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18 pages, 5089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Apatite as an Indicator for the Formation of PGE Mineralization as Exemplified by Anorthosites of the Kievey Deposit, Fedorova-Pana Layered Complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia

by Artyom Sushchenko, Nikolay Groshev, Tatyana Rundkvist, Alena Kompanchenko and Yevgeny Savchenko

Minerals 2023, 13(12), 1473; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13121473 - 23 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1600

Abstract

This paper presents petrography, X-ray electron probe energy-dispersive (EDS), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and Raman spectroscopy data to characterize the mineral associations and composition of apatite group minerals from anorthosites of the Kievey deposit, North platinum group-element (PGE) Reef, Fedorova-Pana Complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia. The mineralized coarse-grained anorthosite belongs to the most common rock type of the main ore body, and hosts irregular interstitial sulfide disseminations of 5–7 vol.%. Apatite in the anorthosite occurs as (a) euhedral grains included in the marginal parts of cumulus plagioclase laths, and (b) xenomorphic grains associated with intercumulus minerals. The composition of apatite evolves along a narrow trend from fluorapatite to hydroxylapatite. The F content of apatite reaches 2.21 wt.%; the maximum Sr and rare earth element (REE) concentrations are 257 and 5623 ppm, respectively, while the average ratio of La/Yb_N = 11.78, Sr/Sr* = 0.01, and Eu/Eu* = 0.06. Compared to classic PGE reefs in layered intrusions, such as Bushveld in South Africa and Stillwater in the United States, the mineralized anorthosite is distinguished by apatite with an unusually low chlorine concentration of only 0.46 wt.%. A suggested reason for this difference is the percolating nature of sulfide liquid, which has not been enriched in PGE in situ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Basic–Ultrabasic and Alkaline Intrusions and Related Magmatic Deposits)

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22 pages, 8725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using 1D Thermal Modeling to Evaluate Formation Models of Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusions and Associated Sulfide Cu-Ni-PGE Mineralization

by Dmitry Stepenshchikov and Nikolay Groshev

Minerals 2023, 13(8), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13081046 - 6 Aug 2023

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Abstract

In this paper, we trace the thermal history of the mafic–ultramafic intrusions of the Monchegorsk (MC), Fedorova–Pana (FPC), and Norilsk ore-bearing complexes (NC) using an upgraded version of the author’s software Gehenna 2.2. It is shown that a key role in the concentration of sulfides in the lower parts of the intrusions belongs to the preliminary heating of the host rocks by early magmatic influxes. In the presence of late ore-bearing magmatic phases of a relatively small volume, the pattern of sulfide distribution within such a phase can be used to estimate the time gap with the main influx. Thermal modeling shows that the Gabbro-10 massif, an additional ore-bearing phase of the Nyud-Poaz intrusion of the MC, is separated from the main influx by a time gap of no more than 100 ka, while the minimum gap between the magmatic phases of the Fedorova intrusion of the FPC is 650–700 ka. The development of a hornfels halo around mafic–ultramafic rocks makes it possible to estimate the duration of the process of continuous magma flow inside intrusions, which, as an example from the Kharaelakh intrusion of the NC shows, can reach 1000 years and more. Thermal modeling is recommended both for formulating genetic hypotheses and for testing different scenarios for the formation of sulfide Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization in mafic–ultramafic complexes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mafic-Ultramafic Layered Intrusions: Genesis, Composition and Mineralization)

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28 pages, 24421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Paleoproterozoic East Pana Layered Intrusion (Kola Peninsula, Russia): Geological Structure, Petrography, Geochemistry and Cu-Ni-PGE Mineralization

by Pavel Pripachkin, Tatiana Rundkvist and Nikolay Groshev

Minerals 2023, 13(5), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13050681 - 16 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1671

Abstract

The East Pana intrusion is a part of the Paleoproterozoic Fedorova–Pana complex (FPC), which belongs to the group of Fennoscandian layered mafic–ultramafic massifs. This article discusses the magmatic stratification of the East Pana intrusion, as well as Cu-Ni and platinum-group elements (PGE) mineralization (PGE zones A, B and C) in its various parts with a total length of more than 20 km, including the East Chuarvy PGE deposit. Based on the whole-rock data on the distribution of major, trace, and ore-forming elements, it is assumed that PGE zone A belongs to the main ore–magmatic system of the FPC, while PGE zones B and C belong to the minor ore–magmatic systems. At the same time, additional magmatic injection played an important role in the formation of economic Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization (PGE zone B), characterized by high PGE concentrations and moderate palladium enrichment. On the normalized distribution spectra of trace elements, the crystallization products of this injection (Gabbronorite Zone 2) have a positive Zr-Hf anomaly, which distinguishes it from host rocks with an anomaly of the opposite sign (Gabbronorite Zone 1, Gabbro Zone). It is assumed that this portion of magma was intruded as a sill of crystal mush, the fractionation of which at depth led to its enrichment with residual liquid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: "Critical and Strategic Minerals")

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23 pages, 4647 KiB

Open AccessReview

Low-Sulfide Platinum–Palladium Deposits of the Paleoproterozoic Fedorova–Pana Layered Complex, Kola Region, Russia

by Nikolay Yu. Groshev, Tatyana V. Rundkvist, Bartosz T. Karykowski, Wolfgang D. Maier, Aleksey U. Korchagin, Anton N. Ivanov and Malte Junge

Minerals 2019, 9(12), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9120764 - 10 Dec 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6769

Abstract

Several deposits of low-sulfide Pt–Pd ores have been discovered in recent decades in the Paleoproterozoic Fedorova–Pana Layered Complex located in the Kola Region (Murmansk Oblast) of Russia. The deposits are divided into two types: reef-style, associated with the layered central portions of intrusions, and contact-style, localized in the lower parts of intrusions near the contact with the Archean basement. The Kievey and the North Kamennik deposits represent the first ore type and are confined to the North PGE Reef located 600–800 m above the base of the West Pana Intrusion. The reef is associated with a horizon of cyclically interlayered orthopyroxenite, gabbronorite and anorthosite. The average contents of Au, Pt and Pd in the Kievey ore are 0.15, 0.53 and 3.32 ppm, respectively. The North Kamennik deposit has similar contents of noble metals. The Fedorova Tundra deposit belongs to the second ore type and has been explored in two sites in the lower part of the Fedorova intrusion. Mineralization is mainly associated mainly with taxitic or varied-textured gabbronorites, forming a matrix of intrusive breccia with fragments of barren orthopyroxenite. The ores contain an average of 0.08 ppm Au, 0.29 ppm Pt and 1.20 ppm Pd. In terms of PGE resources, the Fedorova Tundra is the largest deposit in Europe, hosting more than 300 tons of noble metals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Deposits Related to Mantle Rocks)

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14 pages, 4644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Main Anorthosite Layer of the West-Pana Intrusion, Kola Region: Geology and U-Pb Age Dating

by Nikolay Y. Groshev and Bartosz T. Karykowski

Minerals 2019, 9(2), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9020071 - 26 Jan 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3800

Abstract

The West-Pana intrusion belongs to the Paleoproterozoic Fedorova-Pana Complex of the Kola Region in NW Russia, which represents one of Europe’s most significant layered complexes in terms of total platinum group element (PGE) endowment. Numerous studies on the age of the West-Pana intrusion have been carried out in the past; however, all published U-Pb isotope ages were determined using multi-grain ID-TIMS. In this study, the mineralized Main Anorthosite Layer from the upper portion of the intrusion was dated using SHRIMP-II for the first time. High Th/U (0.9–3.7) zircons gave an upper intercept age of 2509.4 ± 6.2 Ma (2σ), whereas the lower portion of the intrusion was previously dated at 2501.5 ± 1.7 Ma, which suggests an out-of-sequence emplacement of the West-Pana intrusion. Furthermore, high-grade PGE mineralization hosted by the anorthosite layer, known as “South Reef”, can be attributed to (1) downward percolation of PGE-enriched sulfide liquid from the overlying gabbronoritic magma or (2) secondary redistribution of PGEs, which may coincide with a post-magmatic alteration event recorded by low Th/U (0.1–0.9) zircon and baddeleyite at 2476 ± 13 Ma (upper intercept). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arctic Mineral Resources: Science and Technology)

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