Search Results (2,773)

Land availability constraints limit the installation of conventional ground-mounted solar installations. As a result, Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) systems are gaining popularity as an alternative to renewable energy generation. FPV consist of individual solar panels that are commonly symmetrical and modular. However, the hydrodynamic behaviour of FPVs in water surface waves is understudied to ensure their stability and optimal performance under varying environmental conditions. This literature review examines various modelling techniques applied in studying FPV hydrodynamics. Specifically, the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solvers and potential flow theory solvers is investigated for their effectiveness in capturing the behaviour of FPVs and mooring dynamics under the impact of wind and waves. The review highlights the advantages and limitations of each approach. Findings suggest that a combined CFD-potential flow approach offers a perfect balance between accuracy and computational efficiency, offering valuable insights into the performance of FPVs. However, extensive research is notably absent in hydrodynamic modelling for large-scale FPVs. This lack of research represents a significant gap in our current study on multiscale FPV systems. Full article

Deep-sea mining has garnered significant global attention, and accurate prediction of ocean currents plays a critical role in optimizing the design of sediment plume monitoring networks associated with mining activities. Using near-seabed mooring data from the Western Pacific M2 block (Beijing Pioneer polymetallic nodule Exploration Area, BPEA), this study trained four machine learning models—LSTM, XGBoost, ARIMA, and SVR—on current velocity to generate 96 h forecasts. Key findings include the following: LSTM and ARIMA models outperformed XGBoost and SVR in near-seabed current prediction. 1 h ahead forecasts substantially improved accuracy over rolling predictions (an iterative process where predicted values are treated as observed values for subsequent prediction steps), reducing zonal current (east–west component) RMSE from 2.395 cm/s to 1.120 cm/s and meridional current (north–south component) RMSE from 2.024 cm/s to 1.224 cm/s. For practical deployment, 3 h ahead forecasts achieved a zonal current RMSE of 1.412 cm/s. Full article

G8 rotaviruses are primarily associated with animals and infrequently cause infections in humans. The first detection of G8 strains in humans occurred around 1979, and since then, their presence has been sporadic, particularly in the United States (U.S.). During the 2016–2017 rotavirus surveillance season, the New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN) identified 36 G8P[8] rotavirus strains across four sites in the U.S. This study presents the whole-genome characterization of these G8P[8] strains, along with comparative sequence analyses against the current vaccine strains, Rotarix and RotaTeq. Each strain exhibited a DS-1-like backbone with a consensus genotype constellation of G8P[8]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2 and exhibited high genetic similarities to G8P[8] strains previously detected in Europe and Asia. Clinical analysis revealed no significant differences in hospitalization rates, length of stay, or severity scores between G8P[8] RVA-positive and non-G8P[8] RVA-positive subjects. Additionally, phylodynamic analysis determined the evolutionary rates and the most recent common ancestor for these strains, highlighting the importance of ongoing monitoring of rotavirus genotypes to assess the spread of these emerging G8P[8] strains. Full article

The use of vertically stacked architectures in three-dimensional integrated circuits (3DICs) offers a transformative path for advancing Moore’s Law by significantly boosting computational density. A key obstacle arises from the integration of heterogeneous materials, which introduces critical thermo-mechanical challenges, particularly due to the mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of silicon (Si) and copper (Cu). Such mismatches can compromise mechanical reliability and complicate the definition of the keep-out zone (KOZ) in dense systems. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the thermo-mechanical behavior of stacked 3DICs, exploring a range of device geometries and process conditions. The findings reveal that CTE-induced stress is the dominant factor influencing mechanical integrity, surpassing other mechanical forces. It is concluded that the KOZ must be no less than 1.5 times the feature diameter to adequately mitigate stress-related risks. Additionally, thermal stress interactions in configurations with adjacent structures can increase the KOZ requirement by up to 33.3% relative to isolated instances. Yet, multi-layered designs show enhanced thermal performance, a benefit attributed to the high thermal conductivity of copper. The knowledge gained from this study provides a valuable framework for optimizing the reliability and thermal management of 3DIC systems and is especially relevant for high-performance sensor devices where both mechanical stability and efficient heat dissipation are vital. Full article

Dengue is a rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral infection, with increasing reports of outbreaks globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by 30 April 2024, over 7.6 million dengue cases were reported, including 3.4 million confirmed cases, more than 16,000 severe cases, and over 3000 deaths. As dengue remains endemic in many regions, there is a critical need for the development of new vaccines and manufacturing processes that are efficient, cost-effective, and capable of meeting growing demand. In this study, we explore an alternative process development pathway for the future manufacturing of a dengue vaccine, utilizing Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) as the host organism, one of the most promising candidates for the expression of heterologous proteins in vaccine development. It combines the speed and ease of highly efficient prokaryotic platforms with some key capabilities of mammalian systems, making it ideal for scalable and cost-effective production. The key outcomes of our research include (i) demonstrating the versatility of the Komagataella phaffii platform in the production of dengue viral-like particles (VLPs); (ii) optimizing the culture process using Design of Experiments (DoE) approaches in small-scale bioreactors; (iii) developing a novel purification platform for enveloped VLPs (eVLPs), and (iv) establishing alternative biophysical characterization methods for the dengue vaccine prototype. These findings provide a promising foundation for efficient and scalable production of dengue vaccines, addressing both technical and operational challenges in vaccine manufacturing. Full article

Background/Objectives: The incidence of dysrhythmia after blunt thoracic trauma varies in the literature from 8–75%, and the complication rate from these dysrhythmias is not well studied. The aims of this study are to (1) identify the incidence of dysrhythmia following blunt thoracic trauma, (2) identify risk factors associated with developing a dysrhythmia, and (3) identify the incidence of cardiac intervention after developing a dysrhythmia. We hypothesize that blunt thoracic trauma may result in post-injury dysrhythmias. Methods: This is a retrospective review of trauma patients ≥ 18 years with a blunt mechanism of injury at a Level 1 Trauma Center from 1/2010 to 3/2022. Patients were included if they had one of the following: rib fracture, sternal fracture, chest wall contusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax, chest pain, chest wall deformity, or chest wall crepitus. Patients were excluded if they had an Abbreviated Injury Scale Chest = 0 or if they had a pre-existing dysrhythmia. Univariate, multivariate, and multivariable statistical analyses were performed. Results: In total, 2943 patients met inclusion criteria. In total, 574 (19.5%) developed a dysrhythmia; 100 (17.4%) required a new antiarrhythmic at discharge. Patients who developed a dysrhythmia had a nearly two times greater likelihood of requiring cardiac intervention than those without a dysrhythmia (AOR: 1.79; p = 0.004). Additional risk factors for requiring cardiac intervention included Injury Severity Score (ISS) 16–25 and >25 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The incidence of dysrhythmia after blunt thoracic injury is 19.5% at our level I trauma center. Based on our study, patients that were older, had an ISS > 25, had a history of previous cardiac disease, or required > 5 units of blood products were at an increased risk of developing a dysrhythmia following trauma. As such, future consideration should be given to extended guidelines in monitoring these vulnerable patients. Full article

An innovative multi-absorber 1 MW wave energy converter (WEC), Nankun, is proposed for efficient wave energy extraction. It comprises a semi-submersible floating platform, a wave energy capture mechanism, a hydraulic energy conversion system, and a mooring system. The WEC operates by converting fluctuating wave power into stable electrical output through a unique sharp eagle-shaped wave absorber coupled with a hydraulic energy conversion module. Scaled model experiments (1:25) demonstrated energy-capture efficiency ranges predominantly between 30% and 50% across 0.8–1.4 s wave periods, with a peak of 56.17%. Analysis of the wave direction effect revealed that the device achieved significantly a higher energy capture at 180 deg compared with 0 deg wave headings, with a relative efficiency ratio of approximately 1.0:0.6~0.8. A full-scale prototype with 10 absorbers was deployed in the South China Sea, achieving grid connection in November 2023. Operational data confirmed viability and generation capacity, with the peak daily output reaching 9850 kWh and a cumulative production of 89,852 kWh over 20 days. Full article

Gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃)-based memristors are gaining traction as promising candidates for next-generation electronic devices toward in-memory computing, leveraging the unique properties of Ga₂O₃, such as its wide bandgap, high thermodynamic stability, and chemical stability. This review explores the evolution of memristor theory for Ga₂O₃-based materials, emphasising capacitive memristors and their ability to integrate resistive and capacitive switching mechanisms for multifunctional performance. We discussed the state-of-the-art fabrication methods, material engineering strategies, and the current challenges of Ga₂O₃-based memristors. The review also highlights the applications of these memristors in memory technologies, neuromorphic computing, and sensors, showcasing their potential to revolutionise emerging electronics. Special focus has been placed on the use of Ga₂O₃ in capacitive memristors, where their properties enable improved switching speed, endurance, and stability. In this paper we provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements in Ga₂O₃-based memristors and outline pathways for future research in this rapidly evolving field. Full article

One in 36 children were identified with autism in 2020, a 22% increase from 2018 and a 98% increase from 2010. Simultaneously, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses increased 36% from 2003 to 2016–2019. Despite this surge, their etiologies remain largely unknown. However, numerous studies document higher incidences of mitochondrial abnormalities in affected individuals. Additionally, acetaminophen has been implicated in these disorders in longitudinal studies and murine models. This paper is a compilation of literature aiming to explore a theoretical framework for acetaminophen-induced mitochondrial damage in utero. It focuses on a toxic metabolite of acetaminophen, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQ1), and its role in neuroinflammation. Based on our findings, we recommend further research studying fetal mitochondria after maternal acetaminophen usage. Full article

Artificial intelligence is redefining the computing landscape. Chiplets and heterogeneous integration have become the key strategies for current and next-generation processors. In the wake of Moore’s law slowing down, system integration through advanced packaging has emerged as the leading approach to achieve the highest performance per cost. Overall, the system is converging around substrate which is the main component of packaging. Glass stands out as the superior integration platform for chiplet-based systems. Glass substrates provide unmatched electrical and mechanical properties leading to unprecedented design and integration flexibility at a lower cost than competitive technologies. Three key advantages make glass the platform of choice: the ability to tune material properties, the ability to structure glass, and the feasibility of processing on a large panel scale. This review details the fundamentals of glass processing and manufacturing, innovative integration techniques, and cutting-edge research that collectively position glass substrate as a superior option for the next-generation systems for AI and beyond. Finally, we outline how technology must be shaped in the coming years to drive system scaling. Full article

Due to their unique structural configuration, Very Large Floating Structures (VLFS) exhibit significant hydroelastic responses during their motion in the water. These responses, which are a result of the interaction between the structure and the waves, can lead to undesirable vibrations and deformations, potentially compromising the stability and performance of the VLFS. Reducing the hydroelastic response in VLFS has become a critical research focus for scholars worldwide. In the field of marine engineering, various methods are employed to address this issue, with the use of porous structures being one of the most effective solutions. These porous structures help to dissipate the energy of propagating waves, thereby reducing the magnitude of hydroelastic responses. This paper introduces a multi-layer porous plate structure designed to mitigate the hydroelastic response of horizontally moored VLFS. The proposed structure consists of multiple layers of porous plates strategically arranged to optimize the dissipation of wave energy. To evaluate the performance of this structure, a series of physical model tests were conducted, focusing on the hydrodynamic behavior of the VLFS with the multi-layer porous plate structure. The experimental results indicate that within a specific wavelength range, the properly configured multi-layer porous plate structure can significantly reduce the hydroelastic response of the VLFS. This reduction is especially noticeable in the attenuation of wave-induced forces, leading to a decrease in the structural vibrations and enhancing the stability of the floating system. The findings demonstrate that this innovative design can provide a reliable method for improving the performance of VLFS in challenging marine environments. Full article

The Haiyang-2B (HY-2B) satellite, launched on 25 October 2018, carries both active and passive microwave sensors, including a scanning microwave Radiometer (SMR), to deliver high-precision, all-weather global observations. Sea surface temperature (SST) is among its key products. We evaluated the HY-2B SMR Level-4A (L4A) SST (25 km resolution) over the North Pacific (0–60°N, 120°E–100°W) for the period 1 October 2023 to 31 March 2025 using the extended triple collocation (ETC) and dual-pairing methods. These comparisons were made against the Remote Sensing System (RSS) microwave and infrared (MWIR) fused SST product and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in situ SST Quality Monitor (iQuam) observations. Relative to iQuam, HY-2B SST has a mean bias of –0.002 °C and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.279 °C. Compared to the MWIR product, the mean bias is 0.009 °C with an RMSE of 0.270 °C, indicating high accuracy. ETC yields an equivalent standard deviation (ESD) of 0.163 °C for HY-2B, compared to 0.157 °C for iQuam and 0.196 °C for MWIR. Platform-specific ESDs are lowest for drifters (0.124 °C) and tropical moored buoys (0.088 °C) and highest for ship and coastal moored buoys (both 0.238 °C). Both the HY-2B and MWIR products exhibit increasing ESD and RMSE toward higher latitudes, primarily driven by stronger winds, higher columnar water vapor, and elevated cloud liquid water. Overall, HY-2B SST performs reliably under most conditions, but incurs larger errors under extreme environments. This analysis provides a robust basis for its application and future refinement. Full article

The northern South China Sea has abundant frontal systems near coastal and island regions, which play crucial roles in regional ocean dynamics and ecosystem. While previous studies have established preliminary understanding of their spatial distribution, seasonal variability, and dynamic characteristics, the atmospheric response to these frontal systems remains poorly understood. This study integrates observations from a moored buoy deployed on the continental shelf of the South China Sea with satellite remote sensing data to analyze oceanic and atmospheric variations during frontal passage. The results reveal that the ocean front can not only induce pronounced oceanic changes characterized by significant cooling, saltiness, and surface current acceleration, but also exert substantial influence on the overlying atmosphere, with consistent decreasing trends in air temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure, all of which rapidly recovered following frontal retreat. Notably, when the front directly traversed the buoy location, diurnal temperature cycles were markedly suppressed, while turbulent heat flux and downfront wind-stress curl reached peak magnitudes. These findings demonstrate that ocean fronts and associated sea surface temperature gradients can trigger intense air–sea exchange processes at the ocean–atmosphere interface. Full article

As the CMOS technology approaches its physical and economic limits, further advancement of Moore’s Law for enhanced computing performance can no longer rely solely on smaller transistors and higher integration density. Instead, the computing landscape is poised for a fundamental transformation that transcends hardware scaling to embrace innovations in architecture, software, application-specific algorithms, and cross-disciplinary integration. Among the most promising enablers of this transition is non-volatile memory (NVM), which provides new technological pathways for restructuring the future of computing systems. Recent advancements in non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies, such as flash memory, Resistive Random-Access Memory (RRAM), and magneto-resistive RAM (MRAM), have significantly narrowed longstanding performance gaps while introducing transformative capabilities, including instant-on functionality, ultra-low standby power, and persistent data retention. These characteristics pave the way for developing more energy-efficient computing systems, heterogeneous memory hierarchies, and novel computational paradigms, such as in-memory and neuromorphic computing. Beyond isolated hardware improvements, integrating NVM at both the architectural and algorithmic levels would foster the emergence of intelligent computing platforms that transcend the limitations of traditional von Neumann architectures and device scaling. Driven by these advances, next-generation computing platforms powered by NVM are expected to deliver substantial gains in computational performance, energy efficiency, and scalability of the emerging data-centric architectures. These improvements align with the broader vision of both “More Moore” and “More than Moore”—extending beyond MOS device miniaturization to encompass architectural and functional innovation that redefines how performance is achieved at the end of CMOS device downsizing. Full article

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are common and often result in sensorimotor deficits, chronic pain and decreased quality of life. While the peripheral nervous system has greater regenerative capacity than the central nervous system, recovery is often limited by intrinsic changes in the nerve and muscle. This review summarizes the process of nerve regeneration, with a focus on the role of the vasculature, following PNI and examines current bioengineering approaches to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration through modification of the nerve microenvironment and optimization of neurovascular interactions. The primary areas of translational research discussed in this review include vascularized nerve grafts, nerve conduits and scaffolds, bioactive peptides, nanoparticles, extracellular vesicles, stem cells, and gene therapy. Full article