Search Results (45)

Gyrification, the folding of the cerebral cortex, plays a crucial role in brain development and function. Perinatal hypoxia–ischemia (HI) is a leading cause of neonatal brain injury, affecting cortical folding that can be measured by the gyrification index (GI). Using a late-preterm ferret model, our objective was to explore the relationships between HI injury, GI changes, and behavior, as well as the potential moderating effects of sex and treatment. Animals received 3 mg/kg E. coli lipopolysaccharide and underwent bilateral carotid artery ligation followed by alternating hypoxia and hyperoxia (HIH) and were randomized to saline vehicle (n = 25), erythropoietin (n = 20), therapeutic hypothermia (6 h at 33.5 °C, n = 20), and uridine monophosphate (n = 6), with n = 20 unexposed littermates serving as controls. Early reflex testing, CatWalk gait analysis, open-field behavior, and an open-water swim test were performed. Average, peak, motor, and somatosensory strip GIs were then assessed using ex vivo MRI. In control animals, males had lower GI than females; however, HIH exposure resulted in male GI being more similar to females, where HIH animals had significantly higher average GI than controls (p = 0.02). Adjusting for brain volume and injury, GIs in motor and somatosensory areas were associated with faster reflex outcomes in males but not females. In female controls, motor and somatosensory GIs were associated with increased anxiety-like behaviors, such as spending less time in open water during the swim test. By comparison, in male controls, higher GI was associated with decreased anxiety-like behaviors, including higher exploration index in the swim test. These sex-specific relationships between GI and behavior were lost with HIH injury. Treatment did not meaningfully restore the relationship between GI and behavior after HIH, but targeting this outcome may be an important measure for use in future neuroprotection studies in the ferret. Full article

This study investigates how local governance actors in northern Taiwan navigate agricultural irrigation coordination under intensifying climate-induced water stress. Although conventional water governance models prioritize structural alignment and centralized integration, they frequently prove to be inadequate under conditions marked by institutional ambiguity and semantic volatility. Focusing on the transitional phase between early drought signaling and the formal implementation of water rationing, this research adopts Situational Grounded Theory (SGT) to examine how actors discursively interpret, negotiate, and adapt to evolving hydrological and institutional constraints. Based on unstructured interviews with irrigation officials, farmers, and public administrators, this study traces how expressions such as “under review” and “adjusting regionally” function as semantic instruments for deferral, alignment, and legitimacy building. These phrases are not merely rhetorical fillers; rather, they operate as situated mechanisms through which actors reposition their roles and recalibrate the meanings of governance. Through iterative coding, semantic clustering, and reflexive mapping grounded in SGT, this study develops the LAWFGS (Local Adaptive Water Governance under Flexible Governance Settings) framework. This tri-axial interpretive framework comprises three interrelated dimensions: (1) governance contexts, which captures the hydrological and institutional phase; (2) actor strategy roles, which reflect how actors adopt and shift their discursive positions; and (3) interpretive flexibility, which denotes the degree of semantic maneuvering exercised in response to governance tensions. The LAWFGS framework offers a situated analytical perspective for understanding how coordination is maintained through meaning-making practices under environmental pressure. The framework emphasizes the relational dynamics through which governance unfolds across shifting and often uncertain contexts. Full article

It is well established that effective management and restoration of freshwater ecosystems is often limited by the availability of reusable data. Although numerous public, private, and nonprofit organizations collect data from freshwater ecosystems, much of what is collected remains inaccessible or unusable by Rights holders and end users (including researchers, practitioners, community members, and decision-makers). In Canada, the federal government plans to improve freshwater data sharing practices through the newly formed Canada Water Agency, which is currently drafting a National Freshwater Data Strategy. Our study aimed to support these efforts by synthesizing insights from the technology sector, where data management and sharing practices are more mature. We interviewed 12 experts from the technology sector, asking them for advice on how to improve data sharing practices in the freshwater science sector. Using a Reflexive Thematic Analysis of participants’ responses to semi-structured interview questions, we identified nine broad recommendations. Recommendations centred on motivating open data sharing, promoting data reuse through data licences, training and skill building, and developing standards and digital solutions that enable data discovery, accessibility, interoperability, and reuse. These recommendations can support the numerous initiatives that are working to improve access to high-quality freshwater data and help address the pressing crisis of global freshwater ecosystem degradation. Full article

Wild fruits are distributed worldwide, but are consumed mainly in developing countries, where they are an important part of the diet. Still, in many other countries, they are consumed only locally. Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) is an underutilized species rich in fibres and phenolic compounds, making it suitable as a potential functional food for supporting human health. Cold (Cw) and hot (Hw) water-extracted (poly)phenolic polysaccharide–protein complexes, differing in carbohydrate, phenolic and protein contents, were isolated from blackthorn fruits and characterized. The complexes exhibited molecular weights of 235,200 g/mol (Cw) and 218,400 g/mol (Hw), and were rich in pectic polymers containing galacturonic acid, arabinose, galactose and rhamnose, indicating a dominance of homogalacturonan (HG) [→4)-α-D-GalA(1→4)-α-D-GalA(1→]n and a low content of RGI [→2)-α-L-Rha(1→4)-α-D-GalA(1→2)-α-L-Rha(1→]n sequences associated with arabinan or arabinogalactan. Minor content of glucan, probably starch-derived, was also solubilized. Pectic polysaccharides were highly esterified and partly acetylated. Pharmacological testing was performed in male Dunkin–Hartley guinea pigs, a model with human-like airway reflexes. Both complexes affected airway defense mechanisms. Particularly, Hw significantly suppressed citric acid-induced cough, similar to codeine, and reduced bronchoconstriction comparably to salbutamol in a dose-dependent manner. These findings support further exploration of Hw as a natural antitussive and bronchodilatory agent. Full article

Nature-based Solutions (NbS) have emerged as an influential framework in climate and water governance, promoted as cost-effective, resilient, and ecologically sound responses to environmental degradation. This interdisciplinary review critically examines the conceptual foundations, governance models, and systemic risks associated with NbS in urban and coastal water management. While NbS are often presented as sustainable and multifunctional alternatives to grey infrastructure, the literature reveals recurring vulnerabilities—ranging from ecological side effects to socio-political inequities and epistemological overconfidence. Drawing on contemporary case studies and classical environmental thought—from authors such as Virgil, Lucretius, and Seneca—the paper challenges the prevailing assumption that nature-based interventions are inherently beneficial or resilient. Instead, it argues for a reflexive and context-sensitive approach to NbS, one that integrates historical awareness, ethical reflection, and adaptive governance. The review proposes a typology of systemic risks, synthesizes unintended consequences across global examples, and calls for greater integration of environmental humanities into NbS research and policy design. Full article

Recent studies have shown that both facial immersion and head-out water immersion up to the chest (HOIC) positively influence cardiac vagal activity, as indexed non-invasively through vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV). While facial immersion activates the diving reflex, HOIC induces effects via hydrostatic pressure, each engaging distinct physiological mechanisms. This study aims to investigate whether combining facial immersion with HOIC results in an additional increase in vmHRV. In total, the vmHRV [log10RMSSD] of 37 participants (14 females, M_age = 23.8; SD_age = 4.4 years) was assessed under two conditions, with resting and recovery measurements taken before and after each condition. The first condition involved HOIC alone (M = 1.97, SD = 0.27), followed by HOIC combined with facial immersion (M = 1.87, SD = 0.29). HOIC alone significantly increased RMSSD compared to baseline (p < 0.001); however, no additional increase was observed when facial immersion was added (p = 0.436). This suggests that, while HOIC effectively increases vmHRV, the addition of facial immersion does not provide any further enhancement under the conditions tested. Potential methodological limitations, such as the absence of breath holding, variability in immersion depth, and the use of thermoneutral water temperatures, may have influenced the outcomes and warrant further investigation. Full article

This article presents a systematic review of sustainable watershed management at the international level. Based on the risk regulation approach, this review approaches the specific gaps in the literature related to relevant issues outlining the international freshwater resources socio-environmental regulation issue, especially in regards to its sociological dimensions: the organizational capabilities of agents involved in regulatory efforts, issue-implicit challenges, and regulatory effort-generated socio-environmental risks. The study identifies the reflexive components of the involved institutions, outlines the deployment of organizational processes in normative regulatory components, and explores the modalities for addressing change and complexity in the regulatory field. A corpus of 64 articles published in the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases between 2021 and 2024 was analyzed, and the following findings are demonstrated: (1) regulatory requirements emerge across the three dimensions due to sociological factors, with the need for broad-ranging coordination capacities and socio-technical improvements highlighted, (2) while high political–technical capacities are exhibited by regulatory agents in the field of study, significant regulatory challenges persist, complicating the sustainable management of watersheds, and (3) decision-making based on socio-environmental risks is deemed feasible within the field of study, enabling advancements in techno-scientific and socio-political areas, although achieving this is considered challenging. It is concluded that sustainable watershed management can be better understood when the risk-based approach is used as an explanatory framework, particularly in priority areas for addressing—and regulating—the global and local dilemmas involved in governing water resources. As this field has been scarcely examined from this perspective, a series of potential research avenues with substantial scope are faced by the social sciences. Socio-environmental challenges related to water should be rigorously analyzed in future studies through innovative approaches, with the social components of the issue prioritized. Full article

This review emphasises the importance of the cardiovascular response to facial cooling (FC) and breath holding in both sexes. The trigemino-cardiac reflex, triggered by FC, reduces heart rate (HR) and constricts blood vessels. When combined with breath holding, this effect intensifies, enhancing the cardiodepressive impact. The cardiovascular reaction to this combination, known as the cold-water face immersion or simulated diving test, varies among individuals and depends on their cardiovascular regulatory profiles, which differ between men and women. Despite extensive research on the cardiovascular response to FC and apnoea, most studies did not categorise participants by sex, leading to a limited understanding of how it influences trigeminal nerve stimulation (TGS) and breath-hold diving (BHD). Despite attempts to address this, the existing findings remain inconsistent due to intra- and inter-individual variability. Key factors influencing the diving response include the influence of the parasympathetic system on HR, vascular sympathetic activity affecting total peripheral resistance (TPR), sensitivity to CO₂, lung capacity, training, physical performance, duration of apnoea, and the stimulation of metaboreceptors in working muscles. These factors differ between men and women, potentially contributing to variations in the effectiveness of the response to the FC combined with breath holding. Full article

Diarrheal irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a chronic bowel condition that leads to intestinal dysfunction and is typically accompanied by diarrhea, stomach pain, and abdominal distension. Ribes nigrum L. polyphenols (RNPs), which are natural plant polyphenols, are the subject of this study, which aims to assess their potential in improving IBS-D and to explore the underlying mechanisms through a network pharmacology analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing. Next, mice models of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel were established, and the mice with IBS-D were treated with RNPs. The effect of RNPs was then evaluated in terms of body weight, abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR), Bristol score, fecal water percentage, diluted fecal volume, total intestinal transit time, immune index, histopathological observation, and changes in inflammatory factors. Finally, 16S rRNA sequencing and reverse q-RTPCR were utilized to evaluate the components that mediate the impact of RNPs on IBS-D. It was found that when RNP treatment was administered to mice with IBS-D, they decreased the water content in their stools, raised their immunological scores, and decreased the amount of inflammatory substances in their bodies. Moreover, through 16S rRNA sequencing, it was shown that the RNP treatment increased the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Alloprevotella, and Alistipes, which led to the remodeling of gut microbiota. In summary, RNPs significantly improved the conditions of mice with IBS-D by inhibiting the FoxO pathway and enhancing gut microbiota. This study concludes that RNPs could significantly improve the symptoms of mice with IBS-D through these means. Full article

This study explores how age and seasonal changes impact semen characteristics and reproductive behavior in Carpatina breed bucks. Males were divided into three age groups: young (14–23 months; L14), adult (3–4 years; L34), and older (5–6 years; L56). Scrotal biometry was determined using a measuring tape, and testicular volume was evaluated by fully submerging the testes in a water-filled container and measuring the displaced water. Semen analysis was conducted on samples collected each season, with volume, color, and acidity being assessed. The evaluation of specific semen characteristics (motility, sperm concentration, normal spermatozoa) was conducted using a Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA) system, and testosterone levels were measured in blood samples collected at the start of each season. Behavior and sexual reflexes were evaluated based on mating desire and the bucks’ reaction to the presence of females. Key findings indicate that testicular volume varies significantly with both age and season, with the most pronounced differences between younger bucks and the older groups, especially during autumn. Semen quality parameters such as ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, and motility also showed seasonal fluctuations, with younger bucks having lower sperm concentrations. Testosterone levels were observed to increase with age, peaking in autumn. Behavioral observations revealed that younger bucks exhibited less intense sexual activity, although this improved during autumn. Additionally, a significant correlation was identified between body weight and testicular volume in adult bucks (R = 0.942, p-value = 0.016 for L34; R = 0.797, p-value = 0.022 for L56), suggesting that age plays a crucial role in reproductive potential. Our findings highlight that, while bucks are capable of year-round reproduction, autumn provides optimal conditions for semen quality and reproductive performance. This research has valuable implications for optimizing breeding programs, contributing to genetic advancement, and improving management strategies in goat farming, especially within temperate continental climates. Full article

Background: Prokinetic agents are effective in increasing gastrointestinal (GI) contractility and alleviating constipation, often caused by slow intestinal motility. Lubiprostone (LUB), known for activating CLC-2 chloride channels, increases the chloride ion concentration in the GI tract, supporting water retention and stool movement. Despite its therapeutic efficacy, the exact mechanisms underlying its pharmacological action are poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether LUB activates the canonical transient receptor potential cation channel type 4 (TRPC4) through stimulation with E-type prostaglandin receptor (EP) type 3. Methods: Using isotonic tension recordings on mouse colon strips, we examined LUB-induced contractility in both proximal and distal colon segments. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was conducted to determine mRNA levels of EP1-4 receptor subtypes in distal colonic muscular strips and isolated myocytes. The effects of a TRPC4 blocker and EP3 antagonist on LUB-stimulated contractions were also evaluated. Results: LUB showed significant contraction in the distal segment compared to the proximal segment. EP3 receptor mRNA levels were highly expressed in the distal colon tissue, which correlated with the observed enhanced contraction. Furthermore, LUB-induced spontaneous contractions in distal colon muscles were reduced by a TRPC4 blocker or EP3 antagonist, indicating that LUB-stimulated EP3 receptor activation may lead to TRPC4 activation and increased intracellular calcium in colonic smooth muscle. Conclusions: These findings suggest that LUB improves mass movement through indirect activation of the TRPC4 channel in the distal colon. The segment-specific action of prokinetic agents like LUB provides compelling evidence for a personalized approach to symptom management, supporting the defecation reflex. Full article

A six-year study investigates the challenges of balancing stakeholders’ interests when implementing climate adaptation regulations and makes a case for analytical tools that can improve the acceptance and adoption of local planning initiatives. In this study, the challenges of adopting European Union and Norwegian national climate adaptation regulations at a local level are examined through the analysis of the ‘Fredlybekken Water Management Proposal’ case study. This study includes an overview of the proposed climate adaptation project ‘Fredlybekken’, a site analysis, quantitative surveys, and qualitative interviews with the project’s stakeholders. Reflexive thematic analysis is employed to establish themes of the project and categorically describe the feedback and objections of residents. The findings of the study set forth recommendations to improve the implementation processes of stormwater management infrastructure and other urban climatic adaptation initiatives. These findings are aimed at public policy makers and municipal administrations. The general conclusions within this paper are also relevant for egalitarian countries with similar societal challenges attempting to implement climate policy at the local level. Full article

High-resolution wave measurements at intermediate water depth are required to improve coastal impact modeling. Specifically, such data sets are desired to calibrate and validate models, and broaden the insight on the boundary conditions that force models. Here, we present a wave data set collected in the North Sea at three stations in intermediate water depth (6–14 m) during the 2021/2022 storm season as part of the RealDune/REFLEX experiments. Continuous measurements of synchronized surface elevation, velocity and pressure were recorded at 2–4 Hz by Acoustic Doppler Profilers and an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter for a 5-month duration. Time series were quality-controlled, directional-frequency energy spectra were calculated and common bulk parameters were derived. Measured wave conditions vary from calm to energetic with 0.1–5.0 m sea-swell wave height, 5–16 s mean wave period and W-NNW direction. Nine storms, i.e., wave height beyond 2.5 m for at least six hours, were recorded including the triple storms Dudley, Eunice and Franklin. This unique data set can be used to investigate wave transformation, wave nonlinearity and wave directionality for higher and lower frequencies (e.g., sea-swell and infragravity waves) to compare with theoretical and empirical descriptions. Furthermore, the data can serve to force, calibrate and validate models during storm conditions. Full article

The reflexive responses to resist external forces and maintain posture result from the coordination between the vestibular system, muscle, tendon, and joint proprioceptors, and vision. Aging deteriorates these crucial functions, increasing the risk of falls. This study aimed to verify whether a training program with water bags, an Instability Neuromuscular training (INT) using the inertial load of water, could positively impact balance ability and dynamic stability. This study was conducted with twenty-two healthy older women aged ≥ 65 (mean age: 74.82 ± 7.00 years, height: 154.20 ± 5.49 cm, weight: 55.84 ± 7.46 kg, BMI: 23.55 ± 3.58 kg/m²). The participants were randomly allocated into two groups: a group that used water bags and a control group performing bodyweight exercises. The intervention training lasted 12 weeks, with 2 sessions per week totaling 24 sessions, each lasting 60 min. The pre- and post-tests were compared using t-tests to examine within- and-between-group differences. The effect size was examined based on the interaction between group and time using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. The Modified Timed Up and Go manual (TUG manual), Sharpened Romberg Test (SRT), and Y-balance test (YBT) were conducted to assess dynamic stability, including gait function, static stability, and reactive ability. In comparison between groups, the waterbag training group showed a decrease in task completion time associated with an increase in walking speed in the TUG manual test (p < 0.05), and an increase in static stability and reaction time in the Sharpened Romberg test with eyes closed (p < 0.05), and an increase in single-leg stance ability in both legs in the Y-balance test (p < 0.05). All statistical confidence interval levels were set 95%. INT using the inertial load of water enhanced the somatosensory system and gait related to dynamic stability in older women. Therefore, the clinical application of this training program is expected to reduce the risk of falls in healthy older women, improving dynamic stability related to gait. Full article

Objectives In Vitro: To study the effects of GR3027 (golexanolone) on neurosteroid-induced GABA-mediated current responses under physiological GABAergic conditions with recombinant human α5β3γ2L and α1β2γ2L GABA_A receptors expressed in human embryonic kidney cells, using the response patch clamp technique combined with the Dynaflow™ application system. With α5β3γ2L receptors, 0.01–3 μM GR3027, in a concentration-dependent manner, reduced the current response induced by 200 nM THDOC + 0.3 µM GABA, as well as the THDOC-induced direct gated effect. GR3027 (1 μM) alone had no effect on the GABA-mediated current response or current in the absence of GABA. With α1β2γ2L receptors, GR3027 alone had no effect on the GABA-mediated current response or did not affect the receptor by itself. Meanwhile, 1–3 µM GR3027 reduced the current response induced by 200 nM THDOC + 30 µM GABA and 3 µM GR3027 that induced by 200 nM THDOC when GABA was not present. Objectives In Vivo: GR3027 reduces allopregnanolone (AP)-induced decreased learning and anesthesia in male Wistar rats. Rats treated i.v. with AP (2.2 mg/kg) or vehicle were given GR3027 in ratios of 1:0.5 to 1:5 dissolved in 10% 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. A dose ratio of AP:GR3027 of at least 1:2.5 antagonized the AP-induced decreased learning in the Morris Water Mase (MWM) and 1:7.5 antagonized the loss of righting reflex (LoR). GR3027 treatment did not change other functions in the rat compared to the vehicle group. Conclusions: GR3027 functions in vitro as an inhibitor of GABA_A receptors holding α5β3γ2L and α1β2γ2L, in vivo, in the rat, as a dose-dependent inhibitor toward AP’s negative effects on LoR and learning in the MWM. Full article