Effects of Low-Fish-Meal Diet Supplemented with Coenzyme Q10 on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Intestinal Morphology, Immunity and Hypoxic Resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Ethics Approval
2.2. Diets Design and Preparation
2.3. Rearing Conditions and Sampling
2.4. Acute Hypoxic Stress Experiment
2.5. Analysis of the Whole Body Proximate Composition
2.6. Intestinal Morphology Analysis
2.7. Antioxidant Capacity Examination
2.8. Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis
2.9. Calculations and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance and Feed Utilization
3.2. Whole-Body Proximate Composition
3.3. Hepatopancreatic Antioxidant Enzyme Analysis
3.4. Relative Expression of Antioxidant and Immune Genes in Hepatopancreas
3.5. Intestinal Morphology Measurement
3.6. Acute Hypoxia Stress
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients (%) | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fish meal | 20 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
Soybean meal | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
Peanut meal | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
Corn gluten meal | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Wheat flour | 23.85 | 23.25 | 23.248 | 23.246 | 23.244 | 23.242 | 23.24 |
Krill meal | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Beer yeast | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Fish oil | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
Soybean lecithin | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Soy oil | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
Vitamin premix a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Mineral premix b | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Choline | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Ca(H2PO4)2 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
Lysine | 0.29 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 |
Vitamin C | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Methionine | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
Threonine | 0.32 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 |
Sodium alginate | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Coenzyme Q10 c | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.01 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Proximate composition (%) | |||||||
Moisture | 9.38 | 9.66 | 9.27 | 9.68 | 9.63 | 9.55 | 9.81 |
Crude protein | 37.73 | 38.20 | 37.86 | 38.02 | 38.12 | 38.21 | 37.92 |
Crude lipid | 6.96 | 7.24 | 7.02 | 7.12 | 7.32 | 7.18 | 7.07 |
Gene | Primer Sequence (5′ to 3′) | Genbank No. | Products Length |
---|---|---|---|
β-actin F | CTTGTGTGCGACAATGGCTC | XM_027364954.1 | 194 |
β-actin R | TCGATGGGGTACTTGAGGGT | ||
MnSOD F | TGTTGCACAAGCCATTGACG | XM_027381242.1 | 157 |
MnSOD R | ATCCTGGTTCTGGCAAGTGG | ||
CAT F | GCGACCAGAAACAACACACC | XM_027383071.1 | 166 |
CAT R | CTTGATGCCTTGGTCCGTCT | ||
GPX F | GGCACCAGGAGAACACTAC | XM_027368745.1 | 102 |
GPX R | CGACTTTGCCGAACATAAC | ||
ProPO F | TCCCGGACCGAGAAGATAGT | AY723296.1 | 105 |
ProPO R | TGTGGTATCATTCCCTGCGAG | ||
LZM F | CGATGATATCACGGAGGCCC | XM_027352857.1 | 111 |
LZM R | TTGCTGTTGTAAGCCACCCA | ||
Toll F | TTTCGGAGGATTGGAGTGCC | DQ923424.1 | 112 |
Toll R | GGTTTGTGAGGGAGTCCAGG | ||
Myd88 F | CCTCAGCCCAGCTTCTAAACA | JX073566.1 | 110 |
Myd88 R | CAGCCTGTTCTGCCAATCCT | ||
TRAF6 F | GGAGGTTGCAGGACACATGA | HM581680.1 | 132 |
TRAF6 R | TGTAGCTGCGTGGCTTGTAA | ||
Pelle F | CGTCAGTATTACGTCACGGC | KC346864 | 195 |
Pelle R | TGACTTCCAAGATGTGCGCT | ||
Dorsal F | CACGACCCATCAGAGTAGCC | XM_027382194.1 | 153 |
Dorsal R | AAACTGGAGGCTTCACAGCA |
Parameters | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IBW (g) | 0.66 ± 0.01 | 0.67 ± 0.01 | 0.68 ± 0.00 | 0.66 ± 0.01 | 0.66 ± 0.00 | 0.68 ± 0.00 | 0.66 ± 0.01 |
FBW (g) | 26.94 ± 0.78 | 24.71 ± 0.49 | 25.28 ± 0.47 | 25.71 ± 0.21 | 25.08 ± 1.17 | 26.08 ± 0.26 | 26.19 ± 0.77 |
WG (%) | 3967.76 ± 120.48 b | 3606.94 ± 62.50 a | 3613.86 ± 70.97 a | 3790.40 ± 25.70 ab | 3708.63 ± 172.00 ab | 3749.86 ± 42.72 ab | 3899.68 ± 128.75 ab |
SGR (%, day−1) | 5.88 ± 0.05 b | 5.73 ± 0.03 a | 5.74 ± 0.03 a | 5.81 ± 0.01 ab | 5.77 ± 0.07 ab | 5.79 ± 0.02 ab | 5.85 ± 0.05 ab |
FCR | 1.46 ± 0.03 | 1.50 ± 0.03 | 1.48 ± 0.04 | 1.53 ± 0.09 | 1.56 ± 0.06 | 1.44 ± 0.03 | 1.51 ± 0.03 |
CF (g cm−3) | 1.38 ± 0.03 b | 1.28 ± 0.04 a | 1.24 ± 0.03 a | 1.23 ± 0.02 a | 1.21 ± 0.02 a | 1.22 ± 0.02 a | 1.26 ± 0.01 a |
Survival (%) | 89.17 ± 5.51 | 89.17 ± 4.38 | 86.67 ± 4.91 | 88.33 ± 5.18 | 88.33 ± 3.97 | 90.00 ± 1.36 | 87.50 ± 1.60 |
Parameter | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture | 72.77 ± 0.14 b | 73.36 ± 0.37 bc | 74.43 ± 0.53 c | 71.06 ± 0.41 a | 72.77 ± 0.67 b | 74.06 ± 0.30 bc | 73.00 ± 0.75 bc |
Crude protein | 19.23 ± 0.08 | 18.42 ± 0.08 | 18.46 ± 0.13 | 19.18 ± 0.42 | 18.05 ± 0.30 | 18.58 ± 0.30 | 19.10 ± 0.28 |
Crude lipid | 1.75 ± 0.18 | 1.97 ± 0.05 | 1.90 ± 0.15 | 2.18 ± 0.12 | 2.02 ± 0.06 | 1.86 ± 0.11 | 2.01 ± 0.20 |
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Liu, Y.; Zhuang, Z.; Liao, Z.; Yao, R.; Chen, M.; Wei, H.; Zhao, W.; Niu, J. Effects of Low-Fish-Meal Diet Supplemented with Coenzyme Q10 on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Intestinal Morphology, Immunity and Hypoxic Resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 2042. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122042
Liu Y, Zhuang Z, Liao Z, Yao R, Chen M, Wei H, Zhao W, Niu J. Effects of Low-Fish-Meal Diet Supplemented with Coenzyme Q10 on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Intestinal Morphology, Immunity and Hypoxic Resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(12):2042. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122042
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yantao, Zhenxiao Zhuang, Zhihong Liao, Rong Yao, Mengdie Chen, Hanlin Wei, Wei Zhao, and Jin Niu. 2023. "Effects of Low-Fish-Meal Diet Supplemented with Coenzyme Q10 on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Intestinal Morphology, Immunity and Hypoxic Resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei" Antioxidants 12, no. 12: 2042. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122042