Nanosecond-Pulsed DBD Plasma-Generated Reactive Oxygen Species Trigger Immunogenic Cell Death in A549 Lung Carcinoma Cells through Intracellular Oxidative Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. NspDBD Plasma Elicits Apoptosis in an Energy-Dependent Manner
2.2. NspDBD Plasma Induces Oxidative Stress
2.3. NspDBD Plasma Elicits Surface Exposure of CRT via Oxidative Stress
2.4. NspDBD Plasma Elicits Secretion of ATP via Oxidative Stress
2.5. NspDBD-Elicited ICD Enhances Anti-Tumor Activity of Macrophages
2.6. NspDBD Plasma-Generated ROS and Charges Are the Major Effectors of ICD
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture and Plating
4.2. NspDBD Plasma Treatment Parameters
4.3. Removal of Plasma Effectors to Determine the Major Contributors of Plasma-Induced ICD
4.4. UV Power Measurements
4.5. Pre-Treatment with NAC and DPI to Attenuate Intracellular ROS
4.6. Quantification of Cell Viability
4.7. Quantification of Apoptotic and Necrotic Cells
4.8. Quantification of Extracellular ATP
4.9. Fluorescence Detection of Ecto-CRT
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ICD | Immunogenic cell death |
APC | Antigen presenting cell |
DAMP | Damage associated molecular pattern |
ER | Endoplasmic reticulum |
ROS | Reactive oxygen specie |
CRT | Calreticulin |
Ecto-CRT | Surface-exposed calreticulin |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
HMGB1 | High mobility group protein B1 |
HSP90 | Heat shock protein 90 |
HSP70 | Heat shock protein 70 |
HV | High voltage |
RNS | Reactive nitrogen specie |
DBD | Dielectric barrier discharge |
ATF4 | Activating transcription factor 4 |
STC2 | Stanniocalcin |
NspDBD | Nanosecond-pulsed DBD |
NAC | N-acetyl cysteine |
DPI | Diphenyleneiodonium |
PI | Propidium iodide |
DCFDA | 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate |
NADPH | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
DC | Dendritic cell |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor α |
IL-1β | Interleukin 1β |
IL-18 | Interleukin 18 |
PMA | Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate |
Appendix A
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Excitation | Nanosecond-pulsed |
Voltage | 29 kV |
Rise Time | 2 ns |
Pulse Width | 20 ns |
Treatment Time | 10 s |
Plasma Discharge in 24-Well Plate (Energy per Pulse: 0.9 mJ/pulse) | |
Gap Distance | 1 mm |
Frequency | 5, 15, 30, 75 Hz |
Total Plasma Energies | 50, 100, 300, 700 mJ |
Plasma Discharge on Copper Mesh Barrier (Energy per Pulse: 1.9 mJ/pulse) | |
Gap Distance | 1 mm |
Frequency | 15 Hz |
Total Plasma Energy | 300 mJ |
Treatment Condition | Effectors Delivered | Effectors Removed | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | NspDBD in Air | | E-Field, UV, Charges, Neutrals | - |
2. | Electrode Dipped in Media | | E-Field | UV, Charges, Neutrals |
3. | NspDBD w/Quartz Barrier | | UV | E-Field, Charges, Neutrals |
4. | NspDBD w/Mesh Barrier | | Long-Lived Neutrals, UV | Global E-Field, Charges, Short-Lived Neutrals |
5. | NspDBD in Oxygen | | ROS, Charges, E-Field, UV | Other Neutral Species |
6. | NspDBD in Nitrogen | | Nitrogen Species, Charges, E-Field, UV | Other Neutral Species |
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Lin, A.; Truong, B.; Patel, S.; Kaushik, N.; Choi, E.H.; Fridman, G.; Fridman, A.; Miller, V. Nanosecond-Pulsed DBD Plasma-Generated Reactive Oxygen Species Trigger Immunogenic Cell Death in A549 Lung Carcinoma Cells through Intracellular Oxidative Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18050966
Lin A, Truong B, Patel S, Kaushik N, Choi EH, Fridman G, Fridman A, Miller V. Nanosecond-Pulsed DBD Plasma-Generated Reactive Oxygen Species Trigger Immunogenic Cell Death in A549 Lung Carcinoma Cells through Intracellular Oxidative Stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(5):966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18050966
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Abraham, Billy Truong, Sohil Patel, Nagendra Kaushik, Eun Ha Choi, Gregory Fridman, Alexander Fridman, and Vandana Miller. 2017. "Nanosecond-Pulsed DBD Plasma-Generated Reactive Oxygen Species Trigger Immunogenic Cell Death in A549 Lung Carcinoma Cells through Intracellular Oxidative Stress" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 5: 966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18050966