E. Moore
Vision 2024, 8(3), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030049 - 28 Aug 2024
Abstract
A comparison of the accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulae, including SRK/T, HofferQ, Holladay 1, Haigis, MM, Barrett Universal II (BUII), Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO), and AS-OCT ray tracing, was performed. One hundred eyes implanted with either the Rayone EMV RAO200E
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A comparison of the accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulae, including SRK/T, HofferQ, Holladay 1, Haigis, MM, Barrett Universal II (BUII), Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO), and AS-OCT ray tracing, was performed. One hundred eyes implanted with either the Rayone EMV RAO200E (Rayner Intraocular Lenses Limited, Worthing, UK) or the Artis Symbiose (Cristalens Industrie, Lannion, France) IOL were included. Biometry was obtained using IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) and MS-39 AS-OCT (CSO, Firenze, Italy). Mean (MAE) and median (MedAE) absolute errors and percentage of eyes within ±0.25D, ±0.50D, ±0.75D, and ±1.00D of the target were compared, with ±0.75D considered a key metric. The highest percentage within ±0.75D was found with MM (96%) followed by the Haigis (94%) for the enhanced monofocal IOL. SRK/T (94%) had the highest percentage within ±0.75D, followed by Holladay 1, MM, BUII, and ray tracing (all 90%) for the multifocal IOL. No statistically significant difference in MAE was found with both IOLs. EVO showed the lowest MAE for the enhanced monofocal and ray tracing for the multifocal IOL. EVO and ray tracing showed the lowest MedAE for the two respective IOLs. A similar performance with high accuracy across formulae was found. MM and ray tracing appear to have similar accuracy to the well-established formulae and displayed a high percentage of eyes within ±0.75D.
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Open AccessArticle
Diabetic Retinopathy Features Segmentation without Coding Experience with Computer Vision Models YOLOv8 and YOLOv9
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Nicola Rizzieri, Luca Dall’Asta and Maris Ozoliņš
Vision 2024, 8(3), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030048 - 23 Aug 2024
Cited by 1
Abstract
Computer vision is a powerful tool in medical image analysis, supporting the early detection and classification of eye diseases. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a severe eye disease secondary to diabetes, accompanies several early signs of eye-threatening conditions, such as microaneurysms (MAs), hemorrhages (HEMOs), and
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Computer vision is a powerful tool in medical image analysis, supporting the early detection and classification of eye diseases. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a severe eye disease secondary to diabetes, accompanies several early signs of eye-threatening conditions, such as microaneurysms (MAs), hemorrhages (HEMOs), and exudates (EXs), which have been widely studied and targeted as objects to be detected by computer vision models. In this work, we tested the performances of the state-of-the-art YOLOv8 and YOLOv9 architectures on DR fundus features segmentation without coding experience or a programming background. We took one hundred DR images from the public MESSIDOR database, manually labelled and prepared them for pixel segmentation, and tested the detection abilities of different model variants. We increased the diversity of the training sample by data augmentation, including tiling, flipping, and rotating the fundus images. The proposed approaches reached an acceptable mean average precision (mAP) in detecting DR lesions such as MA, HEMO, and EX, as well as a hallmark of the posterior pole of the eye, such as the optic disc. We compared our results with related works in the literature involving different neural networks. Our results are promising, but far from being ready for implementation into clinical practice. Accurate lesion detection is mandatory to ensure early and correct diagnoses. Future works will investigate lesion detection further, especially MA segmentation, with improved extraction techniques, image pre-processing, and standardized datasets.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 4th International Symposium on Visual Physiology, Environment, and Perception (VisPEP 2024))
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Open AccessArticle
The Computerized Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) Test: Normative Data for School-Aged Children
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Daniela Protasevica, Evita Kassaliete, Anete Klavinska, Madara Alecka, Asnate Berzina, Viktorija Goliskina, Marija Koleda, Rita Mikelsone, Elizabete Ozola, Tomass Ruza, Evita Serpa, Aiga Svede, Daniela Toloka, Sofija Vasiljeva, Liva Volberga, Ilze Ceple and Gunta Krumina
Vision 2024, 8(3), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030047 - 9 Aug 2024
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the normative data of the computerized DEM test for school-age children in Latvia. The study analyzed data on the performance (test execution time, duration, number of fixations, and number of errors) of 291 children while
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The aim of the study was to determine the normative data of the computerized DEM test for school-age children in Latvia. The study analyzed data on the performance (test execution time, duration, number of fixations, and number of errors) of 291 children while completing the computerized DEM test. Eye movement fixations were recorded with a Tobii Pro Fusion video-oculograph (250 Hz). According to the results of the study, the performance of the computerized DEM test is 77 %. For the study, 1 SD (one standard deviation) was chosen as a criterion for determining test norms. In the study, the norms of the computerized DEM test in Latvia were developed in class groups—from 1st to 6th grade (aged 7 to 12 years), the results were summarized in a table as the minimum performance values of the computerized DEM test.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 4th International Symposium on Visual Physiology, Environment, and Perception (VisPEP 2024))
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Open AccessArticle
Comparison of Eye Axial Length Measurements Taken Using Partial Coherence Interferometry and OCT Biometry
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Nicola Rizzieri and Alessio Facchin
Vision 2024, 8(3), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030046 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
This study evaluates the inter-device measurement properties of partial coherence interferometry (PCI) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in measuring axial length, particularly for myopia management. We recruited 82 eyes from 41 adult participants with a mean age of 31.0 ± 17.6
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This study evaluates the inter-device measurement properties of partial coherence interferometry (PCI) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in measuring axial length, particularly for myopia management. We recruited 82 eyes from 41 adult participants with a mean age of 31.0 ± 17.6 years and a mean spherical equivalent of −2.20 ± 2.28 D. Axial length was measured using SD-OCT and PCI for both the right and left eyes. Agreement between the two measurements was assessed using Bland–Altman analysis, and graphs and values were compared with linear mixed models. The results show a near-to-zero and non-significant bias between measurements. The 95% limits of agreement showed a value of 0.06 mm. Both devices can accurately measure the axial length. OCT biometry performed with SD-OCT can be successfully interchanged with partial coherence interferometry, but they should be cautiously interchanged when performing longitudinal comparisons.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Myopia Management: Bridging Epidemiology and Clinical Innovation)
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Open AccessArticle
The Effect of the Zonular Fiber Angle of Insertion on Accommodation
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Liying Feng, Barbara Pierscionek, Henk Weeber, Carmen Canovas Vidal and Jos J. Rozema
Vision 2024, 8(3), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030045 - 23 Jul 2024
Abstract
Purpose: With age, there is an anterior shift of the ciliary body in the eye, which alters the angle of zonular insertion in older eyes compared with younger eyes. This study aims to simulate lens accommodation with different zonular angles to consider the
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Purpose: With age, there is an anterior shift of the ciliary body in the eye, which alters the angle of zonular insertion in older eyes compared with younger eyes. This study aims to simulate lens accommodation with different zonular angles to consider the influence of zonular position on lens accommodative capacity. Methods: Models were constructed based on lenses aged 11, 29, and 45 years using a 2D axisymmetric structure that included a capsule, cortex, nucleus, and zonular fibers. The different zonular fibers were simulated by changing the position of the point where the zonular fibers connect to the ciliary body. The effect of the different zonular fiber insertion angles on the model shape and optical power was analyzed. Results: The models show that smaller angles made by zonular fibers to the surface of the lens lead to larger optical power changes with simulated stretching. When the models were stretched, and when varying the zonule angles, the optical power of the 11-, 29-, and 45-year-old models changed up to 0.17 D, 0.24 D, and 0.30 D, respectively. The effect of zonular angles on the anterior radius of curvature of the anterior surface varied by 0.29 mm, 0.23 mm, and 0.25 mm for the 11-, 29-, and 45-year-old models, respectively. Conclusions: Larger zonular fiber insertion angles cause smaller deformation and less accommodative change, while parallel zonules induce the largest change in lens shape.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Optical and Behavioral Factors on the Ocular Accommodation Response)
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Open AccessCase Report
Endogenous Fusarium Endophthalmitis after Bone Marrow Transplant: A Case Report and Literature Review
by
Cindy S. Zhao, Karen Wai, Eubee B. Koo, Ehsan Rahimy, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, Vinit B. Mahajan and Charles M. T. DeBoer
Vision 2024, 8(3), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030044 - 21 Jul 2024
Abstract
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Purpose: We aim to present a case of disseminated fusariosis that occurred in the setting of immunosuppression and presented with bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis, along with a literature review of Fusarium endophthalmitis, highlighting management strategies. Observation: A 70-year-old male with acute myeloid leukemia who
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Purpose: We aim to present a case of disseminated fusariosis that occurred in the setting of immunosuppression and presented with bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis, along with a literature review of Fusarium endophthalmitis, highlighting management strategies. Observation: A 70-year-old male with acute myeloid leukemia who had recently undergone a bone marrow transplant noted bilateral floaters and decreased vision. He was found to have bilateral Fusarium endophthalmitis, with subsequent evidence of fungemia and fusariosis in his skin and joints. Despite aggressive local and systemic treatment, he succumbed to the disease. Endophthalmitis was initially stabilized with pars plana vitrectomy and intravitreal amphotericin and voriconazole until the patient transitioned to comfort measures. A review of 31 cases demonstrates that outcomes are poor and that the disease must be treated aggressively, often both systemically and surgically. Conclusion: This case highlights the recalcitrance of Fusarium bacteremia and Fusarium endophthalmitis.
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Open AccessArticle
Perceptual Biases in the Interpretation of Non-Rigid Shape Transformations from Motion
by
Ryne Choi, Jacob Feldman and Manish Singh
Vision 2024, 8(3), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030043 - 4 Jul 2024
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Most existing research on the perception of 3D shape from motion has focused on rigidly moving objects. However, many natural objects deform non-rigidly, leading to image motion with no rigid interpretation. We investigated potential biases underlying the perception of non-rigid shape interpretations from
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Most existing research on the perception of 3D shape from motion has focused on rigidly moving objects. However, many natural objects deform non-rigidly, leading to image motion with no rigid interpretation. We investigated potential biases underlying the perception of non-rigid shape interpretations from motion. We presented observers with stimuli that were consistent with two qualitatively different interpretations. Observers were shown a two-part 3D object with the smaller part changing in length dynamically as the whole object rotated back and forth. In two experiments, we studied the misperception (i.e., perceptual reinterpretation) of the non-rigid length change to a part. In Experiment 1, observers misperceived this length change as a part orientation change (i.e., the smaller part was seen as articulating with respect to the larger part). In Experiment 2, the stimuli were similar, except the silhouette of the part was visible in the image. Here, the non-rigid length change was reinterpreted as a rigidly attached part with an “illusory” non-orthogonal horizontal angle relative to the larger part. We developed a model that incorporated this perceptual reinterpretation and could predict observer data. We propose that the visual system may be biased towards part-wise rigid interpretations of non-rigid motion, likely due to the ecological significance of movements of humans and other animals, which are generally constrained to move approximately part-wise rigidly. That is, not all non-rigid deformations are created equal: the visual systems’ prior expectations may bias the system to interpret motion in terms of biologically plausible shape transformations.
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Open AccessTechnical Note
A New Model of a Macular Buckle and a Refined Surgical Technique for the Treatment of Myopic Traction Maculopathy
by
Barbara Parolini
Vision 2024, 8(3), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030042 - 3 Jul 2024
Abstract
Myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) affects 20% of eyes with pathologic myopia (PM). The MTM Staging System (MSS), published in 2020, describes the nomenclature of MTM as well as a proposal of pathogenesis, natural evolution, and prognosis. A study of customized treatment for each
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Myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) affects 20% of eyes with pathologic myopia (PM). The MTM Staging System (MSS), published in 2020, describes the nomenclature of MTM as well as a proposal of pathogenesis, natural evolution, and prognosis. A study of customized treatment for each stage of MTM has been published previously and suggested to treat maculoschisis and detachment by placing a macular buckle (MB) behind the macula to push the sclera towards the retina, selecting pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) only in cases where a macular hole is associated with MTM. We hereby describe a new model of a macular buckle, known as NPB, and an NPB loading device, with the aim to standardize the surgical technique and render it more user friendly, efficient, and safe. Macular buckle is an effective and safe procedure to treat maculoschisis and macular detachment in MTM. We recommend using it as a unique and first-line treatment.
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(This article belongs to the Section Retinal Function and Disease)
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