Cultivar-Specific Performance and Qualitative Descriptors for Butterhead Salanova Lettuce Produced in Closed Soilless Cultivation as a Candidate Salad Crop for Human Life Support in Space
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material, Growth Chamber Conditions, Experimental Design and Harvesting Schedule
2.2. Sampling, Growth Analysis, and SPAD Index Measurement
2.3. Water Uptake, Water Use Efficiency and Relative Growth Rate
2.4. Water Potential and Relative Water Content
2.5. Dry Matter, Total Nitrogen and Mineral Content Analysis
2.6. Analysis of Lipophilic Antioxidant Activity
2.7. Analysis of Total Ascorbic Acid and Total Phenols
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Response, Water Uptake and Water Use Efficiency
3.2. Leaf Macro-Mineral Composition
3.3. Relative Water Content, Leaf Water Potential and SPAD Index.
3.4. Qualitative Parameters
3.5. Principal Component Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Daily Variables | Cultivar | 4 DAT | 7 DAT | 10 DAT | 13 DAT | 16 DAT | 19 DAT | Significance | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaf Area | Green Salanova | 12.81 f | 44.66 e | 80.80 d | 93.36 c | 113.49 b | 131.72 a | *** | 79.47 |
(cm2 plant−1 day−1) | Red Salanova | 10.38 f | 50.86 e | 82.82 d | 128.79 c | 168.53 b | 212.70 a | *** | 109.01 |
t-test | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.772 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.001 | ||
Fresh biomass | Green Salanova | 0.53 e | 2.26 d | 4.94 c | 6.91 b | 7.64 b | 12.59 a | *** | 5.81 |
(g plant−1 day−1) | Red Salanova | 0.42 f | 2.18 e | 4.64 d | 7.29 c | 12.68 b | 15.74 a | *** | 7.16 |
t-test | 0.232 | 0.217 | 0.141 | 0.454 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.000 | ||
Dry biomass | Green Salanova | 0.05 e | 0.15 d | 0.26 c | 0.38 b | 0.41 b | 0.62 a | *** | 0.31 |
(g plant−1 day−1) | Red Salanova | 0.04 f | 0.15 e | 0.23 d | 0.36 c | 0.60 b | 0.41 a | *** | 0.30 |
t-test | 0.035 | 1.000 | 0.036 | 0.338 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.045 | ||
Water uptake | Green Salanova | 29.47 d | 35.43 cd | 54.71 c | 89.50 b | 104.00 b | 128.45 a | *** | 73.59 |
(mL plant−1 day−1) | Red Salanova | 26.97 f | 35.47 e | 57.13 d | 94.76 c | 123.98 b | 134.04 a | *** | 78.72 |
t-test | 0.055 | 0.976 | 0.477 | 0.068 | 0.000 | 0.743 | 0.145 | ||
Total N | Green Salanova | 2.32 e | 6.73 d | 8.79 c | 18.39 a | 13.97 b | 19.31 a | *** | 11.58 |
(mg plant−1 day−1) | Red Salanova | 1.41 e | 5.79 d | 12.35 c | 17.23 b | 25.31 a | 18.54 b | *** | 13.44 |
t-test | 0.013 | 0.026 | 0.002 | 0.407 | 0.002 | 0.322 | 0.020 | ||
P | Green Salanova | 0.15 e | 0.75 d | 1.15 c | 1.81 b | 1.89 b | 2.91 a | *** | 1.44 |
(mg plant−1 day−1) | Red Salanova | 0.05 e | 0.53 d | 1.08 c | 0.37 d | 2.56 a | 1.38 b | *** | 1.00 |
t-test | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.333 | 0.002 | 0.017 | 0.000 | 0.002 | ||
S | Green Salanova | 0.02 d | 0.12 c | 0.02 d | 0.32 b | 0.17 c | 0.41 a | *** | 0.18 |
(mg plant−1 day−1) | Red Salanova | 0.02 c | 0.09 c | 0.27 b | 0.19 b | 0.48 a | 0.20 b | *** | 0.21 |
t-test | 0.741 | 0.082 | 0.001 | 0.039 | 0.001 | 0.041 | 0.139 | ||
K | Green Salanova | 3.73 d | 7.82 c | 15.24 b | 16.52 b | 15.31 b | 47.24 a | *** | 17.65 |
(mg plant−1 day−1) | Red Salanova | 1.89 d | 7.22 c | 9.07 c | 6.42 c | 30.05 a | 24.44 b | *** | 13.18 |
t-test | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.005 | ||
Ca | Green Salanova | 0.59 e | 1.43 d | 2.72 b | 3.17 b | 2.02 c | 6.57 a | *** | 2.75 |
(mg plant−1 day−1) | Red Salanova | 0.26 c | 1.37 bc | 1.73 b | 1.19 bc | 4.67 a | 0.94 bc | *** | 1.69 |
t-test | 0.020 | 0.389 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.003 | ||
Mg | Green Salanova | 0.18 d | 0.51 cd | 0.74 c | 1.08 b | 0.51 cd | 1.47 a | *** | 0.75 |
(mg plant−1 day−1) | Red Salanova | 0.10 d | 0.44 c | 0.76 b | 0.39 c | 1.18 a | 0.24 cd | *** | 0.52 |
t-test | 0.004 | 0.210 | 0.832 | 0.002 | 0.022 | 0.007 | 0.035 |
Physiological Parameters | Cultivar | 4 DAT | 7 DAT | 10 DAT | 13 DAT | 16 DAT | 19 DAT | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RWC | Green Salanova | 68.41 d | 78.45 c | 88.85 a | 84.97 ab | 83.81 b | 83.71 b | *** |
(%) | Red Salanova | 61.77 f | 69.94 e | 75.25 d | 82.40 c | 94.25 b | 97.13 a | *** |
t-test | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.277 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
Leaf total potential | Green Salanova | −1.15 d | −0.78 c | −0.59 a | −0.66 b | −0.78 c | −0.78 c | *** |
(MPa) | Red Salanova | −1.30 e | −0.85 cd | −0.98 d | −0.72 bc | −0.61 ab | −0.52 a | *** |
t-test | 0.002 | 0.246 | 0.003 | 0.441 | 0.001 | 0.000 | ||
Leaf osmotic potential | Green Salanova | −0.65 c | −0.55 bc | −0.24 a | −0.46 b | −0.47 b | −0.50 b | *** |
(MPa) | Red Salanova | −0.66 d | −0.25 ab | −0.37 c | −0.26 ab | −0.30 bc | −0.21 a | *** |
t-test | 0.635 | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.005 | 0.000 | ||
Leaf turgor pressure | Green Salanova | 0.50 a | 0.23 cd | 0.35 b | 0.20 d | 0.31 bc | 0.28 bcd | *** |
(MPa) | Red Salanova | 0.64 a | 0.60 a | 0.61 a | 0.46 b | 0.31 c | 0.32 c | *** |
t-test | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.964 | 0.264 | ||
SPAD index | Green Salanova | 23.81 c | 24.75 c | 25.71 bc | 25.78 bc | 28.54 b | 31.76 a | *** |
Red Salanova | 39.42 d | 39.39 d | 41.83 c | 43.86 b | 44.98 b | 46.90 a | *** | |
t-test | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Qualitative Parameters | Cultivar | 4 DAT | 7 DAT | 10 DAT | 13 DAT | 16 DAT | 19 DAT | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nitrate | Green Salanova | 1323 b | 1727 a | 1927 a | 1478 b | 1319 b | 1871 a | *** |
(mg kg−1 fw) | Red Salanova | 786 c | 1079 b | 772 c | 536 d | 1109 ab | 1175 a | *** |
t-test | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.000 | ||
Dry matter | Green Salanova | 7.35 a | 6.81 b | 5.85 c | 5.68 cd | 5.56 cd | 5.35 d | *** |
(%) | Red Salanova | 7.12 a | 6.87 b | 5.72 c | 5.34 d | 5.06 e | 4.17 f | *** |
t-test | 0.339 | 0.742 | 0.221 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.000 | ||
LAA | Green Salanova | 2.70 c | 3.90 b | 5.27 a | 3.83 b | 3.66 b | 3.25 bc | *** |
(mmol Trolox 100 g−1 dw) | Red Salanova | 4.91 c | 7.39 ab | 8.87 a | 8.47 a | 6.42 bc | 6.12 bc | ** |
t-test | 0.005 | 0.024 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.017 | ||
Total phenols | Green Salanova | 25.10 a | 18.22 b | 12.15 c | 10.06 d | 9.66 d | 8.90 d | *** |
(mg gallic ac. eq. 100 g−1 dw) | Red Salanova | 48.27 a | 39.55 b | 39.84 b | 24.33 c | 22.29 c | 18.57 c | *** |
t-test | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
Total ascorbic acid | Green Salanova | 43.20 b | 64.76 a | 36.95 b | 5.99 c | 5.98 c | 7.61 c | *** |
(mg AA 100 g−1 fw) | Red Salanova | 76.26 a | 69.95 ab | 66.83 b | 36.28 d | 32.91 d | 44.86 c | *** |
t-test | 0.001 | 0.263 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
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El-Nakhel, C.; Giordano, M.; Pannico, A.; Carillo, P.; Fusco, G.M.; De Pascale, S.; Rouphael, Y. Cultivar-Specific Performance and Qualitative Descriptors for Butterhead Salanova Lettuce Produced in Closed Soilless Cultivation as a Candidate Salad Crop for Human Life Support in Space. Life 2019, 9, 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/life9030061
El-Nakhel C, Giordano M, Pannico A, Carillo P, Fusco GM, De Pascale S, Rouphael Y. Cultivar-Specific Performance and Qualitative Descriptors for Butterhead Salanova Lettuce Produced in Closed Soilless Cultivation as a Candidate Salad Crop for Human Life Support in Space. Life. 2019; 9(3):61. https://doi.org/10.3390/life9030061
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Nakhel, Christophe, Maria Giordano, Antonio Pannico, Petronia Carillo, Giovanna Marta Fusco, Stefania De Pascale, and Youssef Rouphael. 2019. "Cultivar-Specific Performance and Qualitative Descriptors for Butterhead Salanova Lettuce Produced in Closed Soilless Cultivation as a Candidate Salad Crop for Human Life Support in Space" Life 9, no. 3: 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/life9030061