Search Results (17,774)

Different beddings result in alterations in barn environments and are responsible for changes in heifer behaviors and welfare. In this experiment, twenty-four Holstein heifers were randomly divided into four pens with various beddings, including sawdust (SD), fermented manure and sawdust (FSD), fermented manure and straw (FST), and a fermented manure mixture (FMM) for 31 days. The water content and surface layer temperature of the beddings were measured. We studied the activity budget, diurnal rhythms, and locations in lying and elimination of these heifers by videoing them for three consecutive days in the early and late stages of the experiment. Compared with the three fermented beddings (FSD, FST, and FMM), the SD bedding had a higher surface layer temperature and lower water content (p < 0.05). The SD bedding resulted in significantly less time ruminating (p < 0.01) and more time walking (p < 0.01) for heifers. The heifers in the SD and FMM bedding spent less time lying (p < 0.01) and more time standing (p < 0.01). Heifers in SD and FSD beddings presented lower scores in surface cleanliness rating (p < 0.01). Heifer activities, including eating, drinking, elimination, and lying, showed clear circadian patterns in four groups. Elimination behavior had a significant positive correlation with drinking/eating (p < 0.01). Moreover, similar location distributions in lying and elimination of heifers in various bedding pens were observed. Heifers preferred to eliminate the near eating area and drinking area and keep lying out of the eating region (p < 0.01). These findings could provide a reference for the selection of bedding materials and bedding management in dairy farming. Full article

As an advanced surface modification technology, laser cladding technology can significantly improve the hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the base material by forming a high-performance composite coating on the surface of the substrate. In this paper, In718 nickel-based high-temperature alloy was used as the substrate, and laser cladding technology was used to prepare In718/(2Nb + 1SiC) composite coatings, and the effects of different laser powers (800 W, 1200 W, 1600 W, and 2000 W) on the microstructure and wear-resistant properties of the coatings were systematically investigated. Through SEM morphology observation, EDS elemental distribution analysis, wear behavior characterization, wear mechanism discussion, the regulatory mechanism of laser power on the microstructure evolution, the uniformity of reinforced phase distribution, and the coating properties were revealed. The results show that different melting powers significantly affect the phase structure and the generation of reinforcing phases in the In718/(2Nb + 1SiC) composite coatings. A 1200 W laser input power can make the coatings reach the optimal phase structure equilibrium. Both properties of the SiC-reinforced phase are retained, and a large number of NbC- and MoC-reinforced phases are generated. This results in excellent properties for the coating. Full article

This study presents a multi-user virtual reality (VR) tool designed to enhance hands-on learning in engineering education through real-time sensorized digital twins. The motivation stems from the limitations of traditional laboratory settings, such as time constraints and restricted access to physical equipment, which can hinder practical learning. The developed environment allows multiple students, wearing VR headsets, to interact simultaneously with a real-time synchronized virtual model of an engine, replicating its physical counterpart at the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. This novel integration of VR and digital twin technology offers students a unique opportunity to observe engine behavior in operation within a safe, controlled virtual space. By bridging theoretical knowledge with practical experience, this approach deepens understanding of complex mechanical concepts while fostering the development of key technical skills. Additionally, the use of real-time data visualization and digital twins provides a safer, more interactive, and efficient alternative to traditional laboratory practices, overcoming constraints like time limitations and equipment availability. This innovative method introduces students to Industry 4.0 principles, encouraging data-driven analysis and informed decision making. Full article

The escalating frequency and complexity of natural disasters highlight the urgent need for deeper insights into how individuals and communities perceive and respond to risk information. Yet, conventional research methods—such as surveys, laboratory experiments, and field observations—often struggle with limited sample sizes, external validity concerns, and difficulties in controlling for confounding variables. These constraints hinder our ability to develop comprehensive models that capture the dynamic, context-sensitive nature of disaster decision-making. To address these challenges, we present a novel multi-stage simulation framework that integrates Large Language Model (LLM)-driven social–cognitive agents with well-established theoretical perspectives from psychology, sociology, and decision science. This framework enables the simulation of three critical phases—information perception, cognitive processing, and decision-making—providing a granular analysis of how demographic attributes, situational factors, and social influences interact to shape behavior under uncertain and evolving disaster conditions. A case study focusing on pre-disaster preventive measures demonstrates its effectiveness. By aligning agent demographics with real-world survey data across 5864 simulated scenarios, we reveal nuanced behavioral patterns closely mirroring human responses, underscoring the potential to overcome longstanding methodological limitations and offer improved ecological validity and flexibility to explore diverse disaster environments and policy interventions. While acknowledging the current constraints, such as the need for enhanced emotional modeling and multimodal inputs, our framework lays a foundation for more nuanced, empirically grounded analyses of risk perception and response patterns. By seamlessly blending theory, advanced LLM capabilities, and empirical alignment strategies, this research not only advances the state of computational social simulation but also provides valuable guidance for developing more context-sensitive and targeted disaster management strategies. Full article

Early childhood education is crucial in the development of a learned society. However, existing early childhood education focuses on languages, numbers, cultural and social interactions without much emphasis on the importance of the natural environment. Therefore, this study investigates the integration of biophilic design (BD) elements in kindergarten environments and their impact on early childhood environmental education (ECEE). Focusing on four kindergartens, the research examines how biophilic features influence children’s engagement with natural elements and their development. Utilizing a robust methodological framework, the study employs both observations and quantitative analysis using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to assess the effectiveness of these interventions. The findings reveal that BD significantly enhances children’s interactions with natural terms, suggesting deeper cognitive connections with the natural world. Enhancements in children’s engagement with natural elements were most pronounced in kindergartens that implemented comprehensive and strategically placed biophilic elements. However, the effectiveness varied across settings, underscoring the importance of contextual and environmental factors in the design and implementation of biophilic principles. The study underscores the potential of BD to foster environmental awareness, cognitive and emotional development among children, advocating for its broader application in educational settings to promote sustainable environmental behaviors from an early age. Full article

Grouting technology is widely used in foundation treatment to achieve the uplifting and correction of buildings. In this context, analyzing the slurry diffusion mechanism and the resulting behavioral characteristics is crucial for guiding precise engineering design practices. This study utilized an independently developed grouting model testing system to conduct grouting experiments on sandy soil employing diverse grouting methodologies and infiltration diffusion patterns. The objectives were to elucidate the characteristics of grouting pressure, lifting displacement, and stress variations within the sandy soil. The findings indicate that slurry diffusion in sandy soil typically progresses through three distinct stages, exhibiting a cyclic pattern of “compaction–splitting–compaction”. We observed that the slurry diffusion pattern closely aligns with the trend of uplift displacement changes. Furthermore, a general downward trend was observed in the stress attenuation of sand during the grouting process. Marked disparities exist in the slurry diffusion mechanism and stress characteristics between point source and perforated pipe grouting. These research outcomes contribute significantly to advancing the theoretical understanding and experimental design of grouting techniques in sandy soil. Full article

Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to assess and compare the internal adaptation of different distinct CAD (Computer-aided design)/CAM (Computer-aided manufacturing) endocrown materials: feldspathic porcelain, indirect composite, hybrid ceramic, reinforced lithium disilicate, and lithium disilicate, utilizing microcomputed tomography. Methods: Standardized endocrown restorations were fabricated for mandibular first molar models. A total of seventy-five restorations were evenly allocated into five groups (n = 15 each): Group I (Cerec Blocks), Group II (Lava Ultimate), Group III (PICN Vita Enamic), Group IV (Celtra Duo), and Group V (Cerec Tessera). The restorations were bonded using PANAVIA V5 adhesive resin cement. To evaluate internal adaptations within the restorations, three distinct locations were selected for the acquisition of high-resolution micro-CT scans: the margin, the axial wall, and the pulpal floor. Data were analyzed using SPSS. To identify statistically significant differences among groups, a two-way ANOVA was conducted, followed by post hoc Tukey tests. Results: The statistical analysis did not reveal significant differences in internal gap measurements across the various material groups (p = 0.055). However, significant variations were observed within individual material groups (p < 0.001) at distinct locations, with the most pronounced discrepancies in thickness evident at the pulpal floor. Conclusion: While no significant differences were observed in internal adaptations among the various endocrown materials, substantial intra-group variability, particularly in terms of pulpal floor thickness, was evident. Since the study maintained a consistent preparation design across all groups, the observed variations in internal adaptation are likely attributed to differences in material behavior rather than changes in preparation geometry. Full article

Background/Objectives: Emotional regulation and attention are markedly underdeveloped in institutionalized children (IC) relative to non-institutionalized children (NIC). Caregivers in temporary institutional settings tend to exhibit contingency-responsive behaviors with limited affective engagement, which may restrict optimal socio-emotional development. Despite the critical role that sleep routines play in child development, their association with emotional regulation and attention in the context of institutionalization remains insufficiently explored. The present study aimed to assess the impact of institutionalization on emotional regulation, attention, and sleep hygiene in childhood, as well as to investigate whether sleep mediates the relationship between emotional regulation and attention. Methods: A total of 110 children aged 7 to 11 years (N = 55 IC; N = 55 NIC) were assessed using the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC), the Cancellation Test (Toulouse-Piéron), and the Children’s Chronotype Questionnaire. Results: Regression analyses and parametric tests revealed significant differences between IC and NIC groups. IC exhibited lower emotional regulation (β = 8.018, p < 0.05) and poorer attention (β = 3.818, p < 0.05) compared with NIC. Additionally, the MidSleep Point (MSP) was significantly different between groups, with NIC demonstrating shorter sleep periods (β = −1158.545, p < 0.05), contrary to expectations. Conclusions: These findings suggest that prolonged institutionalization impairs socio-emotional development, with downstream effects on cognitive functioning, particularly attention. While differences in sleep routines between IC and NIC were observed, sleep did not appear to directly mediate the relationship between emotional regulation and attention, nor did it present a primary risk factor compared with the broader developmental challenges associated with institutional care. Full article

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) plays a crucial role in neurodevelopment, particularly during pregnancy and early childhood. It is essential for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and nervous system function. Maternal B12 levels are particularly important, as they influence fetal brain development. Inadequate maternal intake during pregnancy may lead to altered neurodevelopmental trajectories and increase the risk of ASD. Postnatally, insufficient dietary cobalamin in infants and young children could further contribute to cognitive and behavioral impairments. One potential mechanism linking low B12 levels to ASD involves its role in the gut microbiota balance. Dysbiosis, commonly observed in individuals with ASD, is associated with increased gut permeability, low-grade inflammation, and disruptions in the gut–brain axis, all of which may contribute to ASD symptoms. Additionally, B12 is essential for neurotransmitter metabolism, particularly in the synthesis of serotonin and dopamine, which regulate mood, cognition, and behavior. Cobalamin also plays a key role in neuronal myelination, which ensures efficient signal transmission in the nervous system. Disruptions in these processes could underlie some of the cognitive and behavioral features associated with ASD. Despite growing evidence, the link between B12 and ASD remains inconclusive due to inconsistent findings across studies. Research suggests that B12 levels may serve as a potential biomarker for disease progression and treatment response. However, many studies rely on single-time-point measurements, failing to account for individual variability, genetic predispositions, dietary intake, and environmental factors, all of which can influence B12 levels and ASD risk. Further longitudinal studies are needed to clarify this relationship. Full article

Accurate wildfire spread modeling critically depends on the representation of wind dynamics, which vary with terrain, land cover characteristics, and height above ground. Many fire spread models are often coupled with coarse atmospheric grids that cannot explicitly resolve the vertical variation of wind near flame heights. Rothermel’s fire spread model, a widely used parameterization, relies on midflame wind speed to calculate the fire rate of spread. In coupled fire atmosphere models such as the Community Fire Behavior Model (CFBM), users are required to specify the midflame height before running a fire spread simulation. This study evaluates the use of logarithmic interpolation wind adjustment factors (WAF) for improving midflame wind speed estimates, which are critical for the Rothermel model. We compare the fixed wind height approach that is currently used in CFBM with WAF-derived winds for unsheltered and sheltered surface fire spread. For the first time in this context, these simulations are validated against satellite and ground-based observations of fire perimeters. The results show that WAF implementation improves fire perimeter predictions for both grass and canopy fires while reducing the overestimation of fire spread. Moreover, this approach solely depends on the fuel bed depth and estimation of canopy density, enhancing operational efficiency by eliminating the need for users to specify a wind height for simulations. Full article

Background: The positive effects of Pilates on balance, resistance, strength, and flexibility have been described several times. Additionally, positive effects on psychological symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, were documented. However, the change in behaviors at risk for stress-related physical disorders has not yet been validated in a group of people practicing Pilates. In light of these assumptions, changes in risk behaviors for stress-related physical disorders were assessed along with psychological symptoms, comparing a group of people practicing Pilates with non-active controls. Methods: The study was observational. Data from an experimental group of twenty-five people practicing Pilates (five males and 20 females between 50 and 64 years old) were compared to those of a control group of 24 people (seven males and 17 females between 54 and 65 years). Psychological symptoms were assessed through the Symptom Questionnaire (SQ) while the P Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) investigated risk behaviors for stress-related physical disorders. Results: The analyses attested a significant decrease in anxiety (time × group effect: F = 17.38; p < 0.001), depression (time × group effect: F = 5.44; p < 0.05), and somatization (time × group effect: F = 11.25; p < 0.01), as well as an improvement in stress-risk behaviors, especially in the ability to benefit from spare time by “taking one’s mind away” from commitments (time × group effect: F = 8.56; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Although the literature describes benefits for anxiety and depression following moderate-intensity sporting activities, our study also noted positive effects from Pilates on stress and psychological symptoms. Our findings suggest that Pilates may be appropriate for people who can perform light to moderate exercise. Full article

This study explores the passengers’ accessibility dilemma in Valparaíso, Chile, through field observations and laboratory experiments. The aim is to investigate the accessibility in metro stations based on the users’ emotional experience. Perceptions were reported through the emotions of passengers according to a circumplex psychological model and an accessibility ranking. Passengers reported their emotions (e.g., stress, sadness, relaxation, and happiness) during different trip moments. Results indicate that rearranging train seats parallel to movement creates a more spacious aisle, enhancing mobility and evoking positive emotions such as happiness. However, an unexpected rise in sadness suggests that social dynamics may influence emotional responses, warranting further investigation. Overcrowding increases stress and sadness, emphasizing the need for capacity management to improve passengers’ emotional experiences. Field observations reveal that early journey stages, such as walking to the station or waiting on the platform, are associated with unpleasant experiences due to poor infrastructure and accessibility barriers. In contrast, train rides foster more positive emotions, credited to better accessibility onboard. Passenger dissatisfaction arises from issues such as elevator malfunctions, inconsistent train schedules, and inadequate station accessibility. This study could help to understand passenger behavior when the accessibility conditions of metro stations and their surroundings are changed. Further studies will expand the concept of emotions by considering social and psychological factors and explore different types of stations and their surroundings considering a larger sample size in laboratory experiments and field studies. Full article

The effects of microstructure, density, and porosity of a FeCoNiCrAl high-entropy alloy (HEA) coating, fabricated using an internal diameter high-velocity air fuel (ID-HVAF) torch (model: i7 ID), on the isothermal oxidation behavior were investigated. This study pioneers the use of the ID-HVAF i7 ID system for HEA bond coat manufacturing, achieving a highly dense microstructure because of its low-operating spray temperature technique. To elucidate these effects, the microstructure and chemistry of the coating, the growth of the thermally grown oxides (TGOs), the phase transformation of alumina, and the oxidation rate were investigated at different temperatures. After 50 h at 1000 °C, 1100 °C, and 1150 °C, a dense, uniform, and thin alumina TGO layer (1.8 μm) was observed. The results demonstrate that the oxidation resistance of the HEA coating is enhanced because of the dense microstructure achieved via HVAF-i7, characterized by low porosity and uniform phase distribution, which contribute to improved barrier properties against oxygen diffusion. The growth of the TGO layer is controlled, resulting in a dense and continuous TGO layer. However, with increasing temperature and time, the alumina TGO layer becomes spalled, which is attributed to the absence of reactive elements. Overall, this study reveals that the FeCoNiCrAl HEA exhibits significant potential for enhancing oxidation resistance at high temperatures. Full article

This paper investigated and experimentally analyzed the penetration behavior of liquid copper along austenite grain boundaries (GBs) at high temperatures. The microstructure of the liquid copper channel network along GBs and triple junctions (TJs), as well as the TJ wetting, was observed and interpreted through diffusion-controlled premelted GB formation. The concentration distribution results along GBs show that copper diffusion in both the near-surface premelted GBs and the non-surface-layer solid-state GBs conform to the diffusion equation, though the diffusion coefficients differ by approximately one order of magnitude. However, the copper concentration at premelted GBs cannot be fully described by an error solution. Using a modified diffusion equation when considering the concentration dependence of the GB diffusion coefficient provides a more accurate description, aligning better with experimental characteristics. Electron backscatter diffraction measurements indicate that the copper orientation at premelted GBs remains consistent with that of surface copper coating, whereas that at solid-state GBs undergoes significant changes. This finding is consistent with the argument that the corresponding material states at premelted GBs are different from those at solid-state GBs, thus providing experimental evidence for the diffusion equation solutions presented above. It provides a theoretical reference for understanding and preventing liquid metal embrittlement. Full article

Differences in the lifestyle and health-service-seeking behavior of persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) are well known. However, a comprehensive estimation of the resulting healthcare utilization differences and health outcome impacts are so far under-researched, especially at the national level. We aim to close this gap of evidence for lung cancer within the Hungarian universal healthcare system. We analyzed lung cancer-related information for the PEH population in the Hungarian national central health insurance register dataset and a matched control population between 2015 and 2021. In this period, 11,857 people were registered as homeless for the majority of at least one year. To capture the effect of homelessness, we created a categorical “homelessness length index” (HLI) according to the proportion of time an individual experienced homelessness during the investigation period (HLI 0: 0; HLI 1: >0–1/3; HLI 2: >1/3–2/3; HLI 3: >2/3). PEH individuals were matched 1:5 with a non-PEH control sample adjusted for age, sex and region. We conducted Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards (CPH) regression adjusted for age, sex, HLI and average lung cancer-related healthcare costs. Our final analysis sample consisted of 641 patients (233 PEH, 408 control) who were newly diagnosed with lung cancer during the observation period. The lung cancer prevalence in the PEH group was 1.97% as opposed to 0.69% in the control group. The Kaplan–Meier curve showed lower average survival times for the PEH group, compared to the control group. Lung cancer associated costs between diagnosis and death/censoring were substantially different with average per patient cumulative costs of EUR 3668 in the PEH group compared to EUR 6827 in the control group (2018 prices). This translated to an average 47% lower annual lung cancer-related healthcare cost per PEH patient. CPH analysis showed that after disease severity, the degree of time spent in homelessness had the most significant effect on mortality, with a HR of 1.47 associated with both HLI 2 and 3 (95% CI: 1.08–2.00 and 1.01–2.14, respectively). We find that in Hungary, homelessness is associated with a much higher lung cancer burden linked to a three-times-higher prevalence, lower overall survival and almost 50% lower annualized disease-specific healthcare costs. Worse outcomes are mainly driven by long-term homelessness. Results could not be further refined according to lifestyle-related factors due to data availability limitations. Full article