Search Results (551)

Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is a fundamental task in array signal processing and is widely used in radar, sonar, wireless communications, and acoustic localization. Although classical methods such as MUSIC and ESPRIT can achieve high resolution under favorable conditions, their performance often degrades in challenging scenarios involving low signal-to-noise ratios, limited snapshots, and closely spaced sources. To address these difficulties, this paper proposes a Bayesian off-grid DOA estimation framework for close-angle and multi-source scenarios. The proposed method combines multi-measurement-vector evidence learning, diversified candidate construction, and multi-start joint continuous-manifold refinement so that multiple plausible close-angle hypotheses can be preserved and further optimized on the exact angular manifold. In this way, the proposed framework alleviates the source merging caused by high steering-vector coherence and improves estimation robustness in challenging conditions. Experimental results under close-angle, well-separated, varying-snapshot, and three-source settings demonstrate that the proposed method achieves competitive and, in many difficult cases, superior estimation accuracy compared with several representative baseline methods, confirming its effectiveness for robust close-angle DOA estimation. Full article

Accurate direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation with high resolution is fundamental to many array sensing applications. In practice, however, sparse arrays with missing sensors and snapshot-limited observations often lead to incomplete and noisy second-order statistics, which substantially degrades the performance of conventional eigendecomposition-based estimators. In this paper, we propose a two-stage Transformer framework for sparse-array DOA estimation that explicitly separates correlation recovery from angle inference. The first stage operates in the correlation domain and learns to reconstruct a clean and complete correlation vector from partially observed measurements using masking-aware tokenization and global-context modeling. The recovered representation can be further converted into a structured covariance matrix, providing an interpretable interface to classical signal processing back-ends. Based on the recovered features, the second stage adopts a Transformer regressor to directly predict multi-source DOAs. Extensive simulations on a large-scale dataset with SNRs from −5 to 10 dB and various snapshot numbers demonstrate that the proposed method delivers robust accuracy and improved stability in low-SNR and snapshot-limited regimes, while maintaining competitive performance at higher SNRs. Additional evaluations with an ESPRIT back-end further confirm that the recovery-based covariance yields more reliable DOA estimation than conventional difference–coarray processing, with particularly evident gains under challenging noise conditions. Full article

Coprime arrays are attractive for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation because they can generate a large virtual aperture from a limited number of physical sensors. Their performance, however, deteriorates markedly when coherent sources coexist with unknown nonuniform sensor noise. To cope with this difficulty, this paper develops a structured DOA estimation scheme that integrates difference-coarray lag averaging, Toeplitz positive semidefinite covariance reconstruction, Hankel-based low-rank refinement, and forward–backward spatial smoothing. The sample covariance of the physical coprime array is first mapped into the coarray domain, where repeated lags are averaged, and missing lags are treated by a mask, rather than by zero padding. A Hermitian Toeplitz positive semidefinite virtual covariance matrix is then recovered in the lag domain with redundancy-aware weighting. To further enhance robustness under source coherence, the reconstructed covariance sequence is refined through a Hankel-structured low-rank restoration step. The recovered virtual covariance is finally processed by forward–backward spatial smoothing, and DOAs are obtained from the MUSIC spectrum. Simulation results under coherent-source and unknown nonuniform-noise scenarios show that the proposed method yields a lower estimation error than representative baselines, preserves clear spectral separation in multi-source cases, and maintains reliable two-source resolution under different angular separations. Additional experiments further examine RMSE trends with respect to SNR, snapshots, source number, and computational costs. Full article

This paper proposes a novel hybrid deep learning framework for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation using a uniform linear array. Direction of Arrival estimation is a fundamental problem in array signal processing with critical applications in radar, sonar, wireless communications, and speech processing. Traditional methods like MUSIC and ESPRIT provide high resolution but suffer from high computational complexity and poor performance in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environments. Recent advances in deep learning have shown promise in improving DOA estimation accuracy and robustness. The framework synergistically combines a ResNet-based feature extractor with a Mamba state-space model through a feature fusion mechanism. The ResNet branch extracts high-level spatial features from the covariance matrix, while the Mamba branch captures long-range dependencies and sequential patterns. These complementary features are fused and then passed to an MLP for DOA regression. Extensive experiments on simulated datasets demonstrate that, at low SNRs, our fusion model significantly outperforms traditional methods such as MUSIC and ESPRIT, as well as other baseline models, in terms of both estimation accuracy and computational efficiency. Quantitatively, at SNR = −5 dB, the proposed method reduces the RMSE by 41.6% compared to MUSIC. Full article

The Eigenspace method has been widely applied in the ultrasonic field, and this method can improve the resolution and achieve good robustness. However, all existing methods require the number of sources in the space to be known. This paper proposes a high-resolution direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation method based on the Eigenspace theory with an unknown number of sources in the PM domain. The proposed method first decomposes the received signals of a circular array into orthogonal PM signals and then extends the Eigenspace method into the phase mode (PM) domain. Since the existing Eigenspace methods project the optimal beam scanning vector onto the signal subspace, the number of sources needs to be known in advance. However, in practical scenarios, the number of sources is unknown. The proposed method employs the combination term of the PM covariance matrix and its eigenvalues to perform power operations, which can approximately achieve the closed-form expressions of the relevant parameters for the signal subspace and the noise subspace. Finally, high-resolution DOA estimation is achieved under the condition of an unknown number of sources. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in high-resolution DOA with an unknown number of sources. Full article

Real-time Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation demands high computational throughput and numerical precision. Consequently, dedicated hardware accelerators are essential. This paper presents an architecture to accelerate the MUSIC algorithm using an improved complex bilateral Jacobi eigenvalue decomposition (EVD). First, we design a triangular systolic array for Hermitian matrices. It employs an output-stationary dataflow to enable efficient parallel covariance computation. Second, we propose an enhanced EVD algorithm. It replaces CORDIC approximations with direct analytical rotations. This significantly improves numerical stability and accuracy. Third, we introduce hardware optimizations. These include unit reuse, integrated termination conditions, and pre-stored steering vectors. These measures reduce resource consumption while maintaining full functionality. Experiments on a Xilinx Virtex-6 platform validate the design. The architecture achieves a root mean square error (RMSE) below $0.24°$ with 300 snapshots. Processing latency is only 76.17 µs. The design utilizes 10,775 LUTs and 73 DSP slices. This work balances accuracy, speed, and efficiency. It offers a practical solution for real-time, high-precision DOA systems. Full article

Adaptive beamforming based on polarization-sensitive arrays enables joint spatial–polarization filtering for mainlobe interference suppression, but mainlobe distortion and performance degradation occur when the received data include the desired signal or multiple mainlobe interferences. Accordingly, this paper proposes a mainlobe interference suppression method based on Polarimetric Sparse Iterative Covariance-based Estimation (POL-SPICE) and covariance matrix reconstruction. This method utilizes the POL-SPICE algorithm to accurately estimate the direction of arrival (DOA), polarization, and power parameters. It reconstructs the covariance matrix by nulling the corresponding source power and constructs a feature projection matrix to preprocess the received signal. These eliminate the impact of the desired signal and mainlobe interference components on subsequent joint spatial–polarization domain beamforming, ultimately achieving interference suppression and mainlobe shape preservation. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed method is applicable to scenarios with the coexistence of the desired signal and multiple mainlobe interferences, and its superiority over existing methods is verified. Full article

Signals of opportunity (SoO) enable emission-free passive sensing, but low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite illumination with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) array receivers exhibits rapid geometry variation. As a result, the received phase evolves in a space–time coupled manner, and the array snapshots become nonstationary even within one coherent processing interval (CPI), degrading conventional stationary-snapshot direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimators. This paper proposes a decomposition-based sparse reconstruction with successive interference cancellation (D-SR-SIC) framework for dynamic DOA estimation in LEO SoO UAV passive sensing. The proposed estimator leverages a sparse-reconstruction signal model and is implemented via a computationally efficient decomposition-based search-and-cancel procedure. A short-CPI parameterized space–time phase model captures the common motion-induced phase history and the time-varying steering drift; the coupled multi-parameter estimation is decomposed into two low-dimensional correlation searches followed by least-squares amplitude estimation and multi-target peeling. Optional local refinement and multi-beam pre-screening improve robustness to off-grid mismatch, near–far interference, and wide field-of-view operation. Simulations show that the proposed method achieves about 0.11° DOA root-mean-square error (RMSE) at −20 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in a representative highly dynamic setting. Full article

Uniform circular arrays (UCAs) are widely used in underwater source localization due to their omnidirectional coverage. However, random sensor position errors caused by installation inaccuracies and environmental disturbances convert UCAs into non-uniform circular arrays (NCAs), severely degrading the performance of high-resolution direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms. To address this issue, this paper proposes a robust DOA estimation method that integrates empirical mode decomposition (EMD) denoising with prior-weighted iterative least squares (PWLS) correction. The method first applies EMD to adaptively denoise received signals by selecting intrinsic mode functions based on a combined energy-correlation criterion. An initial DOA estimate is then obtained using the MUSIC algorithm. Finally, a PWLS correction algorithm leverages prior knowledge of deviated sensors to iteratively fit the circle center and gradually pull sensor positions toward the ideal circumference, using a differentiated relaxation mechanism to suppress outliers while preserving geometric features. Systematic Monte Carlo simulations compare five correction algorithms under multi-frequency and wideband signals. The results show that both multi-frequency and wideband signals reduce estimation errors to below 0.1°, with the proposed PWLS achieving the best accuracy under multi-frequency signals, while all algorithms approach zero error under wideband signals. The PWLS algorithm converges in about 10 iterations with high computational efficiency, providing a reliable solution for practical underwater NCA applications. Full article

The position of a non-cooperative underwater pulse signal source can be estimated by applying target motion analysis techniques to the direction of arrival (DOA) and frequency of arrival (FOA) measurements obtained from a hydrophone array. However, the harsh underwater acoustic environment, with its pronounced multipath propagation, high signal attenuation, and sparse detectable pulses, introduces considerable errors into the estimation of DOA and FOA. These errors can degrade the performance of conventional estimators such as the pseudolinear estimation (PLE) method, leading to significant bias and divergence issues. To address these issues, this paper proposes a method based on nonlinear batch processing for underwater non-cooperative target localization. A cost function is constructed based on a nonlinear observation model and the weighted least squares principle to ensure high modeling fidelity. Subsequently, a multi-start grid search combined with a trust region dogleg algorithm is employed for global iterative optimization of the cost function, enhancing the accuracy and stability of the final position estimate. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high convergence speed and localization accuracy under adverse noise conditions and with a limited number of received pulses. Moreover, the sea trial results confirm that the algorithm attained a convergence rate of 93% with only 25 received pulses, and outperformed the conventional PLE method by approximately 80% in terms of positioning accuracy. Full article

Accurate GNSS timing is fundamental to Power Time Synchronization Systems (PTSS). However, conventional substation infrastructures remain vulnerable to sophisticated spoofing attacks. In this research, a sensing-assisted array antenna-based spoofing mitigation method is proposed. The proposed architecture operates at the signal front-end and incorporates a dedicated spoofing sensing path to estimate the Direction-of-Arrival (DoA) of malicious signals, enabling adaptive null steering while preserving authentic satellite reception. To provide reliable spatial reference for DoA estimation, a unified high-precision attitude determination method is developed for compact 10 cm-scale array antennas under single-frequency and environmental error conditions. The method integrates the Constrained Least-squares AMBiguity Decorrelation Adjustment (C-LAMBDA)-based constrained ambiguity resolution, redundant antenna element-based vertical accuracy enhancement, and iterative refinement to mitigate centimeter-level environmental biases. Semi-simulated experiments demonstrate that the proposed method achieves baseline vector Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) below 5 mm in horizontal components and approximately 10 mm in vertical components. The resulting attitude accuracies reach 2° in heading, 6° in pitch, and 4° in roll, while eliminating over 80% of systematic environmental phase errors with an average convergence within 6 iterations. These results satisfy the spatial accuracy requirements for effective spoofing suppression and front-end signal purification. Consequently, a robust technical approach is established for enhancing the anti-spoofing capabilities of PTSS without modifying existing infrastructure. Full article

Traditional concert-hall evaluations primarily rely on ISO 3382-1 scalar parameters (e.g., C₅₀ and C₈₀), which summarize temporal energy behavior but provide limited insight into the directional composition of early reflections, particularly in geometrically shadowed seating zones. This paper presents a first-order Ambisonics (FOA)-based 3D acoustic sensing framework to diagnose under-balcony directional imbalance, with emphasis on early vertical-reflection deficiency. Scene-based FOA impulse responses (WXYZ) were measured at 11 audience positions (P1–P11) in the National Concert Hall (Taipei) and analyzed using intensity-based direction-of-arrival (DoA) proxies, axis-resolved directional energy build-up, and a distributional descriptor based on directional spatial entropy. Results are presented at three representative frequencies (125 Hz, 1 kHz, and 4 kHz) and analyzed within full (0–200 ms), early (0–80 ms), and late (80–200 ms) windows. While the magnitude proxy $\mid p^{meas}\left(f\right)\mid$ exhibits strong seat-to-seat variability and does not support a uniform attenuation assumption under the balcony, direction-resolved metrics reveal a consistent under-balcony signature. Specifically, the early–late vertical energy discrepancy $\Delta R_z={\displaystyle R_z^{early}}-{\displaystyle R_z^{late}}$ is persistently negative at under-balcony positions (P7–P11) across all three frequencies, indicating a selective reduction in early vertical contribution relative to the late field. Directional entropy analysis further shows predominantly negative $\Delta H_n={\displaystyle H_n^{early}}-{\displaystyle H_n^{late}}$, with more negative values in the under-balcony group, consistent with stronger early directional constraint in shadowed seats. Spatial trend maps are provided via Gaussian RBF interpolation within the audience domain for visualization only. The proposed FOA-based diagnostic framework provides a practical and physically interpretable approach to identify direction-specific early-reflection deficits that remain masked in conventional scalar evaluations, supporting mechanism-oriented assessment and targeted intervention in geometrically constrained listening areas. Full article

Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation faces significant performance degradation under low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) conditions, where traditional algorithms and deep learning models struggle due to corrupted spatial information and limited training data. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a novel two-stage framework that integrates a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) for signal enhancement with a complex-valued Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for DOA estimation. The proposed GAN incorporates an attention mechanism and a dedicated phase-consistent loss function to suppress noise while preserving spatial phase information critical for accurate direction finding. Enhanced signals are transformed into covariance matrices and processed by a complex-valued CNN designed to extract robust spatial features. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a DOA accuracy of 72.2% and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of $3.9°$ at —10 dB SNR with 500 snapshots, substantially outperforming conventional and deep learning baselines. The framework also shows strong robustness to limited data, maintaining 93.8% accuracy with only 50 snapshots. The framework offers a practical solution for reliable DOA estimation in low-SNR and data-scarce environments. Full article

Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)-based localization is widely used for its stability and high accuracy. However, in multi-source scenarios, TDOA measurements from multiple sources become entangled, making it difficult to separate and correctly associate them for accurate localization. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a cascaded DOA-TDOA-based multi-source weighted localization algorithm that leverages the strengths of Direction of Arrival (DOA)-based methods for separating multi-source signals and the high precision of TDOA-based methods for single-source localization. The proposed method first estimates the DOAs of multiple sources and performs DOA matching based on geometric consistency to obtain initial coarse position estimates. Subsequently, it applies wideband spatial filtering to wideband signals using the Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) to separate multi-source signals, enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and thereby guide the selection of the reference station and the performance of TDOA estimation. Then, TDOA estimation is performed, while the weights are assigned based on the difference in GDOP (D-GDOP), computed from the initial coarse estimate, and a weighted least-squares (WLS) method is applied to obtain the refined estimate. Finally, the D-GDOP of the refined estimate can be computed and used to reassign weights, yielding more accurate position estimate. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, showing superior estimation accuracy and robustness relative to existing approaches. Full article

This paper investigates Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) estimation of Long-Range Navigation-C (Loran-C) signals using an Ultra-Short Baseline (USBL) receiving array. Two least-squares angle estimation approaches based on inter-element delay measurements are examined, including Correlation-based Least-Squares (Corr-LS) and a Zero-Crossing-based Least Squares (ZC-LS). In both methods, relative delays are extracted only within the local array and subsequently mapped to azimuth through a geometric least squares formulation; the approach is, therefore, distinct from distributed time difference-of-arrival (TDOA) localization. For comparison, the Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm is implemented as a covariance-based DOA estimator that operates without explicit delay extraction. Experiments were conducted using Loran-C transmissions from the Xuancheng, Xi’an, and Rongcheng stations, with 100 valid pulse groups collected for each station. Statistical analysis using boxplots shows that Corr-LS exhibits the largest variance due to broadened or shifted correlation peaks, particularly under skywave–groundwave interference. ZC-LS reduces both variance and bias by exploiting the deterministic zero-crossing structure of the Loran-C waveform. MUSIC produces the most concentrated azimuth estimates but requires a well-conditioned covariance matrix and substantially higher computational costs. The results demonstrate that ZC-LS achieves a favorable balance among angular accuracy, robustness, and real-time feasibility, making it suited for compact Loran-C receivers and complementary navigation applications in GNSS-challenged environments. Full article