Physical Activity and Social Support to Promote a Health-Promoting Lifestyle in Older Adults: An Intervention Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Participants
2.2. Research Materials
2.3. Testing Method
2.3.1. Garmin Built-In Steps and Calories
2.3.2. Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile Scale of Older Adults
2.4. Control Variable
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Background Variables for All Participants
3.2. Analysis of Daily Walking, Distance, and Calorie Consumption
3.3. Analysis of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile Scale
3.4. Evaluating Health-Promoting Lifestyles in the Older Adults
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lin, Y.-Y.; Huang, C.-S. Aging in Taiwan: Building a Society for Active Aging and Aging in Place. Gerontologist 2015, 56, 176–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Golinowska, S.; Groot, W.; Baji, P.; Pavlova, M. Health promotion targeting older people. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2016, 16 (Suppl. 5), 345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- NCCDPHP. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: Promoting Health for Older Adults. 2022. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/factsheets/promoting-health-for-older-adults.htm (accessed on 5 July 2022).
- Edington, D.W.; Schultz, A.B.; Pitts, J.S.; Camilleri, A. The Future of Health Promotion in the 21st Century: A Focus on the Working Population. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 2016, 10, 242–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haugan, G.; Eriksson, M. An Introduction to the Health Promotion Perspective in the Healthcare Services. In Health Promotion in Healthcare—Vital Theories and Research; Haugan, G., Eriksson, M., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2021; pp. 3–14. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper, March 2018—Recommendations. Vaccine 2019, 37, 214–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rastegar, M.; Zendehtalab, H.; Yavari, M.; Mazlom, S. Health-promoting lifestyle and its related factors among health volunteers Mashhad in 2015. J. Torbat Heydariyeh Univ. Med. Sci. 2015, 3, 55–48. [Google Scholar]
- Mehri, A.; Solhi, M.; Garmaroudi, G.; Nadrian, H.; Sighaldeh, S.S. Health Promoting Lifestyle and its Determinants among University Students in Sabzevar, Iran. Int. J. Prev. Med. 2016, 7, 65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Pan, A.; Wang, D.D.; Liu, X.; Dhana, K.; Franco, O.H.; Kaptoge, S.; Di Angelantonio, E.; Stampfer, M.; Willett, W.C.; et al. Impact of Healthy Lifestyle Factors on Life Expectancies in the US Population. Circulation 2018, 138, 345–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, K.L.; Glover, B.M. The impact of lifestyle intervention on atrial fibrillation. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 2018, 33, 14–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, S.C.; Luo, Y.F.; Chiang, C.H. The Associations among Individual Factors, eHealth Literacy, and Health-Promoting Lifestyles among College Students. J. Med. Internet Res. 2017, 19, e15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Walker, S.N.; Volkan, K.; Sechrist, K.R.; Pender, N.J. Health-promoting lifestyles of older adults: Comparisons with young and middle-aged adults, correlates and patterns. Adv. Nurs. Sci. 1988, 11, 76–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rababa, M.; Al Ali, N.; Alshaman, A. Health Promoting Behaviors, Health Needs and Associated Factors among Older Adults in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Community Based Nurs. Midwifery 2021, 9, 106–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sanaati, F.; Geranmayeh, M.; Behboodi Moghadam, Z.; Zareiyan, A.; Samadaee Gelehkolaee, K.; Mirghafourvand, M. A population-based study of health-promoting behaviors and their predictors in Iranian males, 2019. Arch. Public Health 2021, 79, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harooni, J.; Hassanzadeh, A.; Mostafavi, F. Influencing factors on health promoting behavior among the elderly living in the community. J. Educ. Health Promot. 2014, 3, 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cheng, S.T. Cognitive Reserve and the Prevention of Dementia: The Role of Physical and Cognitive Activities. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2016, 18, 85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cunningham, C.; O’Sullivan, R.; Caserotti, P.; Tully, M.A. Consequences of physical inactivity in older adults: A systematic review of reviews and meta-analyses. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2020, 30, 816–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gomes, M.; Figueiredo, D.; Teixeira, L.; Poveda, V.; Paúl, C.; Santos-Silva, A.; Costa, E. Physical inactivity among older adults across Europe based on the SHARE database. Age Ageing 2016, 46, 71–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Janssen, S.L.; Stube, J.E. Older adults’ perceptions of physical activity: A qualitative study. Occup. Ther. Int. 2014, 21, 53–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schiau, I. Humor, Loneliness and Interpersonal Communication: A Quantitative Study of Romanian Older Adults. Rom. J. Commun. Public Relat. 2016, 89, 118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Valenti, G.; Bonomi, A.G.; Westerterp, K.R. Walking as a Contributor to Physical Activity in Healthy Older Adults: 2 Week Longitudinal Study Using Accelerometry and the Doubly Labeled Water Method. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2016, 4, e56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Takahashi, P.Y.; Quigg, S.M.; Croghan, I.T.; Schroeder, D.R.; Ebbert, J.O. Effect of pedometer use and goal setting on walking and functional status in overweight adults with multimorbidity: A crossover clinical trial. Clin. Interv. Aging 2016, 11, 1099–1106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shin, G.; Jarrahi, M.H.; Fei, Y.; Karami, A.; Gafinowitz, N.; Byun, A.; Lu, X. Wearable activity trackers, accuracy, adoption, acceptance and health impact: A systematic literature review. J. Biomed. Inform. 2019, 93, 103153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schrempft, S.; Jackowska, M.; Hamer, M.; Steptoe, A. Associations between social isolation, loneliness, and objective physical activity in older men and women. BMC Public Health 2019, 19, 74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hwang, J.; Wang, L.; Siever, J.; Medico, T.D.; Jones, C.A. Loneliness and social isolation among older adults in a community exercise program: A qualitative study. Aging Ment. Health 2019, 23, 736–742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Czaja, S.J.; Moxley, J.H.; Rogers, W.A. Social Support, Isolation, Loneliness, and Health Among Older Adults in the PRISM Randomized Controlled Trial. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 728658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gay, L.R. Educational Research Competencies for Analysis and Application; Macmillan: New York, NY, USA, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Henriksen, A.; Haugen Mikalsen, M.; Woldaregay, A.Z.; Muzny, M.; Hartvigsen, G.; Hopstock, L.A.; Grimsgaard, S. Using Fitness Trackers and Smartwatches to Measure Physical Activity in Research: Analysis of Consumer Wrist-Worn Wearables. J. Med. Internet Res. 2018, 20, e110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tedesco, S.; Sica, M.; Ancillao, A.; Timmons, S.; Barton, J.; O’Flynn, B. Validity Evaluation of the Fitbit Charge2 and the Garmin vívosmart HR+ in Free-Living Environments in an Older Adult Cohort. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019, 7, e13084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Evenson, K.R.; Spade, C.L. Review of Validity and Reliability of Garmin Activity Trackers. J. Meas. Phys. Behav. 2020, 3, 170–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tudor-Locke, C.; Craig, C.L.; Aoyagi, Y.; Bell, R.C.; Croteau, K.A.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; Ewald, B.; Gardner, A.W.; Hatano, Y.; Lutes, L.D.; et al. How many steps/day are enough? For older adults and special populations. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2011, 8, 80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, M.Y.; Chou, C.C.; Shiau, H.S.; Wang, E.K.; Chiou, H.J.; Liao, J.C. The development of Chinese version health promoting lifestyle profile. Chang Gung Nurs. 1997, 8, 14–24. [Google Scholar]
- Joshi, A.; Kale, S.; Chandel, S.; Pal, D.K. Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. Br. J. Appl. Sci. Technol. 2015, 7, 396–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lindsay Smith, G.; Banting, L.; Eime, R.; O’Sullivan, G.; van Uffelen, J.G.Z. The association between social support and physical activity in older adults: A systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2017, 14, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Osuka, Y.; Jung, S.; Kim, T.; Okubo, Y.; Kim, E.; Tanaka, K. Does attending an exercise class with a spouse improve long-term exercise adherence among people aged 65 years and older: A 6-month prospective follow-up study. BMC Geriatr. 2017, 17, 170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Langhammer, B.; Bergland, A.; Rydwik, E. The Importance of Physical Activity Exercise among Older People. Biomed Res. Int. 2018, 2018, 7856823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, H.Y.; Hsu, H.C.; Lee, S.D. Gender differences in related influential factors of regular exercise behavior among people in Taiwan in 2007: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0228191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- de Souto Barreto, P. Direct and indirect relationships between physical activity and happiness levels among older adults: A cross-sectional study. Aging Ment. Health 2014, 18, 861–868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harris, T.; Limb, E.S.; Hosking, F.; Carey, I.; DeWilde, S.; Furness, C.; Wahlich, C.; Ahmad, S.; Kerry, S.; Whincup, P.; et al. Effect of pedometer-based walking interventions on long-term health outcomes: Prospective 4-year follow-up of two randomised controlled trials using routine primary care data. PLoS Med. 2019, 16, e1002836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fong, S.S.; Ng, S.S.; Cheng, Y.T.; Zhang, J.; Chung, L.M.; Chow, G.C.; Chak, Y.T.; Chan, I.K.; Macfarlane, D.J. Comparison between smartphone pedometer applications and traditional pedometers for improving physical activity and body mass index in community-dwelling older adults. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2016, 28, 1651–1656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sullivan, A.N.; Lachman, M.E. Behavior Change with Fitness Technology in Sedentary Adults: A Review of the Evidence for Increasing Physical Activity. Front. Public Health 2016, 4, 289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lewis, B.A.; Napolitano, M.A.; Buman, M.P.; Williams, D.M.; Nigg, C.R. Future directions in physical activity intervention research: Expanding our focus to sedentary behaviors, technology, and dissemination. J. Behav. Med. 2017, 40, 112–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wong, R.; Ofstedal, M.B.; Yount, K.; Agree, E.M. Unhealthy lifestyles among older adults: Exploring transitions in Mexico and the US. Eur. J. Ageing 2008, 5, 311–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Gao, H.; Xu, H. Cluster Analysis of Unhealthy Lifestyles among Elderly Adults with Prediabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural China. Diabetes Ther. 2019, 10, 1935–1948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Swartz, A.M.; Strath, S.J.; Parker, S.J.; Miller, N.E. The impact of body-mass index and steps per day on blood pressure and fasting glucose in older adults. J. Aging Phys. Act. 2008, 16, 188–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shimizu, K.; Kimura, F.; Akimoto, T.; Akama, T.; Kuno, S.; Kono, I. Effect of free-living daily physical activity on salivary secretory IgA in elderly. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2007, 39, 593–598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mitsui, T.; Shimaoka, K.; Tsuzuku, S.; Kajioka, T.; Sakakibara, H. Pedometer-determined physical activity and indicators of health in Japanese adults. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 2008, 27, 179–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tsirtsakis, A. Regular Exercise Can Improve Brain Function by Up to 15%: Study. 2021. Available online: https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/regular-exercise-can-improve-brain-function-by-up (accessed on 5 July 2022).
- Haase, M. Working Out Only on Weekends Is just as Effective as Daily Exercise, Study Finds. 2022. Available online: https://www.prevention.com/fitness/workouts/a40542944/working-out-only-on-weekends-as-effective-as-daily-exercise-study-finds/ (accessed on 5 July 2022).
- Dobarrio-Sanz, I.; Ruiz-González, C.; Fernández-Sola, C.; Roman, P.; Granero-Molina, J.; Hernández-Padilla, J.M. Healthcare Professionals’ Perceptions of Loneliness amongst Older Adults: A Qualitative Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rovniak, L.S.; Kong, L.; Hovell, M.F.; Ding, D.; Sallis, J.F.; Ray, C.A.; Kraschnewski, J.L.; Matthews, S.A.; Kiser, E.; Chinchilli, V.M.; et al. Engineering Online and In-Person Social Networks for Physical Activity: A Randomized Trial. Ann. Behav. Med. 2016, 50, 885–897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Victor, C.R.; Rogers, A.; Woodcock, A.; Beighton, C.; Cook, D.G.; Kerry, S.M.; Iliffe, S.; Whincup, P.; Ussher, M.; Harris, T.J. What factors support older people to increase their physical activity levels? An exploratory analysis of the experiences of PACE-Lift trial participants. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2016, 67, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Thomas, G.N.; Macfarlane, D.J.; Guo, B.; Cheung, B.M.; McGhee, S.M.; Chou, K.L.; Deeks, J.J.; Lam, T.H.; Tomlinson, B. Health promotion in older Chinese: A 12-month cluster randomized controlled trial of pedometry and “peer support”. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2012, 44, 1157–1166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mowen, A.; Orsega-Smith, E.; Payne, L.; Ainsworth, B.; Godbey, G. The role of park proximity and social support in shaping park visitation, physical activity, and perceived health among older adults. J. Phys. Act. Health 2007, 4, 167–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, Y.; Kosma, M. Psychosocial and Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity Among Korean Older Adults. Res. Aging 2012, 35, 750–767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caetano, S.C.; Silva, C.M.; Vettore, M.V. Gender differences in the association of perceived social support and social network with self-rated health status among older adults: A population-based study in Brazil. BMC Geriatr. 2013, 13, 122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Böhm, A.W.; Mielke, G.I.; da Cruz, M.F.; Ramirez, V.V.; Wehrmesister, F.C. Social Support and Leisure-Time Physical Activity among the Elderly: A Population-Based Study. J. Phys. Act. Health 2016, 13, 599–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Booth, M.L.; Owen, N.; Bauman, A.; Clavisi, O.; Leslie, E. Social-cognitive and perceived environment influences associated with physical activity in older Australians. Prev. Med. 2000, 31, 15–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Hoecke, A.S.; Delecluse, C.; Bogaerts, A.; Boen, F. Effects of need-supportive physical activity counseling on well-being: A 2-year follow-up among sedentary older adults. J. Phys. Act. Health 2014, 11, 1492–1502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, F.; Sheng, Y. Social support network, social support, self-efficacy, health-promoting behavior and healthy aging among older adults: A pathway analysis. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2019, 85, 103934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lewis, Z.H.; Swartz, M.C.; Martinez, E.; Lyons, E.J. Social Support Patterns of Middle-Aged and Older Adults within a Physical Activity App: Secondary Mixed Method Analysis. JMIR Aging 2019, 2, e12496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palmér, L.; Englund-Dahlheim, L.; Nyström, M.; Carlsson, G.; Eriksson, I.; Gillsjö, C. Life without professional work-perceptions about one’s self, interpersonal relations and social life after retirement. Healthy Aging Res. 2019, 8, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zimmer, C.; McDonough, M.H. Social Support and Physical Activity in Older Adults: Identifying Predictors Using Data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. J. Aging Phys. Act. 2022, 30, 136–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Newsom, J.T.; Denning, E.C.; Shaw, B.A.; August, K.J.; Strath, S.J. Older adults’ physical activity-related social control and social support in the context of personal norms. J. Health Psychol. 2022, 27, 505–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burton, E.; Farrier, K.; Hill, K.D.; Codde, J.; Airey, P.; Hill, A.M. Effectiveness of peers in delivering programs or motivating older people to increase their participation in physical activity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Sports Sci. 2018, 36, 666–678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Donovan, N.J.; Blazer, D. Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2020, 28, 1233–1244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yazdani-Darki, M.; Rahemi, Z.; Adib-Hajbaghery, M.; Izadi, F. Older adults’ barriers to use technology in daily life: A qualitative study. Nurs. Midwifery Stud. 2020, 9, 229. [Google Scholar]
Variable | EGa (n = 20) M ± SD | EGb (n = 20) M ± SD | CG (n = 20) M ± SD | F Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 70.8 ± 6.2 | 71.1 ± 4.5 | 71.5 ± 5.9 | 0.74 | 0.247 |
Height (cm) | 170.7 ± 6.5 | 171.4 ± 7.2 | 169.8 ± 6.5 | 0.92 | 0.175 |
Weight (kg) | 75.4 ± 6.3 | 77.1 ± 6.9 | 76.2 ± 7.1 | 1.13 | 0.106 |
Group | Method | Content |
---|---|---|
EGa | Wrist-worn Garmin device walker | It was stipulated that from Monday to Friday, from 4:00 to 5:30 pm, they would gather at regular and fixed points (group activities, special personnel monitoring) and walk together in the park for at least 30 min. The participants were advised to engage in more outdoor activities on Saturdays and Sundays. They recorded their total steps and calorie consumption each day. |
EGb | Wrist-worn Garmin device walker | It was stipulated that independent outdoor walking was required from Monday to Friday, and participants were recommended to engage in more outdoor activities on Saturday and Sunday. They recorded their total steps and calorie consumption each day. |
CG | Wrist-worn Garmin device walker | The participants went about their daily routines. They recorded their total steps and calorie consumption each day. |
Factor 1: Health Responsibility | |
1 | I watch TV programs about improving health. |
2 | I discuss my health concerns with a health professional. |
3 | I get a second opinion when I suspect advice given by my healthcare professional. |
4 | I examine my body at least once a month to detect any physical changes. |
5 | I attend educational programs on healthcare. |
Factor 2: Physical activity | |
6 | I exercise vigorously for 30 min or more at least three times a week (e.g., brisk walking, climbing stairs). |
7 | I participate in physical activity at a mild to moderate level (e.g., walking continuously for 30–40 min five times or more per week). |
8 | I do stretching exercises at least three times a week. |
9 | I participate in leisure physical activities (such as swimming pool, spa, dancing, tai chi, and croquet). |
10 | I exercise while doing daily activities (such as using stairs instead of elevators, walking short distances, cleaning, and shopping). |
11 | I check my pulse rate while exercising. |
Factor 3: Nutrition | |
12 | I choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. |
13 | I limit my intake of sugar and foods that contain sugar (sweets). |
14 | I eat 1.5 to 4 bowls of staple food, including cereals, rice, and noodles, daily. |
15 | I eat two to four fist-sized pieces of fruit daily. |
16 | I eat three to five plates of vegetables daily. |
17 | I drink 350 to 500 mL of dairy daily. |
18 | I eat 115–300 g of meat, chicken, fish, dried beans, eggs, or beans daily. |
Factor 4: Spiritual growth | |
19 | I get enough sleep. |
20 | I feel I am growing and changing in a positive way. |
21 | I believe that my life has a purpose. |
22 | I look forward to the future. |
23 | I concentrate on pleasant thoughts before bed. |
Factor 5: Social support | |
24 | I discuss exercise patterns with my friends. |
25 | I compliment my friends’ athleticism. |
26 | I exercise with my friends. |
27 | I show concern for my friends. |
28 | Playing sports with my friends makes me happy. |
29 | I get support from friends while exercising. |
Factor 6: Stress management | |
30 | I accept things I cannot change in my life. |
31 | I feel satisfied and calm with myself. |
32 | Exercise makes me less stressed. |
33 | I find that every day is exciting and challenging. |
34 | I calm myself to avoid fatigue. |
Day | EGa (n = 20) | EGb (n = 20) | CG (n = 20) | F-Value | p-Value | Post Hoc LSD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD | M ± SD | M ± SD | ||||
Stride, cm | 60.35 ± 5.57 | 61.14 ± 6.13 | 60.67 ± 5.36 | 0.317 | >0.642 | - |
Monday, steps | 7857.25 ± 103.41 | 6203.36 ± 141.37 | 2445.03 ± 234.63 | 5.125 * | <0.005 | EGa > EGb > CG |
Calories, kcal | 392.86 ± 15.26 | 310.15 ± 12.83 | 121.25 ± 7.61 | 5.336 * | <0.003 | EGa > EGb > CG |
Tuesday, steps | 8436.47 ± 164.55 | 5795.42 ± 157.66 | 2547.17 ± 219.48 | 8.192 * | <0.0007 | EGa > EGb > CG |
Calories, kcal | 421.82 ± 21.83 | 289.77 ± 13.72 | 126.36 ± 8.43 | 7.461 * | <0.001 | EGa > EGb > CG |
Wednesday, steps | 9365.71 ± 231.32 | 6121.75 ± 104.29 | 2458.15 ± 212.48 | 13.857 * | <0.0001 | EGa > EGb > CG |
Calories, kcal | 468.29 ± 32.57 | 306.09 ± 15.65 | 120.91 ± 7.46 | 10.743 * | <0.0004 | EGa > EGb > CG |
Thursday, steps | 8079.34 ± 135.46 | 5335.92 ± 128.62 | 2483.24 ± 198.72 | 7.928 * | <0.0008 | EGa > EGb > CG |
Calories, kcal | 403.97 ± 18.41 | 266.80 ± 16.85 | 122.16 ± 7.89 | 6.592 * | <0.002 | EGa > EGb > CG |
Friday, steps | 7527.69 ± 117.51 | 5242.91 ± 136.47 | 2462.53 ± 175.64 | 4.973 * | <0.007 | EGa > EGb > CG |
Calories, kcal | 376.35 ± 16.62 | 262.15 ± 12.91 | 122.13 ± 7.67 | 4.657 * | <0.008 | EGa > EGb > CG |
Saturday, steps | 4516.23 ± 1819.57 | 4472.46 ± 1753.74 | 3173.46 ± 1547.62 | 3.579 * | <0.012 | EGa = EGb > CG |
Calories, kcal | 225.81 ± 9.36 | 223.62 ± 8.79 | 158.67 ± 6.15 | 3.354 * | <0.032 | EGa = EGb > CG |
Sunday, steps | 4544.57 ± 1916.18 | 4529.81 ± 1887.93 | 3094.53 ± 1676.31 | 3.471 * | <0.026 | EGa = EGb > CG |
Calories, kcal | 227.23 ± 8.53 | 226.49 ± 9.13 | 154.73 ± 5.34 | 3.228 * | <0.043 | EGa = EGb > CG |
Group | Health Responsibility | Physical Activity | Nutrition | Spiritual Growth | Social Support | Stress Management |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EGa mean | 3.09 ± 0.41 | 3.84 ± 0.33 | 3.28 ± 0.45 | 3.11 ± 0.38 | 3.76 ± 0.42 | 3.65 ± 0.46 |
minimum score | 13 | 19 | 18 | 15 | 21 | 16 |
maximum score | 18 | 24 | 25 | 19 | 24 | 19 |
EGb mean | 3.06 ± 0.43 | 3.47 ± 0.27 | 3.21 ± 0.33 | 3.09 ± 0.44 | 3.18 ± 0.37 | 3.14 ± 0.45 |
minimum score | 14 | 15 | 19 | 16 | 18 | 13 |
maximum score | 17 | 23 | 26 | 19 | 23 | 18 |
CG mean | 3.05 ± 0.47 | 2.26 ± 0.42 | 3.20 ± 0.38 | 3.01 ± 0.41 | 2.87 ± 0.38 | 3.06 ± 0.47 |
minimum score | 12 | 10 | 17 | 13 | 14 | 12 |
maximum score | 18 | 18 | 25 | 16 | 20 | 17 |
Group | EGa (n = 20) | EGb (n = 20) | CG (n = 2 0) | F-Value | p-Value | Post Hoc LSD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD | M ± SD | M ± SD | ||||
Health responsibility | 3.09 ± 0.41 | 3.06 ± 0.43 | 3.05 ± 0.47 | 0.511 | >0.462 | - |
Physical activity | 3.84 ± 0.33 | 3.47 ± 0.27 | 2.26 ± 0.42 | 9.326 * | <0.001 | EGa > EGb > CG |
Nutrition | 3.28 ± 0.45 | 3.21 ± 0.33 | 3.20 ± 0.38 | 0.715 | >0.317 | - |
Spiritual growth | 3.11 ± 0.38 | 3.09 ± 0.44 | 3.01 ± 0.41 | 3.226 * | <0.015 | EGa = EGb > CG |
Social support | 3.76 ± 0.42 | 3.18 ± 0.37 | 2.87 ± 0.38 | 6.184 * | <0.003 | EGa > EGb > CG |
Stress management | 3.65 ± 0.46 | 3.14 ± 0.45 | 3.06 ± 0.47 | 5.491 * | <0.006 | EGa > EGb > CG |
Total scale | 3.46 ± 0.41 | 3.21 ± 0.44 | 2.91 ± 0.43 | 6.752 * | <0.002 | EGa > EGb> CG |
Model | R | R2 | Adjusted R2 | Estimated Standard Error | R2 Change | F Change | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.863 (a) | 0.745 | 0.729 | 0.616 | 0.745 | 17.643 * | <0.001 |
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | ||||
1 | (Constant) | 7.226 | 0.529 | - | 8.114 * | <0.001 |
Health responsibility | 0.257 | 0.027 | 0.408 | 3.545 * | <0.004 | |
Physical activity | 0.431 | 0.001 | 0.731 | 8.237 * | <0.001 | |
Nutrition | 0.292 | 0.022 | 0.429 | 4.831 * | <0.002 | |
Spiritual growth | 0.296 | 0.024 | 0.417 | 4.429 * | <0.003 | |
Social support | 0.374 | 0.005 | 0.623 | 7.346 * | <0.001 | |
Stress management | 0.305 | 0.016 | 0.436 | 5.182 * | <0.001 | |
Physical activity | 0.431 | 0.001 | 0.731 | 8.237 * | <0.001 |
Model | R | R2 | Adjusted R2 | Estimated Standard Error | R2 Change | F Change | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 0.814 (a) | 0.663 | 0.648 | 0.023 | 0.663 | 8.173 * | <0.001 |
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | ||||
2 | (Constant) | 4.591 | 0.231 | - | 5.696 * | <0.001 |
Health responsibility | 0.237 | 0.012 | 0.426 | 4.464 * | <0.007 | |
Physical activity | 0.278 | 0.001 | 0.539 | 5.187 * | <0.001 | |
Nutrition | 0.269 | 0.008 | 0.477 | 4.823 * | <0.003 | |
Spiritual growth | 0.225 | 0.017 | 0.413 | 3.812 * | <0.012 | |
Stress management | 0.253 | 0.010 | 0.465 | 4.636 * | <0.007 | |
Social support | 0.436 | 0.001 | 0.568 | 5.911 * | <0.001 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Huang, W.-Y.; Huang, H.; Wu, C.-E. Physical Activity and Social Support to Promote a Health-Promoting Lifestyle in Older Adults: An Intervention Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114382
Huang W-Y, Huang H, Wu C-E. Physical Activity and Social Support to Promote a Health-Promoting Lifestyle in Older Adults: An Intervention Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114382
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Wei-Yang, Hsuan Huang, and Cheng-En Wu. 2022. "Physical Activity and Social Support to Promote a Health-Promoting Lifestyle in Older Adults: An Intervention Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114382
APA StyleHuang, W.-Y., Huang, H., & Wu, C.-E. (2022). Physical Activity and Social Support to Promote a Health-Promoting Lifestyle in Older Adults: An Intervention Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114382