Household Air Pollution Exposure and Influence of Lifestyle on Respiratory Health and Lung Function in Belizean Adults and Children: A Field Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Exposure, Respiratory and Non-Respiratory Symptoms
2.4. Lifestyle Assessment
2.5. Pulmonary Function Tests
2.6. Exposure to Pollutants
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Exposure According to EPA Cut Points
3.3. Exposure According to Self-Report
3.4. Lung Function Data
3.5. Reported Symptoms
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Exposure to Household Air Pollution, Lung Function and Respiratory Health
4.3. Lifestyle as a Natural Antioxidant
4.4. Future Research Directions
4.5. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Children (n = 23) | Adults (n = 67) | |
---|---|---|
Variable | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD |
Age (years) | 11.7 ± 3.1 | 44.2 ± 16.1 |
Sex (M/F) | 6/17 | 19/48 |
Site | ||
Kontiki | 4 | 8 |
Awe Village | 3 | 12 |
Santiago | 4 | 12 |
Basckstreet | 4 | 14 |
Santa Elena | 3 | 5 |
San Ignacio | 3 | 8 |
Cayo | 0 | 5 |
Santa Maria | 2 | 3 |
Height (cm) | 144.8 ± 17.5 | 158.8 ± 11.4 |
Weight (kg) | 39.9 ± 12.3 | 76.1 ± 16.6 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 18.0 ± 2.1 | 30.4 ± 6.1 |
Blood pressure (systolic/diastolic) | N/A | 130/80 ± 20/12 |
Physical Activity guidelines | ||
Meets/Does not meet | 9/14 | 31/36 |
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption | ||
Meets/Does not meet | 1/22 | 5/62 |
Unexposed (n = 10) | % of Predicted | Exposed (n = 31) | % of Predicted | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean SD | Mean SD | Mean SD | Mean SD | ||
FEV1 (L) | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 91.0 ± 5.6 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 100.1 ± 14.6 | 0.063 |
FVC (L) | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 87.6 ± 6.5 | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 99.0 ± 19.7 | 0.066 |
FEV1/FVC (%) | 87 ± 2.7 | 103.6 ± 6.3 | 82.0 ± 16.4 | 100.8 ± 12.5 | 0.510 |
FEF25%–75% (L/s) | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 100.8 ± 20.7 | 3.4 ± 1.4 | 103 ± 34.6 | 0.903 |
PEF (L/s) | 5.1 ± 1.5 | 84.3 ± 22.9 | 5.3 ± 2.1 | 81.3 ± 19.7 | 0.693 |
Unexposed (n = 4) | % of Predicted | Exposed (n = 8) | % of Predicted | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean SD | Mean SD | Mean SD | Mean SD | ||
FEV1 (L) | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 89.8 ± 14.4 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 87.8 ± 15.5 | 0.834 |
FVC (L) | 2.8 ± 0.5 | 86.3 ± 10.3 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 86.8 ± 14.8 | 0.953 |
FEV1/FVC (%) | 91.9 ± 3.6 | 104.0 ± 3.7 | 91.0 ± 10.7 | 100.3 ± 12.8 | 0.595 |
FEF25%–75% (L/s) | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 105.3 ± 13.6 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 93.8 ± 26.5 | 0.440 |
PEF (L/s) | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 89.3 ± 16.4 | 4.1 ± 1.4 | 82.3 ± 18.3 | 0.534 |
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Kurti, S.P.; Kurti, A.N.; Emerson, S.R.; Rosenkranz, R.R.; Smith, J.R.; Harms, C.A.; Rosenkranz, S.K. Household Air Pollution Exposure and Influence of Lifestyle on Respiratory Health and Lung Function in Belizean Adults and Children: A Field Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070643
Kurti SP, Kurti AN, Emerson SR, Rosenkranz RR, Smith JR, Harms CA, Rosenkranz SK. Household Air Pollution Exposure and Influence of Lifestyle on Respiratory Health and Lung Function in Belizean Adults and Children: A Field Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(7):643. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070643
Chicago/Turabian StyleKurti, Stephanie P., Allison N. Kurti, Sam R. Emerson, Richard R. Rosenkranz, Joshua R. Smith, Craig A. Harms, and Sara K. Rosenkranz. 2016. "Household Air Pollution Exposure and Influence of Lifestyle on Respiratory Health and Lung Function in Belizean Adults and Children: A Field Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 7: 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070643