Types and Distribution of Bioactive Polyunsaturated Aldehydes in a Gradient from Mesotrophic to Oligotrophic Waters in the Alborán Sea (Western Mediterranean)

Bartual, Ana; Hernanz-Torrijos, María; Sala, Iria; Ortega, María J.; González-García, Cristina; Bolado-Penagos, Marina; López-Urrutia, Angel; Romero-Martínez, Leonardo; Lubián, Luís M.; Bruno, Miguel; Echevarría, Fidel; García, Carlos M.

doi:10.3390/md18030159

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Types and Distribution of Bioactive Polyunsaturated Aldehydes in a Gradient from Mesotrophic to Oligotrophic Waters in the Alborán Sea (Western Mediterranean)

by

Ana Bartual

^1,2,*,

María Hernanz-Torrijos

^1,2,

Iria Sala

^1,2

,

María J. Ortega

¹,

Cristina González-García

³,

Marina Bolado-Penagos

^1,2

,

Angel López-Urrutia

⁴,

Leonardo Romero-Martínez

²

,

Luís M. Lubián

^3,†,

Miguel Bruno

^1,2,

Fidel Echevarría

^1,2

and

Carlos M. García

^1,2

¹

Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain

²

Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain

³

Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Costera, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain

⁴

Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, 33212 Gijón, Asturias, Spain

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

Deceased. This work is entirely dedicated to the memory of Luis M. Lubián.

Mar. Drugs 2020, 18(3), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/md18030159

Submission received: 14 January 2020 / Revised: 3 March 2020 / Accepted: 7 March 2020 / Published: 12 March 2020

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds Derived from Marine Microalgae 2.0)

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Abstract

Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) are bioactive molecules suggested as chemical defenses and infochemicals. In marine coastal habitats, diatoms reach high PUA production levels during bloom episodes. Two fractions of PUA can usually be analyzed: pPUA obtained via artificial breakage of collected phytoplankton cells and dissolved PUA already released to the environment (dPUA). In nature, resource supply arises as a main environmental controlling factor of PUA production. In this work, we monitored the vertical distribution and daily variation of pPUA associated with large-size phytoplankton and dPUA, at three sites located in the Alborán Sea from mesotrophic to oligotrophic waters. The results corroborate the presence of large-size PUA producers in oligotrophic and mesotrophic waters with a significant (58%–85%) diatom biomass. In addition to diatoms, significant correlations between pPUA production and dinoflagellate and silicoflagellate abundance were observed. 2E,4E/Z-Heptadienal was the most abundant aldehyde at the three sites with higher values (17.1 fg·cell⁻¹) at the most oligotrophic site. 2E,4E/Z-Decadienal was the least abundant aldehyde, decreasing toward the oligotrophic site. For the first time, we describe the daily fluctuation of pPUA attributable to cellular physiological state and not exclusively to taxonomical composition. Our results demonstrate the persistence of threshold levels of dPUA deep in the water column, as well as the different chromatographic profiles of dPUA compared with pPUA. We propose different isomerization processes that alter the chemical structure of the released PUAs with unknown effects on their stability, biological function, and potential bioactivity.

Keywords: Alborán Sea; diatoms; oligotrophy; oxylipins; polyunsaturated aldehydes, PUA

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bartual, A.; Hernanz-Torrijos, M.; Sala, I.; Ortega, M.J.; González-García, C.; Bolado-Penagos, M.; López-Urrutia, A.; Romero-Martínez, L.; Lubián, L.M.; Bruno, M.; et al. Types and Distribution of Bioactive Polyunsaturated Aldehydes in a Gradient from Mesotrophic to Oligotrophic Waters in the Alborán Sea (Western Mediterranean). Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18030159

AMA Style

Bartual A, Hernanz-Torrijos M, Sala I, Ortega MJ, González-García C, Bolado-Penagos M, López-Urrutia A, Romero-Martínez L, Lubián LM, Bruno M, et al. Types and Distribution of Bioactive Polyunsaturated Aldehydes in a Gradient from Mesotrophic to Oligotrophic Waters in the Alborán Sea (Western Mediterranean). Marine Drugs. 2020; 18(3):159. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18030159

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bartual, Ana, María Hernanz-Torrijos, Iria Sala, María J. Ortega, Cristina González-García, Marina Bolado-Penagos, Angel López-Urrutia, Leonardo Romero-Martínez, Luís M. Lubián, Miguel Bruno, and et al. 2020. "Types and Distribution of Bioactive Polyunsaturated Aldehydes in a Gradient from Mesotrophic to Oligotrophic Waters in the Alborán Sea (Western Mediterranean)" Marine Drugs 18, no. 3: 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18030159

APA Style

Bartual, A., Hernanz-Torrijos, M., Sala, I., Ortega, M. J., González-García, C., Bolado-Penagos, M., López-Urrutia, A., Romero-Martínez, L., Lubián, L. M., Bruno, M., Echevarría, F., & García, C. M. (2020). Types and Distribution of Bioactive Polyunsaturated Aldehydes in a Gradient from Mesotrophic to Oligotrophic Waters in the Alborán Sea (Western Mediterranean). Marine Drugs, 18(3), 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18030159

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Types and Distribution of Bioactive Polyunsaturated Aldehydes in a Gradient from Mesotrophic to Oligotrophic Waters in the Alborán Sea (Western Mediterranean)

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