Physical Activity Reduction and the Worsening of Gastrointestinal Health Status during the Second COVID-19 Home Confinement in Southern Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Exposure Assessment
2.4. Data Privacy and Informed Consent
2.5. Outcome Assessment
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants Description
3.2. Determinants of EE Decreasing during the Home Confinement
3.3. Determinants of GSRS Total Score Changes during Home Confinement
3.4. Symptoms Severity and Some Potential Determinants
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Energy Expenditure | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | p-Value * | |
Age (years) | 49.35 (10,11) | 49.03 (11,11) | 49.48 (13,02) | 0.92 |
Age (categorized) | ||||
18–34 | 8 (14.3%) | 23 (41.1%) | 25 (44.6%) | 0.74 |
35–64 | 74 (18.1%) | 181 (44.4%) | 153 (37.5%) | |
≥65 | 6 (17.1%) | 13 (37.1%) | 16 (45.7%) | |
Sex | ||||
Female | 59 (19.0%) | 135 (43.4%) | 117 (37.6%) | 0.56 |
Male | 29 (15.4%) | 82 (43.6%) | 77 (41.0%) | |
District | ||||
Apulia | 17 (13.5%) | 64 (50.8%) | 45 (35.7%) | 0.18 |
Calabria | 30 (16.2%) | 80 (43.2%) | 75 (40.5%) | |
Campania | 41 (21.8%) | 73 (38.8%) | 74 (39.4%) | |
BMI (categorized) | ||||
<25 | 38 (14.3%) | 112 (42.3%) | 115 (43.4%) | 0.096 |
25–30 | 39 (20.6%) | 83 (43.9%) | 67 (35.4%) | |
>30 | 11 (24.4%) | 22 (48.9%) | 12 (26.7%) | |
Time spent sitting (min) | ||||
Before | 205.18 (148.84) | 223.38 (130.99) | 190.10 (119.04) | 0.034 |
During | 424.31 (172.37) | 383.05 (165.45) | 410.63 (200.15) | 0.066 |
After | 227.19 (153.40) | 250.11 (150.23) | 222.54 (133.96) | 0.13 |
GSRS total score | ||||
Before | 24.73 (5.50) | 22.92 (5.04) | 22.57 (4.86) | 0.003 |
During | 24.83 (6.36) | 25.16 (6.50) | 25.36 (6.60) | 0.82 |
After | 24.63 (6.20) | 22.46 (5.89) | 21.99 (5.69) | 0.006 |
GSRS (categorized) | ||||
Before | ||||
Absent | 5 (15.6%) | 11 (34.4%) | 16 (50.0%) | 0.092 |
Mild | 30 (12.9%) | 109 (47.0%) | 93 (40.1%) | |
Moderate | 45 (22.1%) | 82 (40.2%) | 77 (37.7%) | |
Severe | 8 (25.8%) | 15 (48.4%) | 8 (25.8%) | |
During | ||||
Absent | 3 (15.8%) | 10 (52.6%) | 6 (31.6%) | 0.41 |
Mild | 57 (30.2%) | 102 (54.0%) | 30 (15.9%) | |
Moderate | 53 (25.4%) | 113 (54.1%) | 43 (20.6%) | |
Severe | 17 (20.7%) | 48 (58.5%) | 17 (20.7%) | |
After | ||||
Absent | 4 (7.3%) | 23 (41.8%) | 28 (50.9%) | <0.001 |
Mild | 22 (9.1%) | 92 (38.0%) | 128 (52.9%) | |
Moderate | 20 (13.0%) | 53 (34.4%) | 81 (52.6%) | |
Severe | 16 (33.3%) | 21 (43.8%) | 11 (22.9%) |
Variable | Energy Expenditure | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | p-Value * | |
GSRS (categorized) | ||||
Before | ||||
Absent/Mild | 35 (7.0%) | 120 (24.0%) | 109 (22.0%) | 0.024 |
Moderate/Severe | 53 (11%) | 97 (19.0%) | 85 (17.0%) | |
During | ||||
Absent/Mild | 60 (12.0%) | 112 (22.4%) | 36 (7.3%) | 0.40 |
Moderate/Severe | 70 (14.0%) | 161 (32.3%) | 60 (12.0%) | |
After | ||||
Absent/Mild | 26 (5.3%) | 115 (23.0%) | 156 (31.3%) | 0.010 |
Moderate/Severe | 36 (7.2%) | 74 (14.8%) | 92 (18.4%) |
Variable | ||
---|---|---|
Coeff † | 95% CI ‡ | |
Sex | 316.7 ** | 143.1; 490.3 |
BMI (categorized) | ||
<25 | 0 | |
25–30 | −239.8 * | −405.7; −73.9 |
>30 | −148.7 | −438.7; 141.3 |
District | ||
Apulia | 0 | |
Calabria | 162.4 | −50.9; 375.7 |
Campania | −115.2 | −317.3; 86.9 |
Time spent sitting | ||
Before | 0 | |
During | −881.3 | −1962.9; 200.2 |
After | 348.8 | −692.8; 1390.4 |
GSRS (categorized) | ||
Absent | 0 | |
Mild | −426.1 | −1271.3; 419.2 |
Moderate | −574.2 | −1417.4; 269.1 |
Severe | −1079.5 * | −2027.4; −131.6 |
Time#GSRS total score | ||
(During vs. Before) (1 vs. 0) | −152.4 | −1269.7; 964.9 |
(During vs. Before) (2 vs. 0) | 172.0 | −947.2; 1291.3 |
(During vs. Before) (3 vs. 0) | 722.9 | −495.9; 1941.7 |
(After vs. During) (1 vs. 0) | 29.2 | −1080.6; 1139.0 |
(After vs. During) (2 vs. 0) | 121.6 | −1004.7; 1247.8 |
(After vs. During) (3 vs. 0) | −834.1 | −2025.7; 357.5 |
Sitting minutes | −0.67 * | −1.12; −0.23 |
Variable | GSRS | GSRS (Absent/Mild vs. Medium/Severe) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff † | 95% CI ‡ | OR | 95% CI ‡ | |
Sex | −1.55 ** | −2.15; −0.95 | 0.61 ** | 0.49; 0.76 |
BMI (categorized) | ||||
<25 | 0 | 1 | ||
25–30 | 0.58 | −0.03; 1.19 | 1.34 * | 1.07; 1.67 |
>30 | −0.55 | −1.54; 0.45 | 1.15 | 0.79; 1.69 |
District | ||||
Apulia | 0 | 1 | ||
Calabria | −0.36 | −1.07; 0.36 | 0.63 ** | 0.48; 0.82 |
Campania | 1.31 ** | 0.58; 2.05 | 1.31 * | 1.01; 1.71 |
Time | ||||
Before | 0 | 1 | ||
During | 0.39 | −1.27; 2.06 | 0.85 | 0.47; 1.52 |
After | −0.19 | −2.10; 1.71 | 0.88 | 0.45; 1.71 |
Energy Expenditure | ||||
Low | 0 | 1 | ||
Medium | −1.47 * | −2.91; −0.04 | 0.57 * | 0.34; 0.96 |
High | −1.99 * | −3.44; −0.54 | 0.57 * | 0.33; 0.96 |
Time#Energy Expenditure | ||||
(During vs. Before) (Medium vs. Low) | 2.14 * | 0.24; 4.05 | 2.52 * | 1.28; 4.93 |
(During vs. Before) (High vs. Medium) | 2.93 * | 0.78; 5.08 | 2.96 * | 1.38; 6.34 |
(After vs. During) (Medium vs. Low) | −0.30 | −2.48; 1.87 | 0.92 | 0.42; 2.01 |
(After vs. During) (High vs. Medium) | −0.37 | −2.52; 1.78 | 0.85 | 0.39; 1.84 |
Sitting minutes | −0.002 * | −0.004; −0.000 | 1.00 | 0.99; 1.00 |
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Bianco, A.; Franco, I.; Osella, A.R.; Giannelli, G.; Riezzo, G.; Bonfiglio, C.; Prospero, L.; Sorino, P.; Russo, F. Physical Activity Reduction and the Worsening of Gastrointestinal Health Status during the Second COVID-19 Home Confinement in Southern Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189554
Bianco A, Franco I, Osella AR, Giannelli G, Riezzo G, Bonfiglio C, Prospero L, Sorino P, Russo F. Physical Activity Reduction and the Worsening of Gastrointestinal Health Status during the Second COVID-19 Home Confinement in Southern Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189554
Chicago/Turabian StyleBianco, Antonella, Isabella Franco, Alberto Rubén Osella, Gianluigi Giannelli, Giuseppe Riezzo, Caterina Bonfiglio, Laura Prospero, Paolo Sorino, and Francesco Russo. 2021. "Physical Activity Reduction and the Worsening of Gastrointestinal Health Status during the Second COVID-19 Home Confinement in Southern Italy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189554