Changes in Nurse Staffing Grades of Korean Hospitals during COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Outcome Variables and Independent Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Study Subjects
3.2. Changes in Nurse Staffing Grades during the COVID-19 Pandemic in All Hospitals
3.3. Changes in Nurse Staffing Grades during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Tertiary Hospitals
3.4. Changes in Nurse Staffing Grades during the COVID-19 Pandemic in General Hospitals
3.5. Changes in Nurse Staffing Grades during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Small Hospitals
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | All (n = 969) | Hospital Type | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tertiary (n = 42) | General (n = 268) | Small (n = 659) | ||||
n(%) or M ± SD | n(%) or M ± SD | |||||
Operation period (years) | 17.39 ± 13.29 | 36.64 ± 15.61 | 26.57 ± 13.29 | 12.42 ± 9.50 | <0.001 | |
Ownership | Public | 110 (11.4%) | 13 (31.0%) | 57 (21.3%) | 40 (6.1%) | <0.001 |
Private | 859 (88.6%) | 29 (69.0%) | 211 (78.7%) | 619 (93.9%) | ||
Location | Urban | 927 (95.7%) | 41 (97.6%) | 260 (97.0%) | 626 (95.0%) | 0.3193 |
Rural | 42 (4.3%) | 1 (2.4%) | 8 (3.0%) | 33 (5.0%) | ||
Number of beds | 193.5 ± 227.3 | 937.5 ± 386.1 | 323.0 ± 157.6 | 93.34 ± 66.44 | <0.001 | |
Number of physicians | 50.76 ± 133.5 | 524.2 ± 330.8 | 78.48 ± 85.78 | 9.31 ± 7.65 | <0.001 | |
Herfindahl–Hirschman index | 0.194 ± 0.144 | 0.261 ± 0.131 | 0.209 ± 0.150 | 0.184 ± 0.140 | <0.001 |
Variables | Exp (β) | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LL | UL | |||
Hospitals: General hospitals (Ref = tertiary) | 1.469 | 0.963 | 2.240 | 0.075 |
Hospitals: Small hospitals (Ref = tertiary) | 1.923 | 1.173 | 3.151 | 0.010 |
Years of operation | 0.999 | 0.994 | 1.004 | 0.714 |
Ownership: public(Ref = private) | 0.615 | 0.506 | 0.747 | <0.001 |
Urban location(Ref = rural) | 0.857 | 0.638 | 1.151 | 0.304 |
Number of beds | 0.999 | 0.999 | 1.000 | <0.001 |
Number of physicians per 100 beds | 0.988 | 0.983 | 0.993 | <0.001 |
Herfindahl–Hirschman index | 1.406 | 0.909 | 2.175 | 0.125 |
Nurse staffing grade at 2Q (Ref = 1Q) | 0.728 | 0.624 | 0.849 | <0.001 |
Nurse staffing grade at 3Q (Ref = 1Q) | 0.798 | 0.684 | 0.931 | 0.004 |
Nurse staffing grade at 4Q (Ref = 1Q) | 0.704 | 0.604 | 0.822 | <0.001 |
Variables | Exp (β) | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LL | UL | |||
Years of operation | 1.000 | 0.995 | 1.004 | 0.887 |
Ownership: public(Ref = private) | 0.869 | 0.738 | 1.024 | 0.095 |
Urban location(Ref = rural) | 0.683 | 0.417 | 1.119 | 0.132 |
Number of beds | 1.000 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 0.004 |
Number of physicians per 100 beds | 0.993 | 0.987 | 0.998 | 0.014 |
Herfindahl–Hirschman index | 1.260 | 0.666 | 2.383 | 0.479 |
Nurse staffing grade at 2Q (Ref = 1Q) | 0.867 | 0.713 | 1.053 | 0.153 |
Nurse staffing grade at 3Q (Ref = 1Q) | 0.788 | 0.649 | 0.958 | 0.018 |
Nurse staffing grade at 4Q (Ref = 1Q) | 0.807 | 0.664 | 0.981 | 0.033 |
Variables | Exp (β) | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LL | UL | |||
Years of operation | 0.993 | 0.986 | 1.000 | 0.057 |
Ownership: public (Ref = private) | 0.598 | 0.477 | 0.751 | <0.001 |
Urban location (Ref = rural) | 0.539 | 0.313 | 0.931 | 0.027 |
Number of beds | 0.997 | 0.997 | 0.998 | <0.001 |
Number of physicians per 100 beds | 0.971 | 0.963 | 0.980 | <0.001 |
Herfindahl–Hirschman index | 1.533 | 0.799 | 2.945 | 0.199 |
Nurse staffing grade at 2Q (Ref = 1Q) | 0.758 | 0.591 | 0.973 | 0.030 |
Nurse staffing grade at 3Q (Ref = 1Q) | 0.845 | 0.659 | 1.083 | 0.185 |
Nurse staffing grade at 4Q (Ref = 1Q) | 0.792 | 0.618 | 1.016 | 0.067 |
Variables | Exp (β) | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LL | UL | |||
Years of operation | 0.997 | 0.989 | 1.005 | 0.489 |
Ownership: public (Ref = private) | 0.304 | 0.216 | 0.430 | <0.001 |
Urban location (Ref = rural) | 0.875 | 0.609 | 1.257 | 0.471 |
Number of beds | 1.005 | 1.004 | 1.006 | <0.001 |
Number of physicians per 100 beds | 1.017 | 1.009 | 1.024 | <0.001 |
Herfindahl–Hirschman index | 1.468 | 0.829 | 2.599 | 0.188 |
Nurse staffing grade at 2Q (Ref = 1Q) | 0.710 | 0.585 | 0.862 | 0.001 |
Nurse staffing grade at 3Q (Ref = 1Q) | 0.784 | 0.647 | 0.951 | 0.013 |
Nurse staffing grade at 4Q (Ref = 1Q) | 0.671 | 0.553 | 0.814 | <0.001 |
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Park, Y.-T.; Park, J.; Jeon, J.S.; Kim, Y.J.; Kim, K.G. Changes in Nurse Staffing Grades of Korean Hospitals during COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5900. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115900
Park Y-T, Park J, Jeon JS, Kim YJ, Kim KG. Changes in Nurse Staffing Grades of Korean Hospitals during COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5900. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115900
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Young-Taek, JeongYun Park, Ji Soo Jeon, Young Jae Kim, and Kwang Gi Kim. 2021. "Changes in Nurse Staffing Grades of Korean Hospitals during COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5900. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115900
APA StylePark, Y. -T., Park, J., Jeon, J. S., Kim, Y. J., & Kim, K. G. (2021). Changes in Nurse Staffing Grades of Korean Hospitals during COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5900. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115900