Search Results (5)

This article demonstrates that magnetic force and Newton’s law of universal gravitation can be derived from the solution of Maxwell’s equations for moving point charges. For this purpose, a plasma droplet model is postulated, consisting of an aggregation of point charges undergoing Brownian motion within a very small three-dimensional volume. As the velocity of the charges is random due to the Brownian motion, it is described by a probability distribution. It is shown that a non-zero velocity standard deviation leads to the magnetic force, while Newton’s law of universal gravitation can be derived from a non-zero velocity variance. This suggests that magnetism and gravitation might be closely related. Full article

Since droplet collision with walls has become a research hotspot, scholars have conducted a large number of studies on the dynamic behavior of electrically neutral droplets colliding with dry walls. However, with the rapid development of electrostatic spray technology, there is an increasingly urgent need to study the dynamic process of collision between charged droplets and walls. In this paper, considering the actual working conditions of electrostatic spray, an electric field model is introduced based on the two-phase flow field. Through the coupling of a multiphase flow field and electric field and a multiphysics field, the dynamic numerical calculation method is used to explore the collision electrodynamic behavior of charged droplets and liquid film. The dynamic evolution process of the formation and development of the liquid crown in the collision zone was clarified, and the critical velocity and critical Weber number of the rebound, spreading, and splashing of charged droplets were tracked. The distribution characteristics of electrostatic field, pressure field, and velocity field under different working conditions are analyzed, and the dynamic mechanism of the charged droplet collision liquid film under multi-physics coupling is revealed based on the electro-viscous effect. It is confirmed that the external electric field can increase the critical velocity of droplet splashing and fragmentation and promote the spreading and fusion behavior of droplets and liquid films. The influence of the impact angle of charged droplets on the collision behavior was further explored. It was found that the charged droplets not only have a smaller critical angle for fragmentation and splashing, but also have a faster settling and fusion speed. Full article

Weber’s electrodynamics presents an alternative theory to the widely accepted Maxwell–Lorentz electromagnetism. It is founded on the concept of direct action between particles, and has recently gained some momentum through theoretical and experimental advancements. However, a major criticism remains: the lack of a comprehensive electromagnetic wave equation for free space. Our motivation in this research article is to address this criticism, in some measure, by deriving an electric wave equation from Weber’s electrodynamics based on the axiom of vacuum polarization. Although this assumption has limited experimental evidence and its validity remains a topic of debate among researchers, it has been shown to be useful in the calculation of various quantum mechanical phenomena. Based on this concept, and beginning with Weber’s force, we derive an expression which resembles the familiar electric field wave equation derived from Maxwell’s equations. Full article

This work is an attempt to modernise Weber’s electrodynamics to make it compatible with the high-velocity regime, and with the existence of a limiting velocity, c. For this purpose, starting from the law of energy conservation and the mass–energy equivalence, new expressions for potential energy and for kinetic energy are derived jointly which are consistent with an ultimate velocity of the value of c. The new potential energy, already reported by Phipps, becomes Weber’s expression in the limit of low velocities. The new kinetic energy differs from the relativistic expression, but, like the latter, it also becomes the Newtonian expression in the limit of low velocities. New expressions for force and linear momentum are also derived which complete a new mechanics. Phipps’ potential energy and new kinetic energy are applied to the problem of two interacting charges in a radial motion and orbital motion. The new framework is also applied to the problem of a charge moving between the two plates of a charged capacitor, obtaining a result similar to that obtained by means of Maxwell–Lorentz electromagnetism and relativistic mechanics. The metaphysical considerations that clearly differentiate the conventional framework from the new framework proposed here are discussed. Full article

This article reviews the electrodynamic force law of Wilhelm Weber and its importance in electromagnetic theory. An introduction is given to Weber’s force and it is shown how it has been utilised in the literature to explain electromagnetism as well as phenomena in other disciplines of physics, where the force law has connections to the nuclear force, gravity, cosmology, inertia and quantum mechanics. Further, criticism of Weber’s force is reviewed and common misconceptions addressed and rectified. It is found that, while the theory is not without criticism and has much room for improvement, within the limitations of its validity, it is equally as successful as Maxwell’s theory in predicting certain phenomena. Moreover, it is discussed how Weber offers a valid alternative explanation of electromagnetic phenomena which can enrich and complement the field perspective of electromagnetism through a particle based approach. Full article