The Unfolded Protein Response: Neutron-Induced Therapy Autophagy as a Promising Treatment Option for Osteosarcoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Neutrons Induce Autophagy in a Dose-Dependent Manner in OS Cells
2.2. Relationship Between Autophagy and Cell Survival After Exposure to Gamma-Rays and LET Neutrons
2.3. Neutron Therapy Induces Autophagy in Tumor Cells by Inhibiting the Akt-mTOR Pathway
2.4. Neutrons Induce Autophagy Via Activation of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress
2.5. Autophagic Effects of Low-LET Gamma-Ray or High-LET Neutron Exposure on Orthotopic Tumors In Vivo
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture and Tissue Samples
4.2. Irradiation
4.3. Quantification of Acidic Vacuoles (AVOs) by Acridine Orange (AO) Staining
4.4. ELISA
4.5. Colony Formation Assay
4.6. Detection of Apoptotic Cells by Annexin V Staining
4.7. Western Blotting
4.8. Morphology
4.9. Orthotopic Model and Histological Analysis
4.10. Immunohistochemical Staining
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
FNT | Fast neutron therapy |
LET | Linear energy transfer |
AVO | Acidic vacuoles |
AO | Acridine orange |
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Oh, J.Y.; Lee, Y.-J.; Sai, S.; Ohno, T.; Kong, C.-B.; Lim, S.H.; Kim, E.H. The Unfolded Protein Response: Neutron-Induced Therapy Autophagy as a Promising Treatment Option for Osteosarcoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113766
Oh JY, Lee Y-J, Sai S, Ohno T, Kong C-B, Lim SH, Kim EH. The Unfolded Protein Response: Neutron-Induced Therapy Autophagy as a Promising Treatment Option for Osteosarcoma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(11):3766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113766
Chicago/Turabian StyleOh, Ju Yeon, Yeon-Joo Lee, Sei Sai, Tatsuya Ohno, Chang-Bae Kong, Sun Ha Lim, and Eun Ho Kim. 2020. "The Unfolded Protein Response: Neutron-Induced Therapy Autophagy as a Promising Treatment Option for Osteosarcoma" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 11: 3766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113766