Development Trend in Composition Optimization, Microstructure Manipulation, and Strengthening Methods of Die Steels under Lightweight and Integrated Die Casting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Development in Composition Optimization of Die Steel for Integrated Die Casting
2.1. Traditional Hot-Working Die Steels
2.2. New Hot-Working Die Steels
3. Development in Microstructure Manipulation and Strengthening Methods of Die Steel for Integrated Die Casting
3.1. Melt Purification and Impurity Removal
3.2. Optimal Treatment of Microalloying
Alloy Element | Content Range | Main Functions and Features | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
C | 0.3–0.6% | Increases the strength, hardness, and wear resistance of steel due to the formation of solid solutions and carbides | [66,69] |
Cr | 2.0–12.0% | Ubiquitous in die steel, improves wear resistance, corrosion resistance, toughness, hardenability, etc. | [40] |
Mo | 1.0–3.0% | The main alloying element for secondary hardening can also effectively improve the thermal strength of steel | [68,69,70] |
V | 0.05–1.2% | Refining grain and microstructure, improving tempering stability, and secondary hardening effect | [71,72] |
Mn | 0.15–1.0% | Improve the strength, hardness, and hardenability of steel without much damage to the plasticity and toughness | [73] |
Si | ≥0.4% | Replacing ferrite and solid solution strengthens effectively and improves the strength, hardness, and tempering stability of steel | [27] |
3.3. Secondary Refinement and Purification by Electroslag Remelting
3.4. Refined and Densified Microstructure via a Large Forging Ratio
3.5. Optimization of Heat Treatment
4. Nanoparticle Reinforcements
5. Summary and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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GB | ASTM/AISI | JIS | DIN | ISO |
---|---|---|---|---|
5CrMnMo | - | SKT3 | - | - |
5CrNiMo | L6 | - | 1.2714 | - |
5CrNi2MoV | - | SKT4 | - | 55NiCrMoV7 |
- | 6G | SKT5 | 1.2323 | - |
4CrNi4Mo | - | SKT6 | - | 45NiCrMo1-6 |
4CrW2Si | S1 | SKS41 | 1.2542 | 45WCrV2 |
4Cr3Mo3SiV | H10 | SKD7 | 1.2365 | X32CrMoV3-3 |
4Cr5MoSiV | H11 | SKD6 | 1.2343 | X37CrMoV5-1 |
4Cr5MoSiV1 | H13 | SKD61 | 1.2344 | X40CrMoV5-1 |
3Cr2W8V | H21 | SKD5 | 1.2581 | X30WCrV9-3 |
Phase | Crystal Structure | Lattice Parameter/nm | C.P. Plane | ƒd | C.P. Orientation | ƒr | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
γ-Fe | FCC | a = 0.3618 | {111} | 3.72% | <> | 1.14% | [142] |
TiC | FCC | a = 0.4327 | {002} | <210> | |||
α-Fe | BCC | a = 0.2866 | {011} | 6.26% | <100> | 6.26% | [143] |
TiC | FCC | a = 0.4327 | {020} | <101> | |||
γ-Fe | FCC | a = 0.3618 | {111} | 3.76% | <11> | 1.22% | [109] |
TiB2 | HCP | a = 0.3028 | {1} | <113> | |||
c = 0.3228 | |||||||
α-Fe | BCC | a = 0.2866 | {011} | 0.48% | <100> | 5.40% | [109] |
TiB2 | HCP | a = 0.3028 | {1} | <0> | |||
c = 0.3228 |
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Bao, Z.-J.; Yang, H.-Y.; Dong, B.-X.; Chang, F.; Li, C.-D.; Jiang, Y.; Chen, L.-Y.; Shu, S.-L.; Jiang, Q.-C.; Qiu, F. Development Trend in Composition Optimization, Microstructure Manipulation, and Strengthening Methods of Die Steels under Lightweight and Integrated Die Casting. Materials 2023, 16, 6235. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186235
Bao Z-J, Yang H-Y, Dong B-X, Chang F, Li C-D, Jiang Y, Chen L-Y, Shu S-L, Jiang Q-C, Qiu F. Development Trend in Composition Optimization, Microstructure Manipulation, and Strengthening Methods of Die Steels under Lightweight and Integrated Die Casting. Materials. 2023; 16(18):6235. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186235
Chicago/Turabian StyleBao, Ze-Ju, Hong-Yu Yang, Bai-Xin Dong, Fang Chang, Chuan-De Li, Ying Jiang, Liang-Yu Chen, Shi-Li Shu, Qi-Chuan Jiang, and Feng Qiu. 2023. "Development Trend in Composition Optimization, Microstructure Manipulation, and Strengthening Methods of Die Steels under Lightweight and Integrated Die Casting" Materials 16, no. 18: 6235. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186235