A Phospholipid-Protein Complex from Antarctic Krill Reduced Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Increased Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) and Carnitine Levels in Male Wistar Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Metabolites of the Methionine-Homocysteine Cycle
2.2. Vitamin B Levels
2.3. Choline, Carnitine, Carnitine Precursors and TMAO
Organic Compound | Control 1 | 11% PPC |
---|---|---|
TMAO | <0.001 | 12.6 |
Free choline | 17.1 | 20.9 |
Betaine | <0.001 | 3.9 |
Carnitine | 0.25 | 0.27 |
γ-Butyrobetaine | <0.001 | 0.009 |
TML | <0.001 | 0.003 |
TMA 1 | - | 7.06 |
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals and Diets
Fatty Acid | PPC 1 |
---|---|
C14:0 | 6.7 |
C16:0 | 16.0 |
C18:0 | 0.9 |
C20:0 | <01 |
C22:0 | <0.1 |
C16:1n-7 | 2.6 |
C18:1(n-9) + (n-7) + (n-5) | 12.7 |
C20:1(n-9) + (n-7) | 0.6 |
C22:1(n-11) + (n-9) + (n-7) | 0.3 |
C24:1n-9 | <0.01 |
C18:2n-6 (LA) | 1.6 |
C18:3n-6 | 0.1 |
C20:2n-6 | <0.1 |
C20:3n-6 | <0.1 |
C20:4n-6 (AA) | 0.1 |
C22:4n-6 | <0.1 |
C18:3n-3 (ALA) | 3.2 |
C18:4n-3 | 6.9 |
C20:3n-3 | 0.1 |
C20:4n-3 | 0.5 |
C20:5n-3 (EPA) | 13.0 |
C21:5n-3 | 0.5 |
C22:5n-3 (DPA) | 0.4 |
C22:6n-3 (DHA) | 7.9 |
∑SFAs | 23.6 |
∑MUFAs | 16.2 |
∑PUFAs | 35.1 |
n-6 PUFAs | 1.8 |
n-3 PUFAs | 32.5 |
Sum of fatty acids | 74.9 |
Lipids | |
Total polar lipids | 46.9 |
Total neutral lipids | 53.1 |
Sum of lipids | 100 |
Amino acid 1 | Dietary Component | |
---|---|---|
Casein 2 | PPC 3 | |
Aspartic acid | 6.5 | 10.6 |
Glutaminic acid | 20.8 | 12.7 |
Hydroksyproline | - | <0.01 |
Serine | 5.4 | 4.8 |
Glycine | 1.8 | 4.6 |
Histidine | 2.6 | 2.7 |
Arginine | 3.6 | 6.2 |
Threonine | 3.8 | 5.4 |
Alanine | 2.6 | 5.1 |
Proline | 11.7 | 4.5 |
Tyrosine | 5.3 | 4.7 |
Valine | 5.7 | 5.8 |
Methionine | 2.6 | 3.3 |
Isoleucine | 4.8 | 6.5 |
Leucine | 8.8 | 8.8 |
Phenylalanine | 5.0 | 5.4 |
Lysine | 7.4 | 9.0 |
Cysteine | 0.4 | - |
Tryptophan | 1.2 | - |
Methionine/glycine | 1.4 | 0.7 |
Lysine/arginine | 2.1 | 1.5 |
4.2. Biochemical Analyses
4.3. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bjørndal, B.; Ramsvik, M.S.; Lindquist, C.; Nordrehaug, J.E.; Bruheim, I.; Svardal, A.; Nygård, O.; Berge, R.K. A Phospholipid-Protein Complex from Antarctic Krill Reduced Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Increased Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) and Carnitine Levels in Male Wistar Rats. Mar. Drugs 2015, 13, 5706-5721. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13095706
Bjørndal B, Ramsvik MS, Lindquist C, Nordrehaug JE, Bruheim I, Svardal A, Nygård O, Berge RK. A Phospholipid-Protein Complex from Antarctic Krill Reduced Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Increased Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) and Carnitine Levels in Male Wistar Rats. Marine Drugs. 2015; 13(9):5706-5721. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13095706
Chicago/Turabian StyleBjørndal, Bodil, Marie S. Ramsvik, Carine Lindquist, Jan E. Nordrehaug, Inge Bruheim, Asbjørn Svardal, Ottar Nygård, and Rolf K. Berge. 2015. "A Phospholipid-Protein Complex from Antarctic Krill Reduced Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Increased Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) and Carnitine Levels in Male Wistar Rats" Marine Drugs 13, no. 9: 5706-5721. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13095706