Virulence Profiles of Vibrio vulnificus in German Coastal Waters, a Comparison of North Sea and Baltic Sea Isolates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Aim of the Study
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Bacterial Strains
2.2. Biotyping and Mannitol Fermentation
2.3. Multilocus Sequence Typing
2.4. PCR Analyses
2.5. Serum Resistance
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Multilocus Sequence Typing
Geographical Region (Number of Strains) | MLST Cluster (%) | vcg-Type (%) | 16S rRNA-Type (%) | nanA (%) | Region XII (%) | Mannitol Fermentation (%) | Serum Resistance (%) | Risk Group (%) a | No. of Different Virulence Profiles (N) | No. of Strains (N) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | I | IIA | IIB | C | E | A | AB | B | – | – | – | R | I | S | 1 | 2 | – | – |
Total (n = 101) | 79 | 6 | 15 | 6 | 94 | 79 | 14 | 7 | 47 | 37 | 40 | 79 | 14 | 7 | 42 | 59 | 17 | 74 |
Baltic Sea (n = 51) | 71 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 100 | 71 | 27 | 2 | 24 | 35 | 14 | 76 | 18 | 6 | 61 | 39 | 8 | 36 |
North Sea (n = 50) | 88 | 12 | 0 | 12 | 88 | 88 | 0 | 12 | 70 | 38 | 66 | 82 | 10 | 8 | 22 | 78 | 14 | 38 |
3.2. Distribution of Virulence-Associated Traits and Genotypes in MLST Clusters
3.3. Distribution of Virulence-Associated Traits and Genotypes among Isolates from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea
3.4. Assessment of the Pathogenicity Potential of Environmental Strains
Risk Group a | Virulence Profile | No. of Isolates (Geographical Origin) | MLST Cluster |
---|---|---|---|
Risk Group 1 | – | 17 (12 BS, 5 NS) | I |
Res | 25 (19 BS, 6 NS) | I | |
Risk Group 2 | Man-nanA | 2 (2 NS) | I |
Region XII-Man-nanA-vcgC | 1 (1 NS) | I | |
Res-Man | 3 (2 BS, 1 NS) | I | |
Res-Man-nanA | 8 (8 NS) | I | |
Res-nanA b | 6 (6 NS c) | I | |
Res-Region XII-Man b | 4 (2 BS, 2 NS) | I | |
Res-Region XII-Man-nanA b | 14 (1 BS, 13 NS) | I | |
Man-nanA-16S_B-vcgC | 1 (1 NS) | IIA | |
Res-Man-nanA-16S_B-vcgC | 2 (2 NS) | IIA | |
Res-Region XII-16S_B b | 2 (2 BS) | IIB | |
Res-Region XII-Man-16S_B | 2 (2 BS) | IIB | |
Res-Region XII-Man-16S_B-vcgC | 1 (1 NS) | IIA | |
Res-Region XII-Man-nanA-16S_B b | 1 (1 NS c) | IIA | |
Res-Region XII-Man-nanA-16S_B-vcgC b | 1 (1 NS c) | IIA | |
Res-Region XII-nanA-16S_B | 11 (11 BS) | IIB |
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bier, N.; Jäckel, C.; Dieckmann, R.; Brennholt, N.; Böer, S.I.; Strauch, E. Virulence Profiles of Vibrio vulnificus in German Coastal Waters, a Comparison of North Sea and Baltic Sea Isolates. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 15943-15959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215031
Bier N, Jäckel C, Dieckmann R, Brennholt N, Böer SI, Strauch E. Virulence Profiles of Vibrio vulnificus in German Coastal Waters, a Comparison of North Sea and Baltic Sea Isolates. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(12):15943-15959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215031
Chicago/Turabian StyleBier, Nadja, Claudia Jäckel, Ralf Dieckmann, Nicole Brennholt, Simone I. Böer, and Eckhard Strauch. 2015. "Virulence Profiles of Vibrio vulnificus in German Coastal Waters, a Comparison of North Sea and Baltic Sea Isolates" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 12: 15943-15959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215031