Sex, Endothelial Cell Functions, and Peripheral Artery Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sexual Dimorphisms in EC Functions(s) in PAD
2.1. Pathogenesis
2.2. Biomechanical Considerations
2.3. Vascular Tone
Stimulus | Age | Gender | Artery | Mechanism of Relaxation | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ach | 8 Weeks | Male | Mesenteric (150 µm) | ~60% ·NO-/COX-dependent ~20% IKca-/SKca-dependant ~20% Unknown | [31] |
8 Weeks | Female | Mesenteric (150 µm) | ~40% ·NO-/COX-dependent ~40% IKca-/SKca-dependant ~20% Undetermined | [31] | |
6–8 Weeks | Male | Superior mesenteric | ~70% ·NO-/COX-dependent ~30% Undetermined | [32] | |
Any | Female | * Superior mesenteric | No data | ||
6–8 Weeks | Male | Thoracic aorta | 100% ·NO-dependent | [32] | |
8 Weeks | Female | Thoracic aorta | 100% ·NO-dependent | [33] | |
Not specified | Male | Carotid | ~50% ·NO-/COX-dependent ~50% Undetermined | [34] | |
19–23 weeks | Female | Carotid | 100% ·NO-dependent | [35] | |
Not specified | Male | Femoral | ~60% ·NO-/COX-dependent ~40% Undetermined | [34] | |
19–23 weeks | Female | Femoral | ~75% ·NO ~25% BKca/IKca/SKca | [35] | |
Flow | 10–14 weeks | Male | Cerebral | ~50% ·NO-dependent ~50% H2O2-dependent | [36] |
Any | Female | * Cerebral | No Data | ||
5–6 months | Male | Mesenteric (200 µm) | ~50% ·NO-dependent ~50% Undetermined | [37] | |
Any | Female | * Mesenteric | No data | ||
26 months | Male | Femoral | ~100% ·NO-dependent | [38] | |
Any | Male | * Femoral | No data |
2.4. Barrier Function and Permeability
2.5. Leukocyte Trafficking and Inflammation
2.6. Platelets and Coagulation
2.7. Angiogenesis
3. Lessons from OMIC Studies
4. Risk Factors and microRNAs
5. Outstanding Questions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cartland, S.P.; Stanley, C.P.; Bursill, C.; Passam, F.; Figtree, G.A.; Patel, S.; Loa, J.; Golledge, J.; Robinson, D.A.; Aitken, S.J.; et al. Sex, Endothelial Cell Functions, and Peripheral Artery Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 17439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417439
Cartland SP, Stanley CP, Bursill C, Passam F, Figtree GA, Patel S, Loa J, Golledge J, Robinson DA, Aitken SJ, et al. Sex, Endothelial Cell Functions, and Peripheral Artery Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(24):17439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417439
Chicago/Turabian StyleCartland, Siân P., Christopher P. Stanley, Christina Bursill, Freda Passam, Gemma A. Figtree, Sanjay Patel, Jacky Loa, Jonathan Golledge, David A. Robinson, Sarah J. Aitken, and et al. 2023. "Sex, Endothelial Cell Functions, and Peripheral Artery Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 24: 17439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417439