Search Results (30)

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, with all parts of the tree—including leaves—used traditionally to treat diabetes, infections, pain, and other conditions. Mango leaves contain proteins, minerals, vitamins, and phenolic compounds, including mangiferin, quercetin, and kaempferol, whose content varies by cultivar. This study evaluated the functional and bioactive properties of dried mango leaves from five cultivars (Julie, DLO, Nam Dok Mai, Irwin, and Keïtt) to determine their potential for food and nutraceutical applications. Analyses included water- and oil-related parameters, swelling and solubility indices, foaming and emulsifying properties, and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP in hydroalcoholic and water extracts), complemented by FT-IR/ATR spectroscopy. Significant differences between the five analyzed cultivars were observed. Irwin exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (2.65 ± 0.55 mg TE/g DM in DPPH assay), while Nam Dok Mai demonstrated superior foaming capacity (82.69 ± 7.79 mL). Strong correlations (r > 0.9) between reducing sugars and antioxidant capacity suggest cultivar selection based on sugar content could predict antioxidant potential. FT-IR confirmed the presence of polar phenolic and protein compounds. The results demonstrate that mango leaves offer cultivar-dependent functional and antioxidant attributes relevant to food systems. Their targeted valorization may support sustainable industrial applications and circular bioeconomy strategies, particularly in tropical regions where mango cultivation is widespread. Full article

Mangifera indica L. by-products obtained by three extraction methods from three cultivars (Keitt, Sensation and Gomera-3) were tested for their antibacterial properties against 20 bacterial species. These species were selected based on their relevance to winemaking processes (Acetobacter, Gluconobacter and Gluconacetobacter), fermented meat products (Staphylococcus) and human diseases (Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Shigella and Klebsiella). All mango by-product extracts showed antimicrobial activity in agar diffusion and broth microdilution experiments. However, differences in antimicrobial activity against acetic acid bacteria were detected between the peel extracts obtained from the two extraction processes. Furthermore, a wide range of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data were found; Staphylococcus spp. (10 species) showed MICs between 1.0–240 mgGAE/mL and Acetobacter spp. (4 species) showed MICs between 1.7 and 200 mgGAE/mL. The most sensitive bacteria belonged to the staphylococcal species (MIC: 1 mgGAE/mL) and the most resistant was Gluconacetobacter saccharivorans (MIC > 400 mgGAE/mL). In general, there was no significant correlation between the phenolic compounds identified and the MIC values. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) revealed that the mango extracts had a bacteriostatic effect. A simple and reliable method for the determination of MIC and MBC in microdilution assays with acetic acid bacteria was described. These results highlight the antibacterial properties of mango by-products against species associated with food spoilage microorganisms and human diseases. Full article

Mangoes are highly valued for their flavor and nutritional content, but their shelf life is limited due to quick ripening and susceptibility to microbial deterioration. The use of salicylic acid and melatonin as postharvest dipping treatments for mango fruits has the potential to significantly improve shelf life while retaining fruit quality. Salicylic acid modulates ethylene synthesis and stress reactions, whereas melatonin provides a strong antioxidant defense. These treatments might be used in postharvest management methods to minimize losses and improve mango marketability. The goal of this study is to look at the effects of salicylic acid and melatonin postharvest treatments on Keitt mango fruit in terms of physiochemical quality, enzyme activity, and ascorbic acid content during cold storage. Fruits were chilled at 5 °C ± 2 and 85 ± 2 percent humidity throughout the 2022–2023 seasons. The treatments were as follows: control (untreated fruits), salicylic acid (1 and 2 mM), and melatonin (200 and 400 mM). Data showed that dipping mango fruits in salicylic acid and melatonin under cold conditions decreased weight loss and fruit decay while improving physiochemical properties such as fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS%), total acidity, total sugars, enzyme activities, and ascorbic acid levels over time. In both seasons, dipping mango fruits in a melatonin solution at 200 mM followed by a salicylic acid solution at 1 mM produced the highest values for all examined parameters when compared to the control and other treatments. These findings indicate that postharvest administration of salicylic acid and melatonin can successfully increase the storability and quality of Keitt mangoes under refrigerated circumstances, providing a feasible technique for reducing postharvest losses and increasing marketability. Full article

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most significant tropical and subtropical fruit species, with high ecological and economic value. However, research on the in vitro culture of mangoes is relatively weak, so establishing an efficient and stable mango plant regeneration system is of great significance. In this study, a preliminary mango regeneration system was established with Mangifera indica L. cv. Keitt from young branches as the starting explants. The results showed that the optimal plant growth regulator (PGR) formula for direct adventitious shoot induction on the branches was 1 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) + 0.1 mg/L a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), with an adventitious shoot induction rate of 73.63% and an average of 6.76 adventitious shoots. The optimal basal medium for adventitious shoot induction was wood plant medium (WPM), with an adventitious shoot induction rate of 63.87% and an average of 5.21 adventitious shoots. The optimal culture medium for adventitious shoot elongation was WPM + 1 mg/L 6-BA + 0.5 mg/L NAA, with an adventitious shoot elongation rate of 89.33% and an average length of 5.17 cm. The optimal formula for the induction of mango rooting was Douglas fir cotyledon revised medium (DCR) + 3 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), with a maximum rooting rate of 66.13% and an average rooting quantity of 6.43. The genetic fidelity of the in vitro-regenerated plants was evaluated using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. There was no difference between the in vitro-regenerated plants and the parent plant. This study provides an efficient and stable propagation system for Mangifera indica L., laying the foundation for its rapid propagation and genetic improvement. Full article

Increasing the planting density of mango orchards appears promising for obtaining higher yields, particularly during the first productive years. However, the challenge is to maintain a good balance between vegetative growth and fruit production in the longer term. The objective of this study was to decipher the effects of planting density, training system and cultivar on young mango trees’ growth and production. The experiment, conducted in North Queensland, consisted of five combinations of planting density and training system applied to the cultivars Keitt, Calypso and NMBP-1243. The planting densities were low (208 tree ha⁻¹), medium (416 tree ha⁻¹) and high (1250 tree ha⁻¹). The closed vase conventional training system was applied at each density. Single leader and espalier on trellis training systems were applied at medium and high densities, respectively. The tree canopy dimensions were measured every 6 months from planting, and tree production was recorded from the third to the fifth years after planting. Vegetative growth and fruit production were the results of complex interactions between planting density, training system, cultivar and/or time. The expected increase in orchard yield with higher planting density was observed from the first productive year, despite lower individual tree production at high planting density. Lower vegetative growth and fruit production at high planting density were probably caused by competition between trees. NMBP-1243 and Keitt showed more rapid vegetative growth. Keitt was the most productive cultivar during the first three productive years. The detailed results of this study provide avenues to further explore the behaviour of mango trees at high planting densities. Full article

The recent global trend aims to limit the use of chemicals in all aspects of our lives, necessitating research into the use of plant extracts and ultraviolet light as eco-friendly treatments to improve mango fruit storage. The literature did not introduce studies on plant extracts as coating materials for mango fruit storage. Although ginger, lemon, and green tea were utilized individually as edible coatings for some fruits, their combination in a single solution is not evaluated on mango fruits. To preserve the quality of Keitt mango fruit against decay during storage, fruits were treated with plant extracts (a mixture of ginger, lemon, and green tea), 50 g L⁻¹ for each of them, and ultraviolet (UV) light, 250 nm for 5 min, either alone or in combination then stored at 22 °C or 13 °C. Data showed that the mixture of plant extracts treatment followed by the combination of plant extracts and UV treatment then UV treatments resulted in a decrease in weight loss and soluble solid contents (SSCs) compared to the control while reducing the decrease in firmness, acidity, vitamin C (Vit C), and phenols compared to the control. Mangoes stored at 22 °C reached 4 weeks with good quality while achieving 8 weeks at 13 °C. Full article

Consumer acceptance of Keitt mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) is significantly affected by their slow postharvest ripening. This work used gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO₂(g)) to prepare the ready-to-eat Keitt mango and explored the potential mechanisms for the mango ripening. Harvested mangoes were treated with 20 mg·L⁻¹ of ClO₂(g) or ethephon for 3 h (25 °C) and left in a climatic chamber with a temperature of 25 ± 1 °C and a relative humidity of 85 ± 5% for 4 d. The results showed that ClO₂(g) treatment significantly promoted the orange coloration of mango flesh compared to the untreated control group. Moreover, ClO₂(g) treatment significantly elevated the total soluble solids, total soluble sugar, and total carotenoids content of mangoes, whereas the firmness and titratable acidity were reduced. ClO₂(g)-treated mangoes reached the edible window on day 2, as did mangoes treated with ethephon at the same concentration, except that the sweetness was prominent. The residual ClO₂ level of the mangoes was <0.3 mg/kg during the whole storage time, which is a safe level for fruit. In addition, ClO₂(g) significantly advanced the onset of ethylene peaks by 0.5 days and increased its production between days 0.5 and 2 compared to the control group. Consistently, the genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis including miACS6, miACO1, and miACO were upregulated. In sum, ClO₂(g) can be a potential technique to reduce the time for harvested mango to reach the edible window, and it functions in modulating postharvest ripening by inducing ethylene biosynthesis. Full article

Weather fluctuations significantly affect the growth and production of orchard crops such as mango, leading to a substantial decrease in tree growth, flowering rate, yield, and fruit quality. One of these weather factors is drought, which negatively influences multiple physiological processes in plants. It increases the transpiration rate and decreases the cell turgidity, stomatal regulation, osmoregulation, water utilization efficiency, and the development of the deep root system; consequently, it decreases the final production and fruit quality. Therefore, the present study was performed in the 2022–2023 seasons to study the role of the spraying of Selenium (Se), Titanium (Ti), and Silicon (Si) nanoparticles on the growth parameters, yielding, fruit physical and chemical characteristics, and leaf mineral composition of mango cv. Keitt. Mango trees were sprayed during the vegetative season 2022–2023 three times, starting in April with three weeks intervals, by 5, 10, and 20 mg/L Se; 40, 60, and 80 mg/L Ti; and 50, 100, and 150 mg/L Si. The results showed that the extern spray of nanoparticles from these micronutrients improved the growth attributes, yielding and fruit quality of mango trees by reducing the effect of undesirable stressful conditions. The results also indicated that the extern implementation of 150 mg/L Si, 60 mg/L Ti and 20 mg/L Se gave the best increments in the shoot number, length, thickness, leaf area, and leaf chlorophyll contrasted to the else sprayed treatments. Besides, they also improved the fruit set percentages, fruit yields, fruit physical and chemical characteristics and nutritional status of mango trees in both tested seasons. Full article

Ensuring the sustainability of horticultural production is crucial to meeting consumer demand, and the most effective approach involves enhancing the efficient utilization of resources to support the production of wholesome foods. Plant biostimulants are substances defined by their ability, when applied to plants or the rhizosphere, to enhance root development, resulting in heightened vigor. They facilitate the more effective uptake and translocation of nutrients and water throughout the growing season. Additionally, these biostimulants contribute to improved plant health and quality by supplying essential nutrients that stimulate overall growth and metabolic processes. Therefore, this study was performed to examine the impact of some biostimulants on the possibility of improving vegetative growth, yield, fruit quality, and the leaf mineral content of mango cv. Keitt. Mango trees were sprayed with Putrescine at 25, 50, and 100 mg/L; Brassinosteroids at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/L; and Chitosan at 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/L four times starting from mid-April, with three-week intervals during the seasons of 2021 and 2022. The results showed that the foliar application of these three biostimulants improved the growth, yield, and fruit quality of mango trees as opposed to untreated trees during two study seasons. The results also showed that the foliar application of 1500 mg/L of Chit, 2 mg/L of Brs, and 100 mg/L of Put gave the highest increments for inducing the number, length, and thickness of shoots, leaf area, and leaf chlorophyll over the other applied treatments. In addition, it also heightened the fruit set, fruit yield, and the fruit’s physical and chemical characteristics in both experimental seasons. Full article

Mango productivity and fruit quality in Australia can be improved through transforming low-density plantings to high-density plantings and intensive training systems. Several planting density and training systems were established in Australia to investigate optimizing light interception and distribution, yield and fruit quality, and to reduce tree vigor and biennial bearing through the manipulation of canopy architecture. In this research, we studied light relations and yield in conventional low-density commercial orchards of different ages and investigated light relations and yield of ‘National Mango Breeding Program NMBP1243’, ‘Keitt’ and ‘Calypso’ grafted to ‘Kensington Pride (KP)’ rootstock in a replicated experiment. Trees were trained to five planting systems: high-density espalier and conventional, medium-density single leader and conventional, and low-density conventional. Our study in commercial orchards showed that maximum yield was ~16,000 kg/ha when light interception reached ~49% and declined at higher levels of light interception. In the high-density intensive training systems, we found that light interception increased with canopy volume, with high-density espalier training systems intercepting more available light compared to medium-density training systems and low-density conventional trees. Yield/ha increased to ~50,000 kg/ha in espalier training systems when light interception was ~40%. Light interception, canopy volume and yield/ha varied between varieties. Full article

The fruit agribusiness sector is one of the most dynamic in Colombia. Within this sector, avocado and mango are of great importance, both in terms of area planted and volume exported. Increasing the productivity, quality, and postharvest life of these fruits is a priority, due to the high losses that occur in the preharvest and postharvest stages. One current alternative to achieve this are biostimulants, which have the potential to improve the productivity and quality of fruit. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the preharvest application of two biostimulants on the yield and quality of avocados and mangos. The study was carried out in production systems for cv. Hass avocado (traditional and organic) and cv. Keitt mango (traditional). In each system, two treatments were evaluated: conventional and conventional + biostimulant. Under field conditions, yield and quality variables such as weight, number of fruits, visual appearance, and size were determined. In postharvest, the fruits obtained from preharvest treatments were subjected to two storage conditions (6 and 20 °C) during the ripening process. Postharvest quality variables such as respiration, ethylene rates, weight loss, color index, firmness, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity were evaluated. The results indicated that the use of biostimulants caused a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the yield, number of fruits, and preharvest quality parameters of size and weight, without negatively affecting the postharvest quality of the fruits. The biostimulant increases the total weight of fruits in organic and conventional avocado by ~55 and 25%, respectively, while in mango, this figure increased by ~23%. Hence, biostimulants can be utilized to increase the productivity of fruit trees. Full article

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most popular tropical fruits grown in Egypt and several other countries, making it a potential export commodity. Excessive deterioration after harvest requires various treatments to maintain fruit quality. We evaluated the treatments effects of melatonin (MT) as an anti-ethylene agent and tragacanth gum (TRG) as an edible coating individually and together (MT–TRG) before storing mangoes at 12 °C for 32 days under 85–90% relative humidity. Compared with control, all treatments were significantly effective in preserving fruit quality. Fruits treated with MT–TRG showed significantly lower decay values, respiration rates, ethylene production, and weight loss than untreated fruits. MT–TRG treatment significantly enhanced fruit quality, thereby maintaining fruit appearance, flesh color, firmness, total soluble solids and phenolic contents, and pectin methyl esterase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase activities during the storage period. We propose 200 µM MT + 1% TRG as a safe postharvest treatment to reduce the deterioration of mangoes and maintain fruit quality. Full article

A forward estimate of mango (Mangifera indica L.) harvest timing is required for farm management (e.g., for organization of harvest labour and marketing). This forward estimate can be based on accumulated growing degree days (GDD) from an early stage of flowering to fruit harvest maturity, with fruit maturity judged on a destructive assessment of flesh colour and dry matter content. The current study was undertaken to improve GDD targets for Australian mango cultivars, to improve estimation of harvest maturity, and to document a methodology recommended for future work characterizing fruit maturation GDD for other mango cultivars. An alternate algorithm on GDD calculation involving use of a function that penalizes high temperatures as well as low temperatures was demonstrated to better predict harvest maturity in warmer climates. Across multiple locations and seasons, the required heat units (GDD, Tb = 12 °C, TB = 32 °C; where TB is upper base temperature of 32 °C and Tb is lower base temperature of 12 °C) to achieve maturity from asparagus stage of flowering was documented as 2185, 1728, and 1740 for the cultivars Keitt, Calypso and Honey Gold, respectively. GDD difference between the asparagus and two-thirds floral opening stages of flowering was 188 ± 18 for Calypso, 184 ± 12 for Honey Gold, 238 ± 21 for Keitt and 175 ± 10 for KP. Colour specifications for a colour card set suitable for maturity assessment of all cultivars was also proposed. A flesh colour harvest maturity card specification of 9 was proposed for the cultivar Honey Gold and 13 for the cultivar Keitt. Full article

Forecast of tree fruit yield requires prediction of harvest time fruit size as well as fruit number. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit mass can be estimated from correlation to measurements of fruit length (L), width (W) and thickness (T). On-tree measurements of individually tagged fruit were undertaken using callipers at weekly intervals until the fruit were past commercial maturity, as judged using growing degree days (GDD), for mango cultivars ‘Honey Gold’, ‘Calypso’ and ‘Keitt’ at four locations in Australia and Brazil during the 2020/21 and 21/22 production seasons. Across all cultivars, the linear correlation of fruit mass to LWT was characterized by a R² of 0.99, RMSE of 29.9 g and slope of 0.5472 g/cm³, while the linear correlation of fruit mass to $L(\frac{\left(W+T\right)}{2}$)², mimicking what can be measured by machine vision of fruit on tree, was characterized by a R² of 0.97, RMSE of 25.0 g and slope of 0.5439 g/cm³. A procedure was established for the prediction of fruit size at harvest based on measurements made five and four or four and three weeks prior to harvest (approx. 514 and 422 GDD, before harvest, respectively). Linear regression models on weekly increase in fruit mass estimated from lineal measurements were characterized by an R² > 0.88 for all populations, with an average slope (rate of increase) of 19.6 ± 7.1 g/week, depending on cultivar, season and site. The mean absolute percentage error for predicted mass compared to harvested fruit weight for estimates based on measurements of the earlier and later intervals was 16.3 ± 1.3% and 4.5 ± 2.4%, respectively. Measurement at the later interval allowed better accuracy on prediction of fruit tray size distribution. A recommendation was made for forecast of fruit mass at harvest based on in-field measurements at approximately 400 to 450 GDD units before harvest GDD and one week later. Full article

This study evaluated the antifungal activity of ozone (O₃) against stem-end rot of mango fruit (cv. Keitt). Mango fruit were exposed to gaseous ozone (0.25 mg/L) for 24 or 36 h during cold storage, and control fruit were untreated. Experimental fruit were stored at 90% relative humidity and 10 ± 0.5 °C for three weeks and ripened at ambient temperature for one week. Ozone treatment (24 h) inhibited the mycelial growth of Lasiodiplodia theobromae by 60.35%. At day twenty-eight of storage, fruit treated with O₃ for 36 h had low mass loss (%) and high firmness compared to the untreated control fruit. Treating mango fruit with O₃ (36 h) maintained the color and concentration of total flavonoids throughout the storage time. At the end of storage, peroxidase activity under the O₃ 24 h treatment was significantly higher (0.91 U min⁻¹ g⁻¹ DM) compared to O₃ (36 h) and control, which, respectively, had 0.80 U min⁻¹ g⁻¹ DM and 0.78 U min⁻¹ g⁻¹ DM. Gaseous ozone for 24 h is recommended as a cost-effective treatment for controlling stem-end rot. These findings suggest that gaseous ozone effectively controlled stem-end rot and enhanced the postharvest quality of mango fruit. Full article