Oomycete Soil Diversity Associated with Betula and Alnus in Forests and Urban Settings in the Nordic–Baltic Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Selection and Soil Collection
2.2. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification and Sequencing
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Taxonomic Diversity of Soil Oomycetes
3.2. Phytophthora Species Prevalence in Different Sample Groups
3.3. Oomycete Richness and Composition Differences among Countries
3.4. Oomycete Richness and Composition Differences among Site Types
3.5. Effect of Climatic and Spatial Variables on Oomycete Community Composition and Species Richness
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alder-Dominated Sites | Lit | Est | Fin | Swe | Nor | Significant Pairs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pythiales | Rel. abund. | 1.001 | 0.981 | 0.830 | 0.711 | 0.822 | - |
OTU rich. | 23.1 | 24.9 | 21.2 | 19.1 | 20.2 | - | |
Shannon div. | 1.803 | 1.195 | 1.562 | 0.992 | 0.931 | LN * | |
Saprolegniales | Rel. abund. | −0.032 | 0.008 | 0.142 | 0.221 | 0.155 | - |
OTU rich. | 2.78 | 5.74 | 7.42 | 6.33 | 11.72 | LN **, EN * | |
Shannon div. | 0.068 | 0.383 | 0.384 | 0.667 | 1.196 | LN **, EN * | |
Peronosporales | Rel. abund. | 0.018 | 0.006 | 0.012 | 0.042 | 0.018 | - |
OTU rich. | 2.04 | 2.80 | 1.33 | 1.89 | 1.99 | - | |
Shannon div. | 0.051 | 0.298 | 0.042 | 0.281 | 0.123 | - | |
Birch-dominated sites | |||||||
Pythiales | Rel. abund. | 0.983 | - | 0.989 | 0.733 | 0.726 | - |
OTU rich. | 17.5 | - | 15.7 | 13.0 | 22.3 | - | |
Shannon div. | 1.094 | - | 0.795 | 1.234 | 0.591 | - | |
Saprolegniales | Rel. abund. | 0.005 | - | 0.011 | 0.256 | 0.264 | - |
OTU rich. | 3.54 | - | 3.27 | 9.17 | 9.10 | LS **, FS **, LN **, FN * | |
Shannon div. | 0.101 | - | 0.058 | 0.837 | 0.858 | LS **, FS **, LN **, FN * | |
Peronosporales | Rel. abund. | 0.007 | - | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.007 | - |
OTU rich. | 2.553 | - | 0.965 | 2.632 | 1.327 | - | |
Shannon div. | 0.183 | - | 0.030 | 0.103 | 0.019 | - | |
Forest sites | |||||||
Pythiales | Rel. abund. | 0.947 | 0.914 | 0.886 | 0.602 | 0.690 | LS * |
OTU rich. | 19.8 | 21.1 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 14.7 | - | |
Shannon div. | 1.310 | 0.904 | 1.054 | 1.008 | 0.609 | - | |
Saprolegniales | Rel. abund. | 0.0367 | 0.089 | 0.095 | 0.383 | 0.292 | LS * |
OTU rich. | 3.66 | 4.95 | 5.36 | 8.44 | 11.45 | LN ***, EN * | |
Shannon div. | 0.171 | 0.344 | 0.296 | 0.956 | 1.250 | LN ***, EN **, LS **, FN * | |
Peronosporales | Rel. abund. | 0.011 | -0.003 | 0.015 | 0.011 | 0.016 | - |
OTU rich. | 2.03 | 2.45 | 1.15 | 2.00 | 1.64 | - | |
Shannon div. | 0.094 | 0.241 | 0.034 | 0.145 | 0.123 | - | |
Urban sites | |||||||
Pythiales | Rel. abund. | 0.948 | - | 0.967 | 0.827 | 0.846 | - |
OTU rich. | 17.0 | - | 19.1 | 22.9 | 17.5 | - | |
Shannon div. | 1.331 | - | 1.310 | 1.237 | 0.823 | - | |
Saprolegniales | Rel. abund. | 0.018 | - | 0.025 | 0.117 | 0.138 | - |
OTU rich. | 2.02 | - | 4.83 | 7.42 | 9.08 | LN * | |
Shannon div. | 0.016 | - | 0.078 | 0.590 | 0.791 | - | |
Peronosporales | Rel. abund. | 0.017 | - | -0.002 | 0.034 | 0.010 | - |
OTU rich. | 2.77 | - | 1.13 | 2.54 | 1.55 | FS * | |
Shannon div. | 0.286 | - | 0.028 | 0.226 | 0.029 | - |
Alder-Dominated Sites | Forest | Urban | Significance (p-Value) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pythiales | Rel. abund. | 0.823 | 0.915 | 0.2500 # |
OTU rich. | 21.7 | 21.7 | 0.9912 # | |
Shannon div. | 1.29 | 1.30 | 0.9579 # | |
Saprolegniales | Rel. abund. | 0.156 | 0.042 | 0.1293 # |
OTU rich. | 6.73 | 6.86 | 0.9349 # | |
Shannon div. | 0.638 | 0.441 | 0.4057 # | |
Peronosporales | Rel. abund. | 0.015 | 0.023 | 0.7553 # |
OTU rich. | 1.83 | 2.19 | 0.2887 # | |
Shannon div. | 0.114 | 0.203 | 0.5013 # | |
Birch-dominated sites | ||||
Pythiales | Rel. abund. | 0.741 | 0.975 | 0.0050 ** |
OTU rich. | 14.6 | 19.6 | 0.1336 # | |
Shannon div. | 0.681 | 1.176 | 0.0139 * | |
Saprolegniales | Rel. abund. | 0.249 | 0.019 | 0.0062 ** |
OTU rich. | 7.26 | 5.28 | 0.0812 # | |
Shannon div. | 0.619 | 0.308 | 0.0478 * | |
Peronosporales | Rel. abund. | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.4565 # |
OTU rich. | 1.58 | 2.16 | 0.2236 # | |
Shannon div. | 0.100 | 0.067 | 0.7103 # |
Variable | Variance (%) | F Value | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature seasonality | 5.99 | 5.66 | 0.001 |
Annual mean temperature | 5.75 | 5.43 | 0.001 |
Mean temperature of warmest quarter | 5.38 | 5.08 | 0.001 |
Precipitation of wettest quarter | 4.13 | 3.90 | 0.001 |
Annual precipitation | 3.15 | 2.97 | 0.009 |
Mean temperature of driest quarter | 2.29 | 2.16 | 0.037 |
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Riit, T.; Cleary, M.; Adamson, K.; Blomquist, M.; Burokienė, D.; Marčiulynienė, D.; Oliva, J.; Poimala, A.; Redondo, M.A.; Strømeng, G.M.; et al. Oomycete Soil Diversity Associated with Betula and Alnus in Forests and Urban Settings in the Nordic–Baltic Region. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 926. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090926
Riit T, Cleary M, Adamson K, Blomquist M, Burokienė D, Marčiulynienė D, Oliva J, Poimala A, Redondo MA, Strømeng GM, et al. Oomycete Soil Diversity Associated with Betula and Alnus in Forests and Urban Settings in the Nordic–Baltic Region. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(9):926. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090926
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiit, Taavi, Michelle Cleary, Kalev Adamson, Mimmi Blomquist, Daiva Burokienė, Diana Marčiulynienė, Jonàs Oliva, Anna Poimala, Miguel Angel Redondo, Gunn Mari Strømeng, and et al. 2023. "Oomycete Soil Diversity Associated with Betula and Alnus in Forests and Urban Settings in the Nordic–Baltic Region" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 9: 926. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090926