Workplace Culture and Biomarkers of Health Risk
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Psychosocial Questionnaires
2.3. Catecholamine Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Perceived Stress Scale [22]
- In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?
- In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life?
- In the last month, how often have you felt nervous and stressed?
- In the last month, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems?
- In the last month, how often have you felt that things were going your way?
- In the last month, how often have you found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do?
- In the last month, how often have you been able to control irritations in your life?
- In the last month, how often have you felt that you were on top of things?
- In the last month, how often have you been angered because of things that happened that were outside of your control?
- In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them?
Appendix B. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [23]
- Little interest or pleasure in doing things?
- Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless?
- Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much?
- Feeling tired or having little energy?
- Poor appetite or overeating?
- Feeling bad about yourself—or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down?
- Trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television?
- Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed? Or so fidgety or restless that you have been moving a lot more than usual?
- Thoughts that you would be better off dead, or thoughts of hurting yourself in some way?
Appendix C. Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale [25]
- I’ve been feeling optimistic about the future
- I’ve been feeling useful
- I’ve been feeling relaxed
- I’ve been feeling interested in other people
- I’ve had energy to spare
- I’ve been dealing with problems well
- I’ve been thinking clearly
- I’ve been feeling good about myself
- I’ve been feeling close to other people
- I’ve been feeling confident
- I’ve been able to make up my own mind about things
- I’ve been feeling loved
- I’ve been interested in new things
- I’ve been feeling cheerful
Appendix D. Free Biogenic Monoamine and Their Metabolites
Analyte | Abbreviation |
Epinephrine | EPI |
Norepinephrine | NE |
Dopamine | DA |
Serotonin | 5-HT |
Metanephrine | MN |
Normetanephrine | NMN |
3- methoxytyramine | 3-MT |
Homovanillic acid | HVA |
Vanillylmandelic acid | VMA |
5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid | 5-HIAA |
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Variables | Total (N = 218) | Not Employed (N = 87) | Employed (N = 131) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Mean ± SD) | 50 ± 13 | 56 ± 12 | 46 ± 12 | <0.001 |
Race (n, %) | 1.000 | |||
White (%) | 180 (83) | 72 (83) | 108 (82) | |
Black (%) | 30 (14) | 12 (14) | 18 (14) | |
Other (%) | 8 (4) | 3 (3) | 5 (4) | |
Sex (n, %) | 0.471 | |||
Female (%) | 144 (66) | 55 (63) | 89 (68) | |
Male (%) | 74 (34) | 32 (37) | 42 (32) | |
Household Income (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
less than $20,000 (%) | 38 (17) | 26 (30) | 12 (9) | |
$20,000–44,999 (%) | 66 (30) | 30 (34) | 36 (27) | |
$45,000–64,999 (%) | 52 (24) | 17 (20) | 35 (27) | |
greater than $65,000 (%) | 55 (25) | 12 (14) | 43 (33) | |
Education (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
Highschool diploma/GED or below (%) | 54 (25) | 33 (38) | 21 (16) | |
Some college to 4 year degree (%) | 131 (60) | 46 (53) | 85 (65) | |
Graduate degree (%) | 32 (15) | 8 (9) | 24 (18) | |
Missing | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Job status change (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
None (%) | 138 (63) | 27 (31) | 111 (85) | |
Changed (%) | 80 (37) | 60 (69) | 20 (15) | |
Health scales (Mean ± SD) | ||||
PHQ-9 | 4.92 ± 5.19 | 6.20 ± 5.60 | 4.07 ± 4.74 | 0.003 |
PSS1 | 14.48 ± 7.83 | 16.09 ± 8.58 | 13.41 ± 7.13 | 0.013 |
PSS2 | 26.28 ± 8.28 | 27.18 ± 8.57 | 25.68 ± 8.05 | 0.192 |
WEMWBS1 | 51.39 ± 9.21 | 49.14 ± 9.78 | 52.88 ± 8.52 | 0.003 |
WEMWBS2 | 47.80 ± 10.63 | 46.38 ± 11.43 | 48.74 ± 10.00 | 0.108 |
Pearson’s Correlation Coefficients | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
1. PSSR | 1 | ||||||||
2. PHQ-9 | 0.43 *** | 1 | |||||||
3. PSS1 | 0.60 *** | 0.68 *** | 1 | ||||||
4. WEMWBS1 | −0.51 *** | −0.61 *** | −0.73 *** | 1 | |||||
5. WEMWBS2 | −0.72 *** | −0.48 *** | −0.57 *** | 0.74 *** | 1 | ||||
6. EES | −0.24 ** | −0.16 # | −0.28 ** | 0.29 *** | 0.28 ** | 1 | |||
7. WCI-5 | −0.46 *** | −0.17 # | −0.36 *** | 0.47 *** | 0.53 *** | 0.60 *** | 1 | ||
8. WIS-7 | 0.41 *** | 0.26 ** | 0.26 ** | −0.36 *** | −0.45 *** | −0.31 *** | −0.44 *** | 1 | |
9. CWAS-11 | −0.40 *** | −0.28 ** | −0.35 *** | 0.41 *** | 0.48 *** | 0.43 *** | 0.72 *** | −0.56 *** | 1 |
Pearson’s Correlation Coefficients | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
1. NE | 1 | |||||||||
2. DA | 0.42 *** | 1 | ||||||||
3. 5 HT | 0.35 *** | 0.58 *** | 1 | |||||||
4. NMN | 0.82 *** | 0.41 *** | 0.34 *** | 1 | ||||||
5. 3 MT | 0.37 *** | 0.74 *** | 0.47 *** | 0.55 *** | 1 | |||||
6. MN | 0.33 *** | 0.27 ** | 0.18 * | 0.41 *** | 0.25 ** | 1 | ||||
7. EPI | 0.34 *** | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.32 *** | 0.13 | 0.62 *** | 1 | |||
8. 5 HIAA | 0.34 *** | 0.17 * | 0.26 ** | 0.31 *** | 0.07 | 0.28 ** | 0.12 | 1 | ||
9. HVA | 0.23 ** | 0.16 # | 0.16 # | 0.22 ** | 0.13 | 0.16 # | 0.15 # | 0.28 ** | 1 | |
10. VMA | 0.69 *** | 0.39 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.67 *** | 0.30 *** | 0.31 *** | 0.19 * | 0.40 *** | 0.32 *** | 1 |
Pearson’s Correlation Coefficients | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Age | PSS2 | PHQ-9 | PSS1 | WEMWBS1 | WEMWBS2 | EES | WCI-5 | WIS-7 | CWAS-11 |
NE | 0.34 *** | −0.10 | −0.02 | −0.10 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.19 * | −0.03 | 0.10 |
DA | −0.18 * | 0.27 ** | 0.21 * | 0.27 ** | −0.27 ** | −0.28 ** | −0.20 * | −0.17 # | 0.19 * | −0.22 * |
5 HT | 0.03 | 0.19 * | 0.19 * | 0.20 * | −0.23 ** | −0.17 # | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.10 | −0.02 |
NMN | 0.33 *** | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
3 MT | −0.04 | 0.25 ** | 0.19 * | 0.22 * | −0.24 ** | −0.31 *** | −0.22 * | −0.26 ** | 0.19 * | −0.28 ** |
MN | 0.06 | −0.10 | −0.15 # | −0.07 | −0.04 | 0.05 | −0.07 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
EPI | −0.01 | −0.21 * | −0.17 * | −0.15 # | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.11 | −0.02 | 0.13 |
5 HIAA | 0.34 *** | −0.02 | −0.12 | −0.07 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.22 * | 0.01 | 0.22 * |
HVA | −0.04 | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.23 ** | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.13 | −0.02 | 0.20 * |
VMA | 0.32 *** | −0.12 | −0.07 | −0.11 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.14 | −0.05 | 0.13 |
Variable | Comparison | Estimate | Standard Error | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Female vs. Male | 0.213 | 0.050 | <0.001 |
Race | Other vs. White | 0.181 | 0.063 | 0.005 |
Log age | 0.05 | 0.088 | 0.567 | |
Education | College vs. Highschool | −0.159 | 0.058 | 0.006 |
Graduate Degree vs. Highschool | −0.142 | 0.079 | 0.075 | |
Income | ≥$65,000 vs. <$20,000 | −0.291 | 0.073 | <0.001 |
$20,000-$44,999 vs. <$20,000 | −0.105 | 0.071 | 0.139 | |
$45,000-$64,999 vs. <$20,000 | −0.24 | 0.074 | 0.001 | |
op | Yes vs. No | 0.083 | 0.050 | 0.102 |
Household number | Two vs. one | 0.035 | 0.061 | 0.57 |
Three vs. one | 0.033 | 0.061 | 0.594 | |
Creatinine | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.924 | |
PSS2 | 0.085 | 0.031 | 0.007 | |
PHQ-9 | 0.104 | 0.036 | 0.004 | |
EES | −0.08 | 0.031 | 0.010 | |
CWAS-11 | −0.082 | 0.025 | 0.001 | |
PSS1 | 0.09 | 0.033 | 0.008 | |
WEMBS1 | −0.086 | 0.028 | 0.003 |
Work Scale | Estimate | Standard Error | p Value | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
EES | −0.057 | 0.030 | 0.063 | 0.215 |
CWAS-11 | −0.065 | 0.025 | 0.010 | 0.234 |
WIS-7 | 0.064 | 0.030 | 0.036 | 0.221 |
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Shuck, B.; Hart, J.L.; Walker, K.L.; Rai, J.; Srivastava, S.; Srivastava, S.; Rai, S.; Bhatnagar, A.; Keith, R.J. Workplace Culture and Biomarkers of Health Risk. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11920. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911920
Shuck B, Hart JL, Walker KL, Rai J, Srivastava S, Srivastava S, Rai S, Bhatnagar A, Keith RJ. Workplace Culture and Biomarkers of Health Risk. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11920. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911920
Chicago/Turabian StyleShuck, Brad, Joy L. Hart, Kandi L. Walker, Jayesh Rai, Shweta Srivastava, Sanjay Srivastava, Shesh Rai, Aruni Bhatnagar, and Rachel J. Keith. 2022. "Workplace Culture and Biomarkers of Health Risk" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11920. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911920