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Keywords = central giant cell lesion

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9 pages, 2609 KiB  
Interesting Images
The Occurrence of Mandible Brown Tumor Mimicking Central Giant Cell Granuloma in a Case Suspicious of Primary Hyperparathyroidism—Troublesome Diagnostic Dilemmas
by Kamil Nelke, Klaudiusz Łuczak, Maciej Janeczek, Marcelina Plichta, Agata Małyszek, Małgorzata Tarnowska, Piotr Kuropka and Maciej Dobrzyński
Diagnostics 2025, 15(16), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15162038 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 199
Abstract
The jaw bones can manifest various cysts and tumors of different origins and etiologies. Any bone lesions lacking any potential odontogenic origin might require more accurate diagnostics, adequate investigation, and careful patient anamnesis. In cases of sharply demarcated radiolucency or mixed radiolucent–radiopaque radiological [...] Read more.
The jaw bones can manifest various cysts and tumors of different origins and etiologies. Any bone lesions lacking any potential odontogenic origin might require more accurate diagnostics, adequate investigation, and careful patient anamnesis. In cases of sharply demarcated radiolucency or mixed radiolucent–radiopaque radiological appearance lesions, they can sometimes extend between the displaced tooth roots or cause their resorption. The scope of cortical bone in radiographic studies might have a different status, and lesions can spread outside of the bone. If no odontogenic feature is present, an additional blood examination for bone markers and calcium–phosphate markers is useful to establish any endocrine-related pathologies. In the primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP), bone blood markers and bone scintigraphy are very useful to establish the possible occurrence of brown tumor. On the other hand, in central giant cell granuloma (CGCG), only a direct tumor lesion biopsy might confirm the diagnosis, where in microscopic evaluation, mostly fibroblasts and secondary cells have multinucleated giant cells along with some accessory cells like macrophages, dendrocytes, and other endothelial cells. Because both lesions can have similar clinical and radiological appearances and unclear borders, with different shapes, sizes, and symptoms, it is quite important to compare both clinical and radiological patient characteristics. The authors aim to present how radiological studies alone can easily lead to lesion misdiagnosis. They also aim to emphasize how local treatment methods without advanced microsurgical reconstruction can, in some cases, improve patient outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Interesting Images)
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7 pages, 10289 KiB  
Case Report
Brown Tumor in Jaw Associated with Hyperparathyroidism: A Case Report
by Verónica Montserrat Silva-Gutiérrez, Judith Berenice Macías-Jiménez, Adriana Molotla-Fragoso, Claudia Patricia Mejía-Velázquez, Gabriel Levi Estévez-González and Luis Fernando Jacinto-Alemán
Oral 2025, 5(3), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral5030059 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 269
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Brown tumors are bone manifestations of hyperparathyroidism, and they are characterized by histologic similarities with Central Giant Cell Granuloma (CGCG). Their diagnosis requires clinical, microscopic, macroscopic, and serologic correlation, as there is usually an elevation in parathormone levels due to the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Brown tumors are bone manifestations of hyperparathyroidism, and they are characterized by histologic similarities with Central Giant Cell Granuloma (CGCG). Their diagnosis requires clinical, microscopic, macroscopic, and serologic correlation, as there is usually an elevation in parathormone levels due to the underlying metabolic disorder. Methods: This case describes a patient with a left mandibular lesion and a history of CGCG. Results: Through the joint analysis of clinical, histologic, and serologic findings, the diagnosis of a brown tumor associated with hyperparathyroidism was confirmed. Conclusions: This case highlights the importance of a comprehensive evaluation of oral and systemic features for accurate diagnoses and appropriate patient management. Full article
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14 pages, 9548 KiB  
Case Report
Perforating Granuloma Annulare with Cysts and Comedones
by Enric Piqué-Duran, Mikel Azcue-Mayorga, Belinda Roque-Quintana, Odalys García-Vázquez and Antonio Ruedas-Martínez
Dermatopathology 2025, 12(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology12020016 - 29 May 2025
Viewed by 845
Abstract
A 71-year-old Caucasian woman presented with lesions on both elbows. A physical examination revealed arcuate plaques with raised erythematous edges and central clearing. Comedones and cysts were evident on the border of the lesions. The dermatoscopic view showed the presence of pores, in [...] Read more.
A 71-year-old Caucasian woman presented with lesions on both elbows. A physical examination revealed arcuate plaques with raised erythematous edges and central clearing. Comedones and cysts were evident on the border of the lesions. The dermatoscopic view showed the presence of pores, in addition to granuloma annulare changes. The biopsies showed changes according to granuloma annulare, but the granulomas were closely related to comedones and cysts. Furthermore, the presence of elastophagocytosis via multinucleated Langhans-type giant cells was evident. Verhoeff–van Gieson staining highlighted the transepithelial elimination of elastic fibers in the bottom of some cysts. The presence of comedones or cysts is exceptional in granuloma annulare. Only four similar cases have been reported. Although all previous cases showed lesions in sun-exposed areas over photodamaged skin, only our case showed transepithelial elimination of elastic fibers. Diabetes mellitus (DM) could play a role in the pathogenesis of this variant of actinic granuloma annulare, because most cases are associated with uncontrolled DM and the lesions improve after DM is controlled. Full article
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9 pages, 3272 KiB  
Case Report
Mural Unicystic Ameloblastoma of the Mandible: A Case Report
by Mina Al Azawi, Nikolaos Shinas, Vasileios Zisis, Dhurata Shosho, Athanasios Poulopoulos and Deeba Kashtwari
Reports 2024, 7(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7040093 - 7 Nov 2024
Viewed by 3839
Abstract
Background and Clinical Significance: Among the odontogenic tumors, ameloblastoma is one of the most notorious, although it remains relatively rare, accounting for approximately one percent of all oral tumors. This neoplasm, derived from odontogenic epithelium, may arise from the developing enamel organ, [...] Read more.
Background and Clinical Significance: Among the odontogenic tumors, ameloblastoma is one of the most notorious, although it remains relatively rare, accounting for approximately one percent of all oral tumors. This neoplasm, derived from odontogenic epithelium, may arise from the developing enamel organ, epithelial cell rests of dental lamina, epithelial lining of odontogenic cysts, and basal cells of oral epithelium. This is a case presentation of a mural unicystic ameloblastoma, the most aggressive subtype and the one with the highest chance of recurrence. Case Presentation: A patient was referred by his dentist for root canal treatment at the Emergency Dental Clinic of Boston University. The patient complained of mandibular numbness. A panoramic radiograph was acquired, revealing a radiolucent lesion in the right mandible. Clinical examination detected a soft swelling perforating the buccal cortex in the area of #27–#30. A Cone-Beam CT (CBCT) was acquired in the Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Clinic revealing a well-defined, partially corticated entity in the periapical area of teeth #27 through #30, with evidence of scalloping borders. The internal structure was unilocular and uniformly low-density. The entity caused interruption of the lamina dura of the associated teeth and inferior displacement of the inferior alveolar canal. Differential diagnoses included unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) and central giant cell granuloma as a second less likely diagnosis. An incisional biopsy was performed for further evaluation. Biopsy confirmed UA with mural involvement. Conclusions: UAs typically exhibit less aggressive behavior. However, cases like this one, where mural involvement is noted and no associated impaction is detected, underline the possibility of variable radiographic presentation and the significance of a multidisciplinary approach in correct diagnosis and treatment. Histological subtyping is crucial for guiding treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Oral Diseases)
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11 pages, 234 KiB  
Review
Evaluating Treatment Modalities for Reducing Recurrence in Central Giant Cell Granuloma: A Narrative Review
by Flamur Aliu, Donika Bajrami Shabani, Iliriana Aliu, Etleva Droboniku Qeli, Gerta Kaçani, Luca Fiorillo and Aida Meto
Dent. J. 2024, 12(9), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12090295 - 19 Sep 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3089
Abstract
Treating central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is challenging due to high recurrence rates and variable therapy responses. This study examines the efficacy of various treatments in reducing CGCG recurrence. A literature review explored outcomes of surgical excision, curettage, intralesional corticosteroid injection, and adjuvant [...] Read more.
Treating central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is challenging due to high recurrence rates and variable therapy responses. This study examines the efficacy of various treatments in reducing CGCG recurrence. A literature review explored outcomes of surgical excision, curettage, intralesional corticosteroid injection, and adjuvant therapy, considering factors like lesion location, size, and histological features. Aggressive surgical techniques such as en bloc resection were found to potentially lower recurrence rates compared to conservative approaches. However, treatment should be tailored to individual patient needs. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and improve treatment strategies. A concise literature review was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar, focusing on papers published from 1986 to 2024. Search terms included “central giant cell granuloma”, “recurrence”, “treatment modalities”, and “surgical excision”. Studies reporting recurrence rates and treatment outcomes for CGCG were analyzed. Twenty-nine studies were reviewed, including six studies on surgical excision and curettage, eight studies on intralesional corticosteroid injections, six studies on calcitonin therapy, five studies on interferon-alpha therapy, and four studies on the therapy with denosumab. Analysis indicated that aggressive surgical treatments like en bloc resection were associated with lower recurrence rates compared to conservative methods. Predictors of recurrence included lesion size (>3 cm), location (mandible), and aggressive histopathological features. Aggressive surgical excision combined with nonsurgical methods may lower recurrence rates, while conservative techniques remain viable in some cases. Further prospective research is needed to validate these findings and enhance CGCG treatment options. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endodontics and Restorative Sciences: 2nd Edition)
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9 pages, 9020 KiB  
Case Report
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma in Pregnancy: A Case Report
by Francisco Javier Alcaraz Baturoni, José Sergio Zepeda Nuño, Brenda Fernanda Nolasco González, Moisés Ramos Solano, Melissa Martínez Nieto and Sarah Monserrat Lomelí Martínez
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(23), 12688; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312688 - 27 Nov 2023
Viewed by 3392
Abstract
Peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) is an asymptomatic, non-neoplastic, and proliferative lesion of unknown etiology. Possible pre-disposing factors, such as hormonal changes during pregnancy, have been suggested. However, the association between PGCG and pregnancy is controversial. There are few reported clinical cases of [...] Read more.
Peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) is an asymptomatic, non-neoplastic, and proliferative lesion of unknown etiology. Possible pre-disposing factors, such as hormonal changes during pregnancy, have been suggested. However, the association between PGCG and pregnancy is controversial. There are few reported clinical cases of pregnancy-associated PGCG in the literature, and they occurred only in the lower jaw. The present report is on a 35-year-old female patient at 36 weeks of gestation who presented with a PGCG in the central and lateral incisors of the upper jaw. Management consisted of complete surgical excision of the lesion along with a margin of healthy tissue under local anesthesia, followed by curettage of the adjacent fibers of the affected bony wall. The patient experienced adequate healing without complications. The diagnosis of PGCG was based on clinical characteristics, imaging examinations, and histopathological confirmation. The patient underwent postoperative follow-up evaluations at 3, 6, and 12 months, and there were no signs of recurrence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Pathology and Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy)
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12 pages, 12622 KiB  
Case Report
Giant Arachnoid Granulations: Diagnostic Workup and Characterization in Three Symptomatic Adults
by Rupal I. Mehta, Rajiv Mangla and Rashi I. Mehta
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(14), 11410; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411410 - 13 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5262
Abstract
Giant arachnoid granulations (GAGs) are poorly investigated. Here, we document clinical findings associated with five new GAGs and illustrate the anatomical composition of these structures as well as diagnostic considerations in three symptomatic adults. The GAGs ranged from 1.1 to 3.6 cm (mean, [...] Read more.
Giant arachnoid granulations (GAGs) are poorly investigated. Here, we document clinical findings associated with five new GAGs and illustrate the anatomical composition of these structures as well as diagnostic considerations in three symptomatic adults. The GAGs ranged from 1.1 to 3.6 cm (mean, 2.2 cm) in maximum dimension and manifested in middle-aged individuals who presented with long-standing brain mass and/or chronic headache. On imaging examinations, the tissues appeared as irregular parasagittal and/or perisinus structures that demonstrated heterogeneous internal elements. The GAGs abutted dura, extended through calvarial marrow spaces, and impinged on dural venous sinuses, causing their stenosis. The histologic workup of two GAG specimens resected from separate individuals revealed central collagen with pronounced internal vascular proliferation. One specimen additionally exhibited reactive changes within the lesion, including venous thrombosis, hemorrhage, and conspicuous inflammation. The salient immune component consisted of a foam cell-rich infiltrate that obstructed subcapsular and internal sinusoidal GAG spaces. Within this specimen, meningothelial hyperplasia was also appreciated. Notably, proliferated lymphatic vascular elements were additionally observed within the structure, extending into deep central collagen regions and engulfing many extravasated erythrocytes in the subcapsular space. In both surgically treated patients, symptoms resolved completely following resection. This report is the first to definitively depict reactive vascular and immunological changes within GAGs that were clinically associated with headache. The frequency of reactive changes within these meningeal structures is unclear in the literature, as GAGs are rarely sampled and investigated. Further systematic analyses are warranted to elucidate the causes and consequences of GAG genesis and their roles in physiology and disease states. Full article
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17 pages, 1830 KiB  
Article
Imaging Phenotypes and Evolution of Hepatic Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis on CT/MRI: A Retrospective Study of Clinical Cases and Literature Review
by Luwen Hao, Yuanqiu Li, Ziman Xiong, Yuchen Jiang, Xuemei Hu, Daoyu Hu, Zhen Li and Yaqi Shen
Bioengineering 2023, 10(5), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10050598 - 16 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2438
Abstract
(1) Background: pathological changes in hepatic Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) have been observed; however, corresponding imaging findings can appear vague to physicians and radiologists. The present study aimed to comprehensively illustrate the imaging findings of hepatic LCH and to investigate the evolution of [...] Read more.
(1) Background: pathological changes in hepatic Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) have been observed; however, corresponding imaging findings can appear vague to physicians and radiologists. The present study aimed to comprehensively illustrate the imaging findings of hepatic LCH and to investigate the evolution of LCH-associated lesions. (2) Methods: LCH patients with liver involvement treated at our institution were retrospectively reviewed along with prior studies in PubMed. Initial and follow-up computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were systematically reviewed, and three imaging phenotypes were created based on the lesion distribution pattern. Clinical features and prognoses were compared among the three phenotypes. Liver fibrosis was evaluated visually on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the fibrotic areas were measured. Descriptive statistics and a comparative analysis were used to analyze the data. (3) Results: based on the lesion distribution pattern on CT/MRI scans, patients with liver involvement were categorized as the disseminated lesion phenotype, scattered lesion phenotype, and central periportal lesion phenotype. Patients with scattered lesion phenotype were typically adults, and only a few of them had hepatomegaly (npresent = 1, 1/6, 16.7%) and liver biochemical abnormalities (npresent = 2, 2/6, 33.3%); patients with central periportal lesion phenotype were typically young children, and hepatomegaly and biochemical abnormalities were more apparent in these patients than those with another phenotype; and those with the disseminated lesion phenotype were found in all age groups, and the lesions evolved rapidly on medical imaging. Follow-up MRI scans show more details and can better document the evolution of lesions than CT. T2-hypointense fibrotic changes, including the periportal halo sign (npresent = 2, 2/9, 22.2%), patchy liver parenchyma changes (npresent = 6, 6/9, 66.7%), and giant hepatic nodules close to the central portal vein (npresent = 1, 1/9, 11.1%), were found, while fibrotic changes were not observed in patients with the scattered lesion phenotype. The mean ADC value for the area of liver fibrosis in each patient was lower than the optimal cutoff for significant fibrosis (METAVIR Fibrosis Stage ≥ 2) in a previous study that assessed liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis. (4) Conclusions: The infiltrative lesions and liver fibrosis of hepatic LCH can be well characterized on MRI scans with DWI. The evolution of these lesions was well demonstrated on follow-up MRI scans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosignal Processing)
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10 pages, 2548 KiB  
Article
Bony Canal Method of Dexamethasone Injections in Aggressive Form of Central Giant Cell Granuloma—Case Series
by Iwona Niedzielska, Mateusz Bielecki, Michał Bąk, Barbara Dziuk and Damian Niedzielski
Medicina 2023, 59(2), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59020250 - 28 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2395
Abstract
Central Giant Cell Granuloma constitutes approximately 7% of benign tumors of the jaws. The aggressive form of CGCG clinically behaves like a classic semi-malignant neoplasm. In the literature, the suggested method of treatment of aggressive forms of CGCG is curettage or resection with [...] Read more.
Central Giant Cell Granuloma constitutes approximately 7% of benign tumors of the jaws. The aggressive form of CGCG clinically behaves like a classic semi-malignant neoplasm. In the literature, the suggested method of treatment of aggressive forms of CGCG is curettage or resection with the margin of 0.5 cm. Surgical treatment, especially in the developmental age, entails disturbances in the growth and differentiation of tissues and deforms and disturbs the functioning of the stomatognathic system. Alternative treatment methods of the CGCG presented in this article lead to the patient avoiding a mutilating procedure and improve their quality of life. The aim was to present alternative method of treatment of aggressive forms of Central Giant Cell Lesion of the jaws—injections of dexamethasone into the tumor mass through drilled bony canals. Here, we present the three cases of aggressive forms of CGCG of jaws treated with dexamethasone injections into the tumor mass. Two cases resulted in regression of the tumor, which was confirmed in histologic evaluation after remodeling surgery. Those two patients were uneventful and showed no signs of tumor recurrence at 8 and 9 years of thorough follow-up, respectively. The third patient was qualified for the mandible resection due to the enlargement of the lesion and destruction of the cortical bone. According to our observations, if the proper patient discipline, and thorough, careful clinical and radiological examinations are provided, the dexamethasone injections could be a recommended method of treatment of intraosseous giant cell granuloma. The indication is restricted to the cases with preserved bony borders despite deformation. Additionally, leaving vital teeth in the lesion is also possible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry and Oral Health)
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4 pages, 2208 KiB  
Interesting Images
Rare Case of a Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma of the Jaw as First Manifestation of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
by Samanta Buchholzer and Tommaso Lombardi
Diagnostics 2022, 12(12), 3018; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123018 - 2 Dec 2022
Viewed by 2274
Abstract
Giant cell granulomas (GCG) are uncommon benign tumor-like lesions mostly arising in the oro-facial area. They are more common in women and occur in patients younger than 30 years. Lesions restricted to the bone are referred to as central giant cell granulomas (CGCG), [...] Read more.
Giant cell granulomas (GCG) are uncommon benign tumor-like lesions mostly arising in the oro-facial area. They are more common in women and occur in patients younger than 30 years. Lesions restricted to the bone are referred to as central giant cell granulomas (CGCG), and those developing primarily on soft tissues are termed peripheral giant cell granulomas (PGCG). Both types are histologically identical. The combination of both clinical examination and radiography allows for the differentiation of those two variants. On rare occasions GCG, and especially CGCG, may develop in relation to hypercalcemia linked to hyperparathyroidism (HPT). In those cases, the GCG treatment prognosis is closely linked to the HPT management. Therefore, patients diagnosed with a GCG must be investigated to search for an HPT. Reported herein is a rare clinical case of a mandibular PGCG which led to the diagnosis of primary HPT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Thyroid Diagnostics 2nd Edition)
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25 pages, 6087 KiB  
Article
Vaccine-Induced Subcutaneous Granulomas in Goats Reflect Differences in Host–Mycobacterium Interactions between BCG- and Recombinant BCG-Derivative Vaccines
by Elisabeth M. Liebler-Tenorio, Johannes Heyl, Nadine Wedlich, Julia Figl, Heike Köhler, Gopinath Krishnamoorthy, Natalie E. Nieuwenhuizen, Leander Grode, Stefan H. E. Kaufmann and Christian Menge
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(19), 10992; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231910992 - 20 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3425
Abstract
Tuberculous granulomas are highly dynamic structures reflecting the complex host–mycobacterium interactions. The objective of this study was to compare granuloma development at the site of vaccination with BCG and its recombinant derivatives in goats. To characterize the host response, epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant [...] Read more.
Tuberculous granulomas are highly dynamic structures reflecting the complex host–mycobacterium interactions. The objective of this study was to compare granuloma development at the site of vaccination with BCG and its recombinant derivatives in goats. To characterize the host response, epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells (MNGC), T cell subsets, B cells, plasma cells, dendritic cells and mycobacterial antigen were labelled by immunohistochemistry, and lipids and acid-fast bacteria (AFB) were labelled by specific staining. Granulomas with central caseous necrosis developed at the injection site of most goats though lesion size and extent of necrosis differed between vaccine strains. CD4+ T and B cells were more scarce and CD8+ cells were more numerous in granulomas induced by recombinant derivatives compared to their parental BCG strain. Further, the numbers of MNGCs and cells with lipid bodies were markedly lower in groups administered with recombinant BCG strains. Microscopic detection of AFB and mycobacterial antigen was rather frequent in the area of central necrosis, however, the isolation of bacteria in culture was rarely successful. In summary, BCG and its recombinant derivatives induced reproducibly subcutaneous caseous granulomas in goats that can be easily monitored and surgically removed for further studies. The granulomas reflected the genetic modifications of the recombinant BCG-derivatives and are therefore suitable models to compare reactions to different mycobacteria or TB vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Mycobacterial Infection 2.0)
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11 pages, 2933 KiB  
Article
Sustained Surface ICAM-1 Expression and Transient PDGF-B Production by Phorbol Myristate Acetate-Activated THP-1 Cells Harboring Blau Syndrome-Associated NOD2 Mutations
by Mizuho Nishiyama, Hong-jin Li, Ikuo Okafuji, Akihiko Fujisawa, Mizue Ehara, Naotomo Kambe, Fukumi Furukawa and Nobuo Kanazawa
Children 2021, 8(5), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050335 - 25 Apr 2021
Viewed by 2685
Abstract
Objectives: Blau syndrome is a distinct class of autoinflammatory syndrome presenting with early-onset systemic granulomatosis. Blau syndrome-causing NOD2 mutations located in the central nucleotide-oligomerization domain induce ligand-independent basal NF-κB activation in an in vitro reporter assay. However, the precise role of this signaling [...] Read more.
Objectives: Blau syndrome is a distinct class of autoinflammatory syndrome presenting with early-onset systemic granulomatosis. Blau syndrome-causing NOD2 mutations located in the central nucleotide-oligomerization domain induce ligand-independent basal NF-κB activation in an in vitro reporter assay. However, the precise role of this signaling on granuloma formation has not yet been clarified. Methods: Blau syndrome-causing NOD2 mutations were introduced into human monocytic THP-1 cells, and their morphological and molecular changes from parental cells were analyzed. Identified molecules with altered expression were examined in the patient’s lesional skin by immunostaining. Results: Although the production of proinflammatory cytokines was not altered without stimulation, mutant NOD2-expressing THP-1 cells attached persistently to the culture plate after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate. Sustained surface ICAM-1 expression was observed in association with this phenomenon, but neither persistent ICAM-1 mRNA expression nor impaired ADAM17 mRNA expression was revealed. However, the transient induction of PDGF-B mRNA expression was specifically observed in stimulated THP-1 derivatives. In the granulomatous skin lesion of a Blau syndrome patient, ICAM-1 and PDGF-B were positively immunostained in NOD2-expressing giant cells. Conclusions: Sustained surface ICAM-1 expression and transient PDGF-B production by newly differentiating macrophages harboring mutant NOD2 might play a role in granuloma formation in Blau syndrome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Pediatric Allergy and Immunodeficiency)
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7 pages, 994 KiB  
Article
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma of the Jaws as First Sign of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Case Series
by Luisa Limongelli, Angela Tempesta, Dorina Lauritano, Eugenio Maiorano, Giuseppe Ingravallo, Gianfranco Favia and Saverio Capodiferro
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(12), 4042; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9124042 - 14 Dec 2020
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5768
Abstract
Peripheral giant cell granulomas (PGCG) associated with hyperparathyroidism (HPT) are rare clinical entities. The aim of this study is to report on 21 PGCGs of the oral cavity as the first clinical sign of unknown primary HPT (PHPT) referred to the Complex Operating [...] Read more.
Peripheral giant cell granulomas (PGCG) associated with hyperparathyroidism (HPT) are rare clinical entities. The aim of this study is to report on 21 PGCGs of the oral cavity as the first clinical sign of unknown primary HPT (PHPT) referred to the Complex Operating Unit of Odontostomatology of Aldo Moro University of Bari from 2009 to 2019. Surgical treatment consisted in conservative enucleation of the lesion, if possible, with contextual bone rim osteoplasty with piezosurgical tools and following histological examination. After histological diagnosis of PGCG, PHPT screening was performed dosing parathyroid hormone and serum calcium. In all the patients haematological investigation demonstrated elevated values of parathyroid hormone and serum calcium ruling out an unknown PHPT. Specifically, after endocrinological evaluation, patients showed PHPT related to: parathyroid adenoma (13), parathyroid hyperplasia (two, one of which occurred in a intra-thyroidal parathyroid), and parathyroid carcinoma (1) and were scheduled for surgical treatment. Considering that PGCGs could represent the first clinical sign of an undiagnosed PHPT and the screening of PHPT is a non-invasive and cheap exam, in case of histological diagnosis of a giant cell lesion, both central and peripheral, especially in patients with synchronous or history of methacronous giant cell lesions, parathyroidal screening should be mandatory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Otolaryngology)
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26 pages, 5517 KiB  
Article
Source of Early Regenerating Axons in Lamprey Spinal Cord Revealed by Wholemount Optical Clearing with BABB
by Guixin Zhang, William Rodemer, Isabelle Sinitsa, Jianli Hu and Michael E. Selzer
Cells 2020, 9(11), 2427; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9112427 - 6 Nov 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2822
Abstract
Many studies of axon regeneration in the lamprey focus on 18 pairs of large identified reticulospinal (RS) neurons, whose regenerative abilities have been individually quantified. Their axons retract during the first 2 weeks after transection (TX), and many grow back to the site [...] Read more.
Many studies of axon regeneration in the lamprey focus on 18 pairs of large identified reticulospinal (RS) neurons, whose regenerative abilities have been individually quantified. Their axons retract during the first 2 weeks after transection (TX), and many grow back to the site of injury by 4 weeks. However, locomotor movements begin before 4 weeks and the lesion is invaded by axons as early as 2 weeks post-TX. The origins of these early regenerating axons are unknown. Their identification could be facilitated by studies in central nervous system (CNS) wholemounts, particularly if spatial resolution and examination by confocal microscopy were not limited by light scattering. We have used benzyl alcohol/benzyl benzoate (BABB) clearing to enhance the resolution of neuronal perikarya and regenerated axons by confocal microscopy in lamprey CNS wholemounts, and to assess axon regeneration by retrograde and anterograde labeling with fluorescent dye applied to a second TX caudal or rostral to the original lesion, respectively. We found that over 50% of the early regenerating axons belonged to small neurons in the brainstem. Some propriospinal neurons located close to the TX also contributed to early regeneration. The number of early regenerating propriospinal neurons decreased with distance from the original lesion. Descending axons from the brainstem were labeled anterogradely by application of tracer to a second TX close to the spinal–medullary junction. This limited contamination of the data by regenerating spinal axons whose cell bodies are located rostral or caudal to the TX and confirmed the regeneration of many small RS axons as early as 2 weeks post-TX. Compared with the behavior of axotomized giant axons, the early regenerating axons were of small caliber and showed little retraction, probably because they resealed rapidly after injury. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Axon Regeneration)
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4 pages, 1231 KiB  
Case Report
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma Recurring as an Exclusively Intra-osseous Lesion: An Unusual Clinical Presentation
by Kedar Vaidya, Gargi S. Sarode, Sachin C. Sarode, Barnali Majumdar and Shankargouda Patil
Clin. Pract. 2018, 8(1), 1023; https://doi.org/10.4081/cp.2018.1023 - 8 Jan 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 953
Abstract
Giant cell lesions of the jaws represent distinctive clinico-pathological spectrum. They manifest as peripheral and central lesions, occurring as solitary growths to involving multiple regions of the jaw. The present report presents a unique case of giant cell lesions of the jaws, wherein [...] Read more.
Giant cell lesions of the jaws represent distinctive clinico-pathological spectrum. They manifest as peripheral and central lesions, occurring as solitary growths to involving multiple regions of the jaw. The present report presents a unique case of giant cell lesions of the jaws, wherein a peripheral giant cell granuloma recurred exclusively as a central giant cell lesion in a young patient. The recurrence was noted after a time-span of 3 years since the diagnosis and surgical excision of the peripheral lesion. Biochemical investigations were advised to rule out the possibility of hyperparathyroidism. Following a confirmed diagnosis of central giant cell granuloma, not associated with any other systemic conditions, an apt treatment plan was devised for an early rehabilitation of the patient. Full article
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