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8 pages, 1287 KB

Open AccessCommunication

0.74 W Broadband Degenerate Femtosecond MgO-Doped Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate (MgO: PPLN) Optical Parametric Oscillator at 2056 nm

by Yuxiang Zhao, Bobo Wang, Jinfang Yang, Taotao He, Hao Xu, Xue Qiu, Zhong Dong and Weijun Ling

Photonics 2025, 12(6), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12060543 - 27 May 2025

Viewed by 545

Abstract

The degenerate optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is demonstrated to generate high-power, broadband mid-infrared MgO-doped periodically poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) femtosecond laser at 151 MHz, synchronously pumped by a commercial Kerr-lens mode-locked Yb:KGW oscillator at 1028 nm. The average power of the degenerate OPO [...] Read more.

The degenerate optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is demonstrated to generate high-power, broadband mid-infrared MgO-doped periodically poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) femtosecond laser at 151 MHz, synchronously pumped by a commercial Kerr-lens mode-locked Yb:KGW oscillator at 1028 nm. The average power of the degenerate OPO centered at 2056 nm is as high as 740 mW, which is the highest output power from a reported 2 μm degenerate femtosecond OPO, pumped by a bulk solid-state laser. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) spectral bandwidth of the degenerate OPO is 87.4 nm, corresponding to a theoretical, Fourier-limited pulse duration of 51 fs. These remarkable results indicate that degenerate OPO is a great potential candidate technology for generating high-power and few-cycle femtosecond pulses around 2 μm. Such mid-infrared sources are well-suited for high harmonic generation, a pumping source for mid- to far-infrared OPO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ultrafast Laser Science and Applications)

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14 pages, 9950 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Laser Material Interaction of Lithium Copper Foils Under Different Process Gases for All-Solid-State Batteries

by Lars O. Schmidt, Houssin Wehbe, Sven Hartwig and Maja W. Kandula

Batteries 2025, 11(5), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11050195 - 15 May 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 799

Abstract

Lithium metal exhibits strong adhesive properties and a highly reactive nature, which complicates conventional mechanical separation methods. Laser cutting, as a contactless process, is possible under a defined drying room atmosphere. However, it is a costly process and therefore not suitable for industrial [...] Read more.

Lithium metal exhibits strong adhesive properties and a highly reactive nature, which complicates conventional mechanical separation methods. Laser cutting, as a contactless process, is possible under a defined drying room atmosphere. However, it is a costly process and therefore not suitable for industrial usage. Consequently, the development of a cost-effective process gas is imperative for the future implementation of lithium metal. In this research, the laser cutting of 30 µm lithium copper composite foil is performed under different process gases (nitrogen and argon) and ambient atmospheres with different water contents to determine the ablation potential depended on the process gas. To assess the laser–material interaction, the impact of pulse repetition frequency and cutting velocity on the material behavior was investigated. To this end, the ablation behavior, the resulting cutting edges, and the electrochemical performance were thoroughly explored. The findings reveal a dependence of the ablation behavior on the water content in the ambient atmosphere, as well as a reduced energy input for a complete shot through when using an inert gas. The resulting cutting edges result in nearly similar outcomes with regard to the heat-affected zone. The electrochemical performance illustrates the influence of the laser process with different gases, taking into account the changed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Full article

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12 pages, 1650 KB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature Control Performance Improvement of High-Power Laser Diode with Assistance of Machine Learning

by Yaohui He, Xiaoli Jin, Pixian Jin, Jing Su, Fang Li and Huadong Lu

Photonics 2025, 12(3), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12030241 - 7 Mar 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1362

Abstract

For a laser diode (LD) with high output power, it is difficult to precisely and quickly control its temperature because of the large thermal power involved. In this paper, a machine learning-based temperature controller for high-power LDs is reported. It is implemented by [...] Read more.

For a laser diode (LD) with high output power, it is difficult to precisely and quickly control its temperature because of the large thermal power involved. In this paper, a machine learning-based temperature controller for high-power LDs is reported. It is implemented by developing a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) with an adaptive dynamic adjustment strategy (ADAS) temperature controller which integrates a constant-current-source circuit into the conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) temperature-controlling circuit. Compared to the conventional PID controller, the speed of temperature control had been shortened from 1300 s to 350 s, the long-term temperature fluctuation was decreased from ±0.148% to ±0.082%, and the step response time could be decreased from 960 s to 210 s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Technology and Applications)

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13 pages, 3010 KB

Open AccessArticle

LD-Pumped 228 nm Nd:GdVO₄/Cr⁴⁺:YAG Passively Q-Switched Solid-State Laser

by Can Xu, Weihan Shen, Ke Hu, Dongxin Xu, Ruozhu Hao, Lixiang Fan, Zhibin Zhao, Zaijin Li, Hao Chen, Zhongliang Qiao and Yi Qu

Coatings 2024, 14(12), 1531; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14121531 - 4 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1354

Abstract

The 228 nm deep ultraviolet laser, leveraging its advantages of short wavelength, high photon energy, and low thermal effect, can significantly enhance the Raman signal in resonance Raman spectroscopy and demonstrates broad application potential in areas such as precision processing of photonic devices. [...] Read more.

The 228 nm deep ultraviolet laser, leveraging its advantages of short wavelength, high photon energy, and low thermal effect, can significantly enhance the Raman signal in resonance Raman spectroscopy and demonstrates broad application potential in areas such as precision processing of photonic devices. This paper investigates a solid-state linear-cavity passively Q-switched 228 nm deep ultraviolet laser. Firstly, the laser employs an Nd:GdVO₄ crystal as the gain medium, combined with Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal passive Q-switching technology to generate 912 nm pulsed fundamental frequency light. Subsequently, a lithium metaborate (LBO) crystal is used to generate 456 nm second-harmonic light, and finally, a barium metaborate (BBO) crystal is utilized to achieve 228 nm fourth-harmonic laser output. In this paper, we investigate the variation in 456 nm and 228 nm laser output power under the cavity length of 63 mm. Ultimately, at a pump power of 41.75 W, the highest average power of 670 mW was achieved for a 456 nm blue laser output with a repetition rate of 12 kHz and a pulse width of 32 ns. Additionally, a maximum average power of 18 mW was obtained for a 228 nm deep ultraviolet laser output, featuring a repetition rate of 12 kHz and a pulse width of 33 ns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Lasers: Applications and Future Trends)

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10 pages, 2386 KB

Open AccessArticle

Narrow-Pulse-Width, Straight-Type-Cavity, All-Solid-State Laser at 228.5 nm

by Weihan Shen, Can Xu, Lixiang Fan, Dongxin Xu, Kangxun Sun, Zhibin Zhao, Zaijin Li, Hao Chen, Zhongliang Qiao and Yi Qu

Coatings 2024, 14(12), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14121521 - 2 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1197

Abstract

Deep-ultraviolet (DUV) lasers operating at a wavelength of 228 nm offer distinct advantages in Raman spectroscopy and analysis, demonstrating significant potential in the field of surgical medicine. This paper details the development of a high-repetition-rate, narrow-pulse-width, short-cavity laser system functioning at 228.5 nm, [...] Read more.

Deep-ultraviolet (DUV) lasers operating at a wavelength of 228 nm offer distinct advantages in Raman spectroscopy and analysis, demonstrating significant potential in the field of surgical medicine. This paper details the development of a high-repetition-rate, narrow-pulse-width, short-cavity laser system functioning at 228.5 nm, which is based on Barium Borate (BBO) electro-optic Q-switching. The system utilizes a double-concave resonator structure and a pressure-applied electro-optic Q-switching technique, incorporating Lithium Borate (LBO) and BBO as frequency-doubling crystals. A low-concentration Nd:YVO₄ crystal, measuring 4 mm × 4 mm × 5 mm, serves as the gain medium, with a high-reflectivity coating applied to its left end face to function as the total reflection mirror within the resonant cavity. Upon achieving a pump power of 37 W at a repetition rate of 12 kHz, the system produced a maximum average power of 32 mW, with a pulse width varying from 2.48 ns to 2.70 ns and a central wavelength of 228.5 nm, which is effectively applicable for deep-ultraviolet spectral detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Lasers: Applications and Future Trends)

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10 pages, 1304 KB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Analysis on Active Polarization Control of Fiber Laser Based on Root Mean Square Propagation Algorithm

by Yifei Shi, Yunfeng Qi, Hui Shen, Zhao Quan and Ming Tang

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9691; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219691 - 23 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1655

Abstract

High-power linearly polarized fiber lasers are widely used in coherent beam combination, nonlinear frequency conversion, and gravitational wave detection. With the increase in output power, it is challenging for fiber lasers to maintain a high polarization extinction ratio (PER). Combined with intelligent techniques, [...] Read more.

High-power linearly polarized fiber lasers are widely used in coherent beam combination, nonlinear frequency conversion, and gravitational wave detection. With the increase in output power, it is challenging for fiber lasers to maintain a high polarization extinction ratio (PER). Combined with intelligent techniques, active polarization control is a prospective method to obtain the laser output with high PER and high stability. We demonstrate a comprehensive model of an active polarization control system. The root mean square propagation (RMS-Prop) algorithm is used to control the non-polarization-maintaining (non-PM) fiber laser to generate linearly polarized laser. The parameters of the RMS-Prop algorithm are theoretically analyzed, including cost function, perturbation amplitude, and global learning rate. The simulation results show that PER is the optimal cost function. When the perturbation amplitude is 0.06 and the global learning rate is 0.6, the system can achieve the optimal control speed and accuracy. By comparison with the stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm, the RMS-Prop algorithm has an advantage in obtaining higher PER. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Fiber Lasers)

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8 pages, 1440 KB

Open AccessCommunication

1.4 W Passively Q-Switched Mode-Locked Tm:CALGO Laser with a MoS₂ Saturable Absorber

by Weijun Ling, Hao Xu, Jinfang Yang, Xue Qiu, Taotao He, Purui An, Chao Bi, Shichao Yuan, Man Wang, Xinye Tian and Zhong Dong

Photonics 2024, 11(11), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11110997 - 22 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1554

Abstract

The passively Q-switched mode-locked (QML) operation of a Tm:CaGdAlO₄ (Tm:CALGO) bulk laser pumped by a wavelength-tunable Ti:sapphire oscillator using molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) as a saturable absorber was demonstrated. By using an output coupler with 3% transmittance, Q-switched mode-locked operation can [...] Read more.

The passively Q-switched mode-locked (QML) operation of a Tm:CaGdAlO₄ (Tm:CALGO) bulk laser pumped by a wavelength-tunable Ti:sapphire oscillator using molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) as a saturable absorber was demonstrated. By using an output coupler with 3% transmittance, Q-switched mode-locked operation can be achieved with 3.56 W absorbed pump power. At a pump power of 6.77 W, laser pulses with the maximum average power of 1.44 W were obtained, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 21.3%. The laser delivered pulses centered at 1927 nm with a repetition frequency of 131.6 MHz. The experimental results confirm the promising application of the MoS₂ in high-power Q-switched mode-locked solid-state lasers at 2 µm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ultrafast Laser Science and Applications)

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10 pages, 2436 KB

Open AccessArticle

Time–Frequency and Spectrum Analyses of All-Solid-State Self-Mode-Locked Burst Pulse Lasers

by Mengmeng Xu, Miao Hu, Zerong Li, Jinxiu Wang, Jiaxin Fu, Shaokun Wang, Yingying Ji, Haozhen Li, Meihua Bi, Xuefang Zhou, Sunqiang Pan and Chong Liu

Photonics 2024, 11(6), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11060558 - 13 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1559

Abstract

The theoretical and experimental characteristics of all-solid-state self-mode-locked burst pulse lasers are investigated in this study. The time–frequency and spectrum analyses of the lasers incorporating Fabry–Pérot (F-P) structures are presented, along with the development of the corresponding theoretical model. Self-mode-locked burst pulse lasers [...] Read more.

The theoretical and experimental characteristics of all-solid-state self-mode-locked burst pulse lasers are investigated in this study. The time–frequency and spectrum analyses of the lasers incorporating Fabry–Pérot (F-P) structures are presented, along with the development of the corresponding theoretical model. Self-mode-locked burst pulse lasers are experimentally constructed to reduce intracavity losses using the front and rear end surfaces of the gain media to form F-P structures. When the laser cavity length is 600 mm and the gain media lengths are 5, 6, and 10 mm, each burst pulse produced contains 56, 47, and 28 subpulses, respectively, with the same burst pulse width of 2 ns. The burst pulse train with beam quality M² = 1.37 and an average output power of 0.23 W is obtained when the gain medium length is 5 mm and the pump power is 4.5 W. The corresponding burst pulse repetition frequency is 0.25 GHz and the subpulse repetition frequency is 13.66 GHz. The time–frequency spectral analyses of the laser signals provide a good representation of laser spectral information that even the currently available highest-resolution spectrometers cannot resolve. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lasers, Light Sources and Sensors)

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11 pages, 2505 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Optical Saturable Absorption Properties of 2D VP Nanosheets and Application as SA in a Passively Q-Switched Nd:YVO₄ Laser

by Haowen Guo, Chunyan Jia, Yongping Yao, Meng Bai, Tiejun Ma, Jiayu Zhang, Jinbao Xia, Hongkun Nie, Bo Yao, Jingliang He and Baitao Zhang

Materials 2024, 17(11), 2585; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112585 - 28 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1463

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) violet phosphorus (VP) plays a significant role in the applications of photonic and optoelectronic devices due to its unique optical and electrical properties. The ultrafast carrier dynamics and nonlinear optical absorption properties were systematically investigated here. The intra- and inter-band ultrafast [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional (2D) violet phosphorus (VP) plays a significant role in the applications of photonic and optoelectronic devices due to its unique optical and electrical properties. The ultrafast carrier dynamics and nonlinear optical absorption properties were systematically investigated here. The intra- and inter-band ultrafast relaxation times of 2D VP nanosheets were measured to be ~6.83 ps and ~62.91 ps using the pump–probe method with a probe laser operating at 1.03 μm. The nonlinear absorption coefficient βeff, the saturation intensity Is, the modulation depth ΔR, and the nonsaturable loss were determined to be −2.18 × 10⁴ cm/MW, 329 kW/cm², 6.3%, and 9.8%, respectively, by using the Z-scan and I-scan methods, indicating the tremendous saturable absorption property of 2D VP nanosheets. Furthermore, the passively Q-switched Nd:YVO₄ laser was realized with the 2D VP nanosheet-based SA, in which the average output power of 700 mW and the pulse duration of 478 ns were obtained. These results effectively reveal the nonlinear optical absorption characteristics of VP nanosheets, demonstrating their outstanding light-manipulating capabilities and providing a basis for the applications of ultrafast optical devices. Our results verify the excellent saturable absorption properties of 2D VP, paving the way for its applications in pulsed laser generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Engineering Materials and Devices)

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10 pages, 7225 KB

Open AccessArticle

All-Solid-State Post-Compression of Low-Energy Pulses at High Repetition Rate

by Vaida Marčiulionytė, Jonas Banys, Julius Vengelis, Gintaras Tamošauskas and Audrius Dubietis

Photonics 2024, 11(4), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11040386 - 19 Apr 2024

Viewed by 2086

Abstract

We demonstrate a proof of principle of a simple all-solid-state post-compression setup for low-energy, high-repetition-rate laser pulses, where spectral broadening was performed using a combination of highly nonlinear bulk materials in a simple single-pass geometry. The 75 fs, 210 nJ pulses from an [...] Read more.

We demonstrate a proof of principle of a simple all-solid-state post-compression setup for low-energy, high-repetition-rate laser pulses, where spectral broadening was performed using a combination of highly nonlinear bulk materials in a simple single-pass geometry. The 75 fs, 210 nJ pulses from an amplified 76 MHz, 15.7 W Yb:KGW oscillator after sequential spectral broadening in ZnS and YAG samples of 2 mm and 15 mm thickness, respectively, were compressed to 37 fs by means of Gires–Tournois interferometric mirrors. The post-compressed pulses with an average power of 11.47 W demonstrated reasonable spatial-spectral homogeneity of the beam with the spectral overlap parameter

V > 83 %

and good beam quality with

M_{x}^{2} = 1.28

and

M_{y}^{2} = 1.14

. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ultrafast Laser Science and Applications)

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12 pages, 9991 KB

Open AccessArticle

Strength Enhancement of Laser Powder Bed Fusion 316L by Addition of Nano TiC Particles

by Yanyan Liu, Deqiao Xie and Fei Lv

Materials 2024, 17(5), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051129 - 29 Feb 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1740

Abstract

316L stainless steel is widely used in various industrial fields, but its strength is relatively low. The improvement of its strength has become a research hotspot. In this study, nano titanium carbide (TiC) particles are ball milled with 316L with the addition of [...] Read more.

316L stainless steel is widely used in various industrial fields, but its strength is relatively low. The improvement of its strength has become a research hotspot. In this study, nano titanium carbide (TiC) particles are ball milled with 316L with the addition of 2 wt% and 4 wt%. The composite powder was then used for the fabrication of samples by laser powder bed fusion. The results show that the TiC is uniformly distributed in the microstructure. With the addition of TiC, the average size of the grains is significantly reduced. The strength, hardness, and wear resistance of TiC/316L samples have been greatly improved. The tensile strength of formed 2 wt% TiC/316L is 948 MPa, together with a extension rate of 36.0%, which has been increased by 42.6% and 79.7%, respectively. This study provides an effective way to improve the strength at room temperature and the high temperature of 316L built by laser powder bed fusion. Full article

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21 pages, 15488 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of a Jet-Based Direct Mixing Process for Improved Structuring of Conductive Battery Hetero-Agglomerates

by Joscha Witte, Zhi Cheng Hua, Victor Kolck, Harald Kruggel-Emden, Stefan Heinrich and Eberhard Schmidt

Processes 2023, 11(11), 3243; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11113243 - 17 Nov 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1496

Abstract

A jet-based direct mixing process is used to effectively mix heterogeneous materials. In this work, its application in the structuring, coating and agglomeration of cathode materials for all-solid-state battery (ASSB) production is investigated, with the aim of increasing the homogeneity and conductivity of [...] Read more.

A jet-based direct mixing process is used to effectively mix heterogeneous materials. In this work, its application in the structuring, coating and agglomeration of cathode materials for all-solid-state battery (ASSB) production is investigated, with the aim of increasing the homogeneity and conductivity of the composites and ultimately improving battery performance. In this process, different particle systems consisting of lithium iron phosphate (LFP), carbon black (CB) and sodium chloride (NaCl) are dispersed in the gas phase and brought together in a mixing zone as particle-laden aerosol jets. The cathode material’s structure is studied through scanning electron microscopy combined with a focussed ion beam (SEM–FIB). Electrical conductivity measurements of the resulting composites assess the degree of mixing and the changes in tortuosity, while a laser light diffractor and a cascade impactor analyse the particle size distribution (PSD). The jet-based process effectively produces hetero-agglomerates with the possibility of creating different composite structures by adjusting the process parameters. The mass concentration influences not only the structure, but also the PSD in the flow and the electrical conductivity of the composite. The results serve as a basis for future experiments with solid electrolytes to comprehensively evaluate the process and the resulting battery materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Particle Processes)

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16 pages, 4801 KB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Progress about Birefringent Filter Design and Application in Ti:sapphire Laser

by Jiao Wei, Jing Su, Huadong Lu and Kunchi Peng

Photonics 2023, 10(11), 1217; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10111217 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3180

Abstract

All-solid-state tunable lasers have been widely used in many fields including multi-photon microscopy, time-resolved photoluminescence, atomic physics, and so on owing to their broadband output spectrum range, good beam quality, and low noise. To cover the broad fluorescent line of the laser crystal [...] Read more.

All-solid-state tunable lasers have been widely used in many fields including multi-photon microscopy, time-resolved photoluminescence, atomic physics, and so on owing to their broadband output spectrum range, good beam quality, and low noise. To cover the broad fluorescent line of the laser crystal as much as possible, a birefringent filter (BRF) is always the most popular candidate for acting as a tuning element. In this review, the tuning characteristics of BRF and the design rule as well as its progress in practical application are summarized. Especially, it is worth noting that laser crystal itself begins to act as the BRF for wavelength tuning except for its gain characteristic, which has paved a new way for developing a kind of novel tunable laser. We believe that this review will not only provide a valuable reference for the design of BRF but also lay the foundation for developing a new application of BRF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Narrow Linewidth Laser Sources and Their Applications)

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14 pages, 5195 KB

Open AccessTechnical Note

The All-Solid-State Narrowband Lidar Developed by Optical Parametric Oscillator/Amplifier (OPO/OPA) Technology for Simultaneous Detection of the Ca and Ca⁺ Layers

by Lifang Du, Haoran Zheng, Chunlei Xiao, Xuewu Cheng, Fang Wu, Jing Jiao, Yuchang Xun, Zhishan Chen, Jiqin Wang and Guotao Yang

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(18), 4566; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184566 - 16 Sep 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2466

Abstract

We report an all-solid-state narrowband lidar system for the simultaneous detection of Ca and Ca⁺ layers over Yanqing (40.41°N, 116.01°E). The uniqueness of this lidar lies in its transmitter, which is based on optical parametric oscillation (OPO) and optical parametric amplification (OPA) [...] Read more.

We report an all-solid-state narrowband lidar system for the simultaneous detection of Ca and Ca⁺ layers over Yanqing (40.41°N, 116.01°E). The uniqueness of this lidar lies in its transmitter, which is based on optical parametric oscillation (OPO) and optical parametric amplification (OPA) techniques. The injection seeded OPO and the OPA are pumped by the second harmonic of an injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser, which can generate coherent light at the wavelength of 786 nm or 846 nm lasers, whose second harmonics in turn generate the 393 nm or 423 nm pulses, respectively, for the detection of thermospheric and ionospheric Ca⁺ and Ca layers. Compared to the conventional dye-based system, this lidar transmitter is a narrowband system (bandwidth < 200 MHz), which has produced a factor of two more output power with higher stability and reliability. The lidar system in Yingqing demonstrated Ca⁺ detection sensitivity of 0.1 atoms-cm⁻³ for long-term observation and reached a height of ~300 km. Potential applications and further improvements in this lidar technique are also discussed in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development or Application of Remote Sensing Techniques in Atmospheric Monitoring)

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24 pages, 3517 KB

Open AccessReview

Development of a 2 μm Solid-State Laser for Lidar in the Past Decade

by Kuan Li, Chao Niu, Chunting Wu, Yongji Yu and Yao Ma

Sensors 2023, 23(16), 7024; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167024 - 8 Aug 2023

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3299

Abstract

The 2 μm wavelength belongs to the eye-safe band and has a wide range of applications in the fields of lidar, biomedicine, and materials processing. With the rapid development of military, wind power, sensing, and other industries, new requirements for 2 μm solid-state [...] Read more.

The 2 μm wavelength belongs to the eye-safe band and has a wide range of applications in the fields of lidar, biomedicine, and materials processing. With the rapid development of military, wind power, sensing, and other industries, new requirements for 2 μm solid-state laser light sources have emerged, especially in the field of lidar. This paper focuses on the research progress of 2 μm solid-state lasers for lidar over the past decade. The technology and performance of 2 μm pulsed single longitudinal mode solid-state lasers, 2 μm seed solid-state lasers, and 2 μm high power solid-state lasers are, respectively, summarized and analyzed. This paper also introduces the properties of gain media commonly used in the 2 μm band, the construction method of new bonded crystals, and the fabrication method of saturable absorbers. Finally, the future prospects of 2 μm solid-state lasers for lidar are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Important Achievements in Optical Measurements in China 2022–2023)

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