Serratia liquefaciens KM4 Improves Salt Stress Tolerance in Maize by Regulating Redox Potential, Ion Homeostasis, Leaf Gas Exchange and Stress-Related Gene Expression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Plant Growth and Biomass Yield
2.2. Mineral Uptake, Pigment Contents, Leaf Relative Water Content (LRWC), and Antioxidant Capacity
2.3. Levels of Proline, Soluble Sugars, Soluble Proteins, Total Free Amino Acids, Phenols, and Flavonoids
2.4. Estimation of Oxidative Stress Markers
2.5. Measurement of Gas-Exchange Parameters
2.6. Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes and Levels of Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
2.7. Gene Expression Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Test of Salt Tolerance of Serratia Liquefaciens KM4
4.2. Bacterial Inoculation and Plant Growth
4.3. Estimation of Growth and Biomass Yield
4.4. Estimation of Na+, Cl−, Ca2+, and K+ Content
4.5. Determination of Pigment Contents
4.6. Estimation of Osmoprotectant Contents
4.7. Determination of Phenloic and Flavonoid Contents
4.8. Estimation of Oxidative Stress Markers
4.9. Determination of Antioxidant Capacity
4.10. Determination of LRWC and Gas-Exchange Parameters
4.11. Assays of Antioxidant Enzyme Activities
4.12. Levels of Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
4.13. Gene Expression Analysis
4.14. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NaCl (mM) | Serratia liquefaciens KM4 | Shoot Length (cm) | Shoot Fresh Weight (g·plant−1) | Shoot Dry Weight (g·plant−1) | Root Length (cm) | Root Fresh Weight (g·plant−1) | Root Dry Weight (g·plant−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | −KM4 | 32.4 ± 1.88 b | 5.9 ± 0.41 b | 0.58 ± 0.12 b | 20.5 ± 1.21 b | 2.71 ± 0.19 b | 0.38 ± 0.16 b |
+KM4 | 35.7 ± 1.45 a | 6.4 ± 0.35 a | 0.63 ± 0.14 a | 22.9 ± 1.32 a | 2.98 ± 0.18 a | 0.43 ± 0.15 a | |
80 | −KM4 | 26.2 ± 1.29 d | 5.1 ± 0.38 c | 0.52 ±0.23 d | 17.6 ± 1.21 d | 2.32 ± 0.22 d | 0.32 ±0.17 d |
+KM4 | 30.1 ± 1.17 c | 5.4 ± 0.41 b | 0.55 ± 0.16 c | 19.2 ± 1.17 c | 2.59 ± 0.18 c | 0.36 ± 0.15 c | |
160 | −KM4 | 22.4 ± 1.11 f | 3.9 ± 0.27 e | 0.42 ± 0.18 f | 14.3 ± 1.15 f | 1.98 ± 0.15 f | 0.23 ± 0.12 f |
+KM4 | 24.3 ± 1.25 e | 4.3 ± 0.31 d | 0.46 ± 0.15 e | 16.6 ± 1.24 e | 2.22 ± 0.17 e | 0.27 ± 0.11 e |
NaCl (mM) | S. liquefaciens KM4 | Na+ (mg g−1 DW) | Cl− (mg g−1 DW) | Ca2+ (mg g−1 DW) | K+ (mg g−1 DW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | −KM4 | 5.3 ± 0.11 e | 8.5 ± 0.15 e | 17.3 ± 0.13 b | 29.4 ± 0.21 b |
+KM4 | 4.2 ± 0.14 f | 7.1 ± 0.12 f | 19.4 ± 0.12 a | 31.6 ± 0.19 a | |
80 | −KM4 | 8.9 ± 0.16 c | 11.4 ± 0.17 c | 12.8± 0.14 d | 22.8 ± 0.11 d |
+KM4 | 6.5 ± 0.12 d | 10.0 ± 0.14 d | 15.2 ± 0.19 c | 26.7 ± 0.18 c | |
160 | −KM4 | 16.6 ± 0.11 a | 14.6 ± 0.12 a | 10.1 ± 0.11 e | 16.2 ± 0.22 f |
+KM4 | 12.8 ± 0.14 b | 12.1 ± 0.15 b | 13.6 ± 0.16 d | 18.3 ± 0.24 e |
NaCl (mM) | S. liquefaciens KM4 | LRWC (%) | DPPH (IC50) | Chl a (mg g−1 FW) | Chl b (mg g−1 FW) | Total Chl (mg g−1 FW) | Carotenoid (mg g−1 FW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | −KM4 | 86.1 ± 1.23 b | 0.62 ± 0.07 a | 3.31 ± 0.12 b | 1.72 ± 0.11 b | 5.03 ± 0.11 b | 0.29 ± 0.05 e |
+KM4 | 87.9 ± 2.12 a | 0.56 ± 0.05 b | 3.74 ± 0.14 a | 1.97 ± 0.09 a | 5.71 ± 0.17 a | 0.34 ± 0.04 a | |
80 | −KM4 | 78.4 ± 1.87 d | 0.51 ± 0.08 c | 2.52 ± 0.18 d | 1.36 ± 0.08 d | 3.88 ± 0.09 e | 0.24 ± 0.08 d |
+KM4 | 82.6 ± 2.41 c | 0.44 ± 0.09 d | 3.18 ± 0.11 c | 1.61 ± 0.06 c | 4.79 ± 0.12 c | 0.28 ± 0.04 b | |
160 | −KM4 | 72.3 ± 2.11 f | 0.43 ± 0.05 d | 2.11 ± 0.17 e | 1.11 ± 0.09 e | 3.22 ± 0.16 f | 0.20 ± 0.06 f |
+KM4 | 77.9 ± 1.37 e | 0.39 ± 0.03 e | 2.53 ± 0.14 d | 1.37 ± 0.08 d | 3.90 ± 0.13 d | 0.25 ± 0.03 c |
NaCl (mM) | Serratia liquefaciens KM4 | Proline (mg g−1 DW) | Soluble Sugars (mg g−1 DW) | Proteins (mg g−1 DW) | Total Free Amino Acids (mg g−1 DW) | Phenols (µmol g−1 FW) | Flavonoid (µmol g−1 FW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | −KM4 | 1.42 ± 0.17 f | 27.54 ± 1.13 d | 23.04 ±1.51 e | 10.16 ± 0.13 f | 7.51 ± 0.41 b | 1.24 ± 0.14 b |
+KM4 | 1.77 ± 0.12 e | 29.13 ± 1.47 a | 23.93 ±1.25 d | 11.03 ± 0.17 e | 8.26 ± 0.33 a | 1.51 ± 0.11 a | |
80 | −KM4 | 2.25 ± 0.14 d | 25.88 ± 1.38 e | 24.81 ±1.28 c | 12.14 ± 1.14 d | 6.03 ± 0.27 e | 1.05 ±0.16 d |
+KM4 | 2.91 ± 0.18 c | 28.04 ± 1.29 c | 26.42 ±1.13 b | 15.26 ± 1.32 b | 7.22 ± 0.35 c | 1.17 ± 0.21 c | |
160 | −KM4 | 3.41 ± 0.21 b | 22.14 ± 1.37 f | 25.77 ±1.18 b | 14.17 ± 2.13 c | 5.04 ± 0.29 f | 0.98 ± 0.10 e |
+KM4 | 3.98 ± 0.19 a | 28.89 ± 1.27 b | 33.27 ±1.24 a | 17.11 ± 2.24 a | 6.11 ±0.42 d | 1.07 ±0.12 d |
NaCl (mM) | KM4 | H2O2 | MDA | EL (%) | Pn (μmol m2 s−1) | E (mmol m2 s−1) | gs (mol m2 s−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | −KM4 | 17.8 ± 1.11 e | 6.9 ± 1.16 e | 48.3 ± 2.15 e | 13.24 ± 0.08 b | 1.88 ± 0.05 b | 0.09 ± 0.07 b |
+KM4 | 15.1 ± 1.34 f | 5.1 ± 1.21 f | 42.5 ± 2.03 f | 14.91 ± 0.07 a | 2.06 ± 0.11 a | 0.12 ± 0.09 a | |
80 | −KM4 | 19.8 ± 1.47 c | 11.3 ± 1.24 c | 69.2 ± 2.89 b | 9.54 ± 0.05 d | 1.54 ± 0.05 d | 0.06 ±0.04 d |
+KM4 | 18.1 ±1.32 d | 9.4 ± 1.72 d | 55.7 ±2.13 d | 10.98 ± 0.15 c | 1.72 ± 0.08 c | 0.07 ± 0.08 c | |
160 | −KM4 | 22.4 ± 1.22 a | 24.8 ± 1.27 a | 77.4 ± 2.26 a | 7.11 ± 0.13 f | 1.17 ± 0.09 f | 0.03 ± 0.05 f |
+KM4 | 20.1 ± 1.14 b | 15.7 ± 1.82 b | 66.8 ± 2.91 c | 8.87 ± 0.15 e | 1.33 ± 0.07 e | 0.05 ± 0.01 e |
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El-Esawi, M.A.; Alaraidh, I.A.; Alsahli, A.A.; Alzahrani, S.M.; Ali, H.M.; Alayafi, A.A.; Ahmad, M. Serratia liquefaciens KM4 Improves Salt Stress Tolerance in Maize by Regulating Redox Potential, Ion Homeostasis, Leaf Gas Exchange and Stress-Related Gene Expression. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113310
El-Esawi MA, Alaraidh IA, Alsahli AA, Alzahrani SM, Ali HM, Alayafi AA, Ahmad M. Serratia liquefaciens KM4 Improves Salt Stress Tolerance in Maize by Regulating Redox Potential, Ion Homeostasis, Leaf Gas Exchange and Stress-Related Gene Expression. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(11):3310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113310
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Esawi, Mohamed A., Ibrahim A. Alaraidh, Abdulaziz A. Alsahli, Saud M. Alzahrani, Hayssam M. Ali, Aisha A. Alayafi, and Margaret Ahmad. 2018. "Serratia liquefaciens KM4 Improves Salt Stress Tolerance in Maize by Regulating Redox Potential, Ion Homeostasis, Leaf Gas Exchange and Stress-Related Gene Expression" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11: 3310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113310