Early Spatiotemporal Patterns and Population Characteristics of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southeast Asia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Compilation
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Temporal Distribution and Incidence Trends
3.2. Spatial Distribution and Spatiotemporal Clusters
3.3. Demographic Characteristics and Risk Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region/Subregion | Cumulative Incidence 1 (per 1,000,000 Population) | Exponential Growth Rate 2 (per Day) | Doubling Time (Day) | Basic Reproduction Number, R0 (95% Confidence Interval) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Southeast Asia (SEA) | 2.03 | 0.13 | 6.16 | 2.51 (2.31, 2.73) |
Mainland SEA | 0.90 | 0.08 | 8.22 | 3.14 (2.44, 3.97) |
Singapore | 41.87 | 0.06 | 6.81 | 1.37 (1.14, 1.63) |
Maritime SEA | 2.14 | 0.22 | 6.68 | 4.16 (3.75, 4.61) |
Characteristic | Total (n = 925) | Mainland SEA (n = 220) | Singapore (n = 243) | Maritime SEA (n = 462) | p-Value 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, year, median (IQR 2) | 44(31–58) | 37(29–51) | 46(34–58) | 46(32–59) | <0.001 |
Sex, n (%) 3 Male Female | 514(55.6) | 131(59.5) | 140(57.6) | 243(52.6) | 0.188 |
410(44.3) | 89(40.5) | 103(42.4) | 218(47.2) | ||
Nationality, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
Foreign | 168(18.2) | 67(30.5) | 69(28.4) | 32(6.9) | |
Non-foreign | 750(81.1) | 153(69.5) | 174(71.6) | 423(91.6) | |
Unknown | 7(0.7) | 0 | 0 | 7(1.5) |
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Zhu, M.; Kleepbua, J.; Guan, Z.; Chew, S.P.; Tan, J.W.; Shen, J.; Latthitham, N.; Hu, J.; Law, J.X.; Li, L. Early Spatiotemporal Patterns and Population Characteristics of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southeast Asia. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091220
Zhu M, Kleepbua J, Guan Z, Chew SP, Tan JW, Shen J, Latthitham N, Hu J, Law JX, Li L. Early Spatiotemporal Patterns and Population Characteristics of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southeast Asia. Healthcare. 2021; 9(9):1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091220
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Mingjian, Jirapat Kleepbua, Zhou Guan, Sien Ping Chew, Joanna Weihui Tan, Jian Shen, Natthjija Latthitham, Jianxiong Hu, Jia Xian Law, and Lanjuan Li. 2021. "Early Spatiotemporal Patterns and Population Characteristics of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southeast Asia" Healthcare 9, no. 9: 1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091220