Introducing Simple Detection of Bioavailable Arsenic at Rafaela (Santa Fe Province, Argentina) Using the ARSOlux Biosensor
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Problem of Arsenic in the World and in Argentina
1.2. Commonly Used Detection Methods and Their Limitations
1.3. Arsenic Biosensor Measurement
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description and Water Sampling
2.2. Water Testing with the ARSOlux Biosensor
2.3. Specific Considerations/Preferences for the Correct Use of the Biosensor
2.4. Water Testing with the Arsenic Quick™ Kit
2.5. Chemical Analysis
2.6. Correlation Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Correlations
Parameter | Pearson Correlation Coefficient | Significance | Spearman Correlation Coefficient | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 0.601 | 0.018 | 0.835 | 0.00011 |
EC | −0.107 | 0.705 | −0.557 | 0.031 |
DO | −0.443 | 0.098 | −0.361 | 0.187 |
IC | 0.344 | 0.209 | 0.246 | 0.376 |
TOC | −0.439 | 0.102 | −0.486 | 0.0664 |
Al | −0.147 | 0.602 | −0.258 | 0.354 |
B | 0.570 | 0.026 | 0.259 | 0.351 |
Ca | −0.288 | 0.298 | −0.836 | 0.0001 |
Cr | 0.058 | 0.838 | −0.091 | 0.746 |
Fe | −0.307 | 0.265 | −0.721 | 0.0024 |
Mn | −0.201 | 0.472 | −0.611 | 0.0156 |
Si | −0.559 | 0.0302 | −0.753 | 0.0012 |
V | 0.960 | <0.0001 | 0.909 | <0.0001 |
F− | 0.687 | 0.0066 | 0.663 | 0.0011 |
NO3− | −0.214 | 0.462 | −0.499 | 0.0694 |
Cl− | −0.132 | 0.652 | −0.574 | 0.032 |
HCO3− | 0.331 | 0.228 | 0.229 | 0.412 |
SO42− | −0.104 | 0.712 | −0.55 | 0.0337 |
3.2. Arsenic Detection with Field Kits
Spl. ID | As | Al | B | F | NO3− | Cl− | HCO3− | pH | EC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
µg/L | µg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | µS/cm | ||
1 | 55 | 210 | 4.3 | 2.6 | 19.1 | 20.0 | 552.9 | 7.844 | 2730 |
2 | 73 | 123 | 5.4 | 1.3 | 131.1 | 94.2 | 967.6 | 7.991 | 3040 |
3 | 33 | 135 | 3.5 | 0.4 | 9.2 | 41.9 | 552.9 | 7.498 | 4040 |
4 | 16 | 114 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 638.5 | 304.5 | 1105.8 | 6.978 | 6900 |
5 | 370 | 103 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 15.4 | 127.5 | 992.7 | 8.3 | 1015 |
6 | 150 | 140 | 5.9 | 2.3 | 28.1 | 255.0 | 1130.9 | 7.872 | 2030 |
7 | 74 | 124 | 1.16 | 0.8 | 31.9 | 1208.3 | 754 | 7.69 | 906 |
8 | 41 | 115 | 4.5 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1055.5 | 7.526 | 3910 |
9 | 103 | 98 | 4.7 | 0.7 | 31.5 | 296.8 | 716.3 | 7.984 | 2190 |
10 | 2000 | 114 | 8.6 | 0.5 | 39.6 | 196.0 | 791.7 | 8.436 | 3000 |
11 | 87 | 160 | 7.1 | 0.7 | 125.6 | 207.4 | 879.6 | 7.997 | 6950 |
12 | 140 | 133 | 4 | 2.6 | 19.1 | 20.0 | 552.9 | 7.872 | 1750 |
13 | 66 | 128 | 4.1 | 1.3 | 131.1 | 94.2 | 967.6 | 7.46 | 2880 |
14 | 63 | 490 | 4.9 | 0.4 | 9.2 | 41.9 | 552.9 | 7.49 | 2500 |
15 | 67 | 140 | 5.8 | 0.6 | 638.5 | 304.5 | 1105.8 | 7.667 | 3320 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of the Chemical Composition of the Samples
4.2. Comparison of the Technical Performance of Arsenic Field Test Kits
4.3. Considerations for Deployment of the Arsenic Biosensor ARSOlux
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Appendix
Spl. ID | Latitude S | Longitude W |
---|---|---|
1 | 31.273594 | 61.489766 |
2 | 31.357068 | 61.513025 |
3 | 31.338499 | 61.622651 |
4 | 31.338839 | 61.622951 |
5 | 30.943634 | 61.556958 |
6 | 30.845649 | 61.590777 |
7 | 31.029629 | 61.454898 |
8 | 31.029501 | 61.454980 |
9 | 31.271950 | 61.500500 |
10 | 31.314193 | 61.363348 |
11 | 31.296873 | 61.390786 |
12 | 31.269692 | 61.431587 |
13 | 31.215263 | 61.616112 |
14 | 31.215168 | 61.616238 |
15 | 31.232784 | 61.609028 |
Spl. ID | pH | EC µS/cm | DO mg/L | TDS mg/L | Sal | T °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7.844 | 2730 | 6.89 | 1908 | 1.4 | 20.4 |
2 | 7.991 | 3040 | 6.79 | 2120 | 1.6 | 18.8 |
3 | 7.498 | 4040 | 7.35 | 2930 | 2.1 | 18.7 |
4 | 6.978 | 6900 | 7.03 | 4830 | 3.8 | 20.3 |
5 | 8.3 | 1015 | 4.73 | 711 | 0.4 | 20.7 |
6 | 7.872 | 2030 | 6.25 | 1421 | 1 | 19.5 |
7 | 7.69 | 906 | 4 | 634 | 0.4 | 20.8 |
8 | 7.526 | 3910 | 6.9 | 2730 | 2 | 19 |
9 | 7.984 | 2190 | 8.73 | 1534 | 1.1 | 19.1 |
10 | 8.436 | 3000 | 3.72 | 2100 | 1.5 | 20.7 |
11 | 7.997 | 6950 | 3.28 | 4860 | 3.8 | 20 |
12 | 7.872 | 1750 | 8.3 | 1224 | 0.8 | 20 |
13 | 7.46 | 2880 | 5.84 | 1978 | 1.4 | 18 |
14 | 7.49 | 2500 | 5.66 | 1754 | 1.3 | 20 |
15 | 7.667 | 3320 | 8.4 | 2330 | 1.7 | 13.2 |
Spl. ID | ARSOlux | Arsenic Quick™ | HPLC-ICP-MS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
As tot | As tot | As tot | As III | As V | |
µg/L | |||||
1 | 110.5 | 100 | 116.9 | 1.4 | 115.4 |
2 | 88.4 | 250 | 60.8 | 0.9 | 59.9 |
3 | 43.5 | 75 | 50.5 | 1.2 | 49.3 |
4 | 17.3 | 35 | 18.4 | 0.6 | 17.9 |
5 | 579.3 | 400 | 174.1 | 0.7 | 173.4 |
6 | 182.0 | 275 | 83.5 | 0.7 | 82.8 |
7 | 55.2 | 150 | 51.9 | 0.5 | 51.5 |
8 | 30.0 | 75 | 54.4 | 1.0 | 53.4 |
9 | 77.0 | 225 | 124.2 | 0.5 | 123.7 |
10 | 1160.8 | 500 | 599.7 | 0.6 | 599.1 |
11 | 68.9 | 325 | 66.0 | 1.1 | 65.0 |
12 | 284.0 | 375 | 89.5 | 1.2 | 88.2 |
13 | 61.9 | 175 | 53.4 | 1.0 | 52.4 |
14 | 44.4 | 90 | 38.0 | 1.3 | 36.7 |
15 | 51.2 | 90 | 43.9 | 1.0 | 42.9 |
Spl. ID | As | Al | Cr | Fe | Mn | V | B | Ca | Si |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
µg/L | mg/L | mM | |||||||
1 | 55 | 210 | 10.4 | 109 | 5.7 | 160 | 4.3 | 17 | 1.21 |
2 | 73 | 123 | 4.3 | 50 | 1.5 | 150 | 5.4 | 45 | 1.39 |
3 | 33 | 135 | 3 | 34 | 2.6 | 102 | 3.5 | 123 | 1.42 |
4 | 16 | 114 | 4.9 | 66 | 1.6 | 76 | 4.3 | 290 | 1.50 |
5 | 370 | 103 | 1.3 | 4.7 | 0.25 | 550 | 2.7 | 4.2 | 1.17 |
6 | 150 | 140 | 1.1 | 9.2 | 0.99 | 290 | 5.9 | 22 | 1.25 |
7 | 74 | 124 | 1 | 21 | 0.35 | 150 | 1.16 | 39 | 1.25 |
8 | 41 | 115 | 3 | 29 | 6.5 | 113 | 4.5 | 98 | 1.39 |
9 | 103 | 98 | 8 | 12.3 | 0.21 | 180 | 4.7 | 16 | 1.25 |
10 | 2000 | 114 | 5.4 | 3.6 | 0.14 | 1090 | 8.6 | 4.3 | 1.10 |
11 | 87 | 160 | 4.3 | 44 | 3.9 | 190 | 7.1 | 48 | 1.17 |
12 | 140 | 133 | 5.1 | 18 | 0.61 | 230 | 4 | 14 | 1.35 |
13 | 66 | 128 | 5.1 | 15 | 0.126 | 133 | 4.1 | 53 | 1.39 |
14 | 63 | 490 | 5.3 | 160 | 23 | 160 | 4.9 | 47 | 1.46 |
15 | 67 | 140 | 2.7 | 132 | 5.6 | 160 | 5.8 | 62 | 1.32 |
Spl. ID | F | NO3− | Cl− | HCO3− | SO42− | Total Carbon | Inorganic Carbon | Total Organic Carbon |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/L | mg∙C/L | |||||||
1 | 2.6 | 19.1 | 20.0 | 552.9 | 32.6 | 200.5 | 158.4 | 42.1 |
2 | 1.3 | 131.1 | 94.2 | 967.6 | 115.1 | 220.3 | 195.0 | 25.4 |
3 | 0.4 | 9.2 | 41.9 | 552.9 | 103.2 | 184.9 | 126.5 | 58.4 |
4 | 0.6 | 638.5 | 304.5 | 1105.8 | 340.9 | 170.6 | 111.4 | 59.2 |
5 | 1.1 | 15.4 | 127.5 | 992.7 | 220.7 | 150.1 | 97.2 | 53.0 |
6 | 2.3 | 28.1 | 255.0 | 1130.9 | 439.4 | 200.6 | 173.7 | 26.9 |
7 | 0.8 | 31.9 | 1208.3 | 754 | 1091.3 | 137.4 | 96.4 | 41.1 |
8 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1055.5 | 109.1 | 221.8 | 197.6 | 24.2 |
9 | 0.7 | 31.5 | 296.8 | 716.3 | 453.8 | 198.3 | 160.3 | 38.0 |
10 | 0.5 | 39.6 | 196.0 | 791.7 | 396.2 | 219.8 | 199.1 | 20.8 |
11 | 0.7 | 125.6 | 207.4 | 879.6 | 596.2 | 180.5 | 133.8 | 46.7 |
12 | 2.6 | 19.1 | 20.0 | 552.9 | 32.6 | 218.9 | 185.3 | 33.6 |
13 | 1.3 | 131.1 | 94.2 | 967.6 | 115.1 | 179.1 | 124.7 | 54.5 |
14 | 0.4 | 9.2 | 41.9 | 552.9 | 103.2 | 189.7 | 141.7 | 48.0 |
15 | 0.6 | 638.5 | 304.5 | 1105.8 | 340.9 | 198.3 | 150.0 | 48.3 |
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Siegfried, K.; Hahn-Tomer, S.; Koelsch, A.; Osterwalder, E.; Mattusch, J.; Staerk, H.-J.; Meichtry, J.M.; De Seta, G.E.; Reina, F.D.; Panigatti, C.; et al. Introducing Simple Detection of Bioavailable Arsenic at Rafaela (Santa Fe Province, Argentina) Using the ARSOlux Biosensor. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 5465-5482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120505465
Siegfried K, Hahn-Tomer S, Koelsch A, Osterwalder E, Mattusch J, Staerk H-J, Meichtry JM, De Seta GE, Reina FD, Panigatti C, et al. Introducing Simple Detection of Bioavailable Arsenic at Rafaela (Santa Fe Province, Argentina) Using the ARSOlux Biosensor. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(5):5465-5482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120505465
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiegfried, Konrad, Sonja Hahn-Tomer, Andreas Koelsch, Eva Osterwalder, Juergen Mattusch, Hans-Joachim Staerk, Jorge M. Meichtry, Graciela E. De Seta, Fernando D. Reina, Cecilia Panigatti, and et al. 2015. "Introducing Simple Detection of Bioavailable Arsenic at Rafaela (Santa Fe Province, Argentina) Using the ARSOlux Biosensor" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 5: 5465-5482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120505465