Research Progress of the Biosynthesis of Natural Bio-Antibacterial Agent Pulcherriminic Acid in Bacillus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cyclic Dileucine Synthase is Used to Synthesize the Precursor cLL of Pulcherriminic Acid
2.1. Cyclic Dipeptides
2.2. Cyclic Dipeptide Synthases (CDPSs)
2.3. Cyclic Dileucine Synthase (YvmC)
3. Cytochrome P450-oxidizing cLL to form pulcherriminic acid
3.1. Cytochrome P450
3.2. Structure and Catalytic Mechanism of Cytochrome P450 Oxidase-CypX (CYP134A1)
4. Promotion of Pulcherriminic Acid Production by Metabolic Engineering
5. Conclusions
- With the development of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, biological elements from different sources are introduced into target strains to reconstruct the synthesis pathway of pulcherriminic acid, realize the heterologous expression of YvmC and CypX, and regulate the biosynthesis pathway. When the alien pathway breaks the original metabolic network of the target strain, how to maintain the metabolic balance in the cell and how to regulate the new metabolic network to achieve the best state.
- In order to achieve the heterogeneous and high yield of pulcherriminic acid, and meet the demands of industrialization, how to screen high activity YvmC and CypX enzyme is critical to the future research. (The catalytic mechanism of Bacillus cyclodipeptide synthetase YvmC and CypX is still unclear, so far).
- When the YvmA gene is knocked out, the pulcherriminic acid can also be transported out of the cell. Little knowledge is known about the underlying transmembrane mechanism has not been elucidated for pulcherriminic acid. How does pulcherriminic acid get outside of the cell very quickly? It is an urgent problem. What’s the balance mechanism of pulcherriminic acid and the pulcherrimin inside and outside the cell?
- The directed evolution technique is applied to the enzymes in the synthesis pathway of pulcherriminic acid for the screening of the key synthetases with high catalytic activity.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Yuan, S.; Yong, X.; Zhao, T.; Li, Y.; Liu, J. Research Progress of the Biosynthesis of Natural Bio-Antibacterial Agent Pulcherriminic Acid in Bacillus. Molecules 2020, 25, 5611. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235611
Yuan S, Yong X, Zhao T, Li Y, Liu J. Research Progress of the Biosynthesis of Natural Bio-Antibacterial Agent Pulcherriminic Acid in Bacillus. Molecules. 2020; 25(23):5611. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235611
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Siqi, Xihao Yong, Ting Zhao, Yuan Li, and Jun Liu. 2020. "Research Progress of the Biosynthesis of Natural Bio-Antibacterial Agent Pulcherriminic Acid in Bacillus" Molecules 25, no. 23: 5611. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235611