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Search Results (1,583)

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29 pages, 2358 KB  
Review
Research Progress on the Preparation and Properties of Graphene–Copper Composites
by Wenjie Liu, Xingyu Zhao, Hongliang Li and Yi Ding
Metals 2025, 15(10), 1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15101117 (registering DOI) - 8 Oct 2025
Abstract
The persistent conflict between strength and electrical conductivity in copper-based materials presents a fundamental limitation for next-generation high-performance applications. Graphene, with its unique two-dimensional architecture and exceptional intrinsic characteristics, has become a promising reinforcement phase for copper matrices. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent [...] Read more.
The persistent conflict between strength and electrical conductivity in copper-based materials presents a fundamental limitation for next-generation high-performance applications. Graphene, with its unique two-dimensional architecture and exceptional intrinsic characteristics, has become a promising reinforcement phase for copper matrices. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent advancements in graphene–copper composites (CGCs), focusing particularly on structural design innovations and scalable manufacturing approaches such as powder metallurgy, molecular-level mixing, electrochemical deposition, and chemical vapor deposition. The analysis examines pathways for optimizing key properties—including mechanical strength, thermal conduction, and electrical performance—while investigating the fundamental reinforcement mechanisms and charge/heat transport phenomena. Special consideration is given to how graphene morphology, concentration, structural quality, interfacial chemistry, and processing conditions collectively determine composite behavior. Significant emphasis is placed on interface engineering strategies, graphene alignment, consolidation control, and defect management to minimize electron and phonon scattering while improving stress transfer efficiency. The review concludes by proposing research directions to resolve the strength–conductivity paradox and broaden practical implementation domains, thereby offering both methodological frameworks and theoretical foundations to support the industrial adoption of high-performance CGCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on the Preparation and Properties of Metal Functional Materials)
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23 pages, 3751 KB  
Article
DAF-Aided ISAC Spatial Scattering Modulation for Multi-Hop V2V Networks
by Yajun Fan, Jiaqi Wu, Yabo Guo, Jing Yang, Le Zhao, Wencai Yan, Shangjun Yang, Haihua Ma and Chunhua Zhu
Sensors 2025, 25(19), 6189; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25196189 - 6 Oct 2025
Viewed by 76
Abstract
Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has emerged as a transformative technology for intelligent transportation systems. Index modulation (IM), recognized for its high robustness and energy efficiency (EE), has been successfully incorporated into ISAC systems. However, most existing IM-based ISAC schemes overlook the spatial [...] Read more.
Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has emerged as a transformative technology for intelligent transportation systems. Index modulation (IM), recognized for its high robustness and energy efficiency (EE), has been successfully incorporated into ISAC systems. However, most existing IM-based ISAC schemes overlook the spatial multiplexing potential of millimeter-wave channels and remain confined to single-hop vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) setups, failing to address the challenges of energy consumption and noise accumulation in real-world multi-hop V2V networks with complex road topologies. To bridge this gap, we propose a spatial scattering modulation-based ISAC (ISAC-SSM) scheme and introduce it to multi-hop V2V networks. The proposed scheme leverages the sensed positioning information to select maximum signal-to-noise ratio relay vehicles and employs a detect-amplify-and-forward (DAF) protocol to mitigate noise propagation, while utilizing sensed angle data for Doppler compensation to enhance communication reliability. At each hop, the transmitter modulates index bits on the angular-domain spatial directions of scattering clusters, achieving higher EE. We initially derive a closed-form bit error rate expression and Chernoff upper bound for the proposed DAF ISAC-SSM under multi-hop V2V networks. Both theoretical analyses and Monte Carlo simulations have been made and demonstrate the superiority of DAF ISAC-SSM over existing alternatives in terms of EE and error performance. Specifically, in a two-hop network with 12 scattering clusters, compared with DAF ISAC-conventional spatial multiplexing, DAF ISAC-maximum beamforming, and DAF ISAC-random beamforming, the proposed DAF ISAC-SSM scheme can achieve a coding gain of 1.5 dB, 2 dB, and 4 dB, respectively. Moreover, it shows robust performance with less than a 1.5 dB error degradation under 0.018 Doppler shifts, thereby verifying its superiority in practical vehicular environments. Full article
23 pages, 5282 KB  
Article
Bilayer TMDs for Future FETs: Carrier Dynamics and Device Implications
by Shoaib Mansoori, Edward Chen and Massimo Fischetti
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1526; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191526 - 5 Oct 2025
Viewed by 112
Abstract
Bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising materials for next-generation field-effect transistors (FETs) due to their atomically thin structure and favorable transport properties. In this study, we employ density functional theory (DFT) to compute the electronic band structures and phonon dispersions of bilayer [...] Read more.
Bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising materials for next-generation field-effect transistors (FETs) due to their atomically thin structure and favorable transport properties. In this study, we employ density functional theory (DFT) to compute the electronic band structures and phonon dispersions of bilayer WS2, WSe2, and MoS2, and the electron-phonon scattering rates using the EPW (electron-phonon Wannier) method. Carrier transport is then investigated within a semiclassical full-band Monte Carlo framework, explicitly including intrinsic electron-phonon scattering, dielectric screening, scattering with hybrid plasmon–phonon interface excitations (IPPs), and scattering with ionized impurities. Freestanding bilayers exhibit the highest mobilities, with hole mobilities reaching 2300 cm2/V·s in WS2 and 1300 cm2/V·s in WSe2. Using hBN as the top gate dielectric preserves or slightly enhances mobility, whereas HfO2 significantly reduces transport due to stronger IPP and remote phonon scattering. Device-level simulations of double-gate FETs indicate that series resistance strongly limits performance, with optimized WSe2 pFETs achieving ON currents of 820 A/m, and a 10% enhancement when hBN replaces HfO2. These results show the direct impact of first-principles electronic structure and scattering physics on device-level transport, underscoring the importance of material properties and the dielectric environment in bilayer TMDs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue First Principles Study of Two-Dimensional Materials)
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21 pages, 607 KB  
Article
Visual Attention to Economic Information in Simulated Ophthalmic Deficits: A Remote Eye-Tracking Study
by Cansu Yuksel Elgin and Ceyhun Elgin
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2025, 18(5), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr18050050 - 2 Oct 2025
Viewed by 124
Abstract
This study investigated how simulated ophthalmic visual field deficits affect visual attention and economic information processing. Using webcam-based eye tracking, 227 participants with normal vision recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk were assigned to control, central vision loss, peripheral vision loss, or scattered vision [...] Read more.
This study investigated how simulated ophthalmic visual field deficits affect visual attention and economic information processing. Using webcam-based eye tracking, 227 participants with normal vision recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk were assigned to control, central vision loss, peripheral vision loss, or scattered vision loss simulation conditions. Participants viewed economic stimuli of varying complexity while eye movements, cognitive load, and comprehension were measured. All deficit conditions showed altered oculomotor behaviors. Central vision loss produced the most severe impairments: 43.6% increased fixation durations, 68% longer scanpaths, and comprehension accuracy of 61.2% versus 87.3% for controls. Visual deficits interacted with information complexity, showing accelerated impairment for complex stimuli. Mediation analysis revealed 47% of comprehension deficits were mediated through altered attention patterns. Cognitive load was significantly elevated, with central vision loss participants reporting 84% higher mental demand than controls. These findings demonstrate that visual field deficits fundamentally alter economic information processing through both direct perceptual limitations and compensatory attention strategies. Results demonstrate the feasibility of webcam-based eye tracking for studying simulated visual deficits and suggest that different types of simulated visual deficits may require distinct information presentation strategies. Full article
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42 pages, 6823 KB  
Review
Biomimetic Daytime Radiative Cooling Technology: Prospects and Challenges for Practical Application
by Jiale Wang, Haiyang Chen, Xiaxiao Tian, Dongxiao Hu, Yufan Liu, Jiayue Li, Ke Zhang, Hongliang Huang, Jie Yan and Bin Li
Materials 2025, 18(19), 4556; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18194556 - 30 Sep 2025
Viewed by 430
Abstract
Biomimetic structures inspired by evolutionary optimized biological systems offer promising solutions to overcome current limitations in passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) technology, which efficiently scatters solar radiation through atmospheric windows and radiates surface heat into space without additional energy consumption. While structural biomimicry [...] Read more.
Biomimetic structures inspired by evolutionary optimized biological systems offer promising solutions to overcome current limitations in passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) technology, which efficiently scatters solar radiation through atmospheric windows and radiates surface heat into space without additional energy consumption. While structural biomimicry provides excellent optical performance and feasibility, its complex manufacturing and high costs limit scalability due to micro–nano fabrication constraints. Material-based biomimicry, utilizing environmentally friendly and abundant raw materials, offers greater scalability but requires improvements in mechanical durability. Adaptive biomimicry enables intelligent regulation with high responsiveness but faces challenges in system complexity, stability, and large-scale integration. These biologically derived strategies provide valuable insights for advancing radiative cooling devices. This review systematically summarizes recent progress, elucidates mechanisms of key biological structures for photothermal regulation, and explores their application potential across various fields. It also discusses current challenges and future research directions, aiming to promote deeper investigation and breakthroughs in biomimetic radiative cooling technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)
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14 pages, 263 KB  
Article
PT-Symmetric Dirac Inverse Spectral Problem with Discontinuity Conditions on the Whole Axis
by Rakib Feyruz Efendiev, Davron Aslonqulovich Juraev and Ebrahim E. Elsayed
Symmetry 2025, 17(10), 1603; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101603 - 26 Sep 2025
Viewed by 207
Abstract
We address the inverse spectral problem for a PT-symmetric Dirac operator with discontinuity conditions imposed along the entire real axis—a configuration that has not been explicitly solved in prior literature. Our approach constructs fundamental solutions via convergent recursive series expansions and establishes their [...] Read more.
We address the inverse spectral problem for a PT-symmetric Dirac operator with discontinuity conditions imposed along the entire real axis—a configuration that has not been explicitly solved in prior literature. Our approach constructs fundamental solutions via convergent recursive series expansions and establishes their linear independence through a constant Wronskian. We derive explicit formulas for transmission and reflection coefficients, assemble them into a PT-symmetric scattering matrix, and demonstrate how both spectral and scattering data uniquely determine the underlying complex-valued, discontinuous potentials. Unlike classical treatments, which assume smoothness or limited discontinuities, our framework handles full-axis discontinuities within a non-Hermitian setting, proving uniqueness and providing a constructive recovery algorithm. This method not only generalizes existing inverse scattering theory to PT-symmetric discontinuous operators but also offers direct applicability to optical waveguides, metamaterials, and quantum field models where gain–loss mechanisms and zero-width resonances are critical. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematics: Feature Papers 2025)
18 pages, 14537 KB  
Article
Enhanced Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of As-Extruded Mg-12Gd-2Zn-0.4Zr Alloy by Nd Additions
by Jiahuan He, Lixin Hong, Jianwei Dai and Xiaobo Zhang
Metals 2025, 15(10), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15101077 - 26 Sep 2025
Viewed by 237
Abstract
The microstructures and mechanical and corrosion properties of Mg-12Gd-2Zn-xNd-0.4Zr (x = 0, 0.5, and 1.0 wt.%) alloys after hot-extrusion have been studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), electronic [...] Read more.
The microstructures and mechanical and corrosion properties of Mg-12Gd-2Zn-xNd-0.4Zr (x = 0, 0.5, and 1.0 wt.%) alloys after hot-extrusion have been studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), electronic universal testing machine, atomic force microscope (AFM), immersion, and electrochemical tests. The results show that all the alloys consist of an α-Mg matrix, β phase, and stacking faults (SFs). Obvious texture (<1¯21¯0> parallel to the extrusion direction and the direction close to <0001>) can be found due to the introduction of the Nd element. The yield strength (YS) of the alloys with Nd additions in different testing conditions is higher than that without Nd addition. The addition of 0.5 wt.% Nd achieves the highest tensile YS at room temperature (262 MPa) and 180 °C (251 MPa), along with compression YS (246 MPa), attributable to grain refinement, stacking faults, texture, and solute atom strengthening. Moreover, the compression YS to tensile YS ratio of the as-extruded alloy increases from 0.87 to 0.98, indicating a significant improvement of tension–compression YS asymmetry. The Nd addition also plays a great role in the enhanced corrosion resistance of the alloys. Specifically, the corrosion potential of the different phases in the alloys shows the following order: β phase > SFs > α-Mg matrix. The alloy with 0.5 wt.% Nd addition exhibits the best corrosion resistance owing to its lower corrosion potential difference between the β phase and α-Mg matrix. Full article
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17 pages, 1986 KB  
Article
OxyVita®C Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carrier Improves Viability and Reduces Tubular Necrosis in Ex Vivo Preserved Rabbit Kidneys
by Waldemar Grzegorzewski, Łukasz Smyk, Łukasz Puchała, Leszek Adadynski, Marta Szadurska-Noga, Joanna Wojtkiewicz, Maria Derkaczew, Jacek Wollocko, Brian Wollocko and Hanna Wollocko
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(19), 9266; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199266 - 23 Sep 2025
Viewed by 351
Abstract
Organ transplantation has significantly progressed since the 1950s, with notable advancements in surgical procedures and immunosuppression. However, current organ preservation techniques, mainly static cold storage, have not evolved at the same pace and remain insufficient to prevent ischemic and oxidative damage. This damage, [...] Read more.
Organ transplantation has significantly progressed since the 1950s, with notable advancements in surgical procedures and immunosuppression. However, current organ preservation techniques, mainly static cold storage, have not evolved at the same pace and remain insufficient to prevent ischemic and oxidative damage. This damage, primarily caused by the cessation of aerobic metabolism, limits organ viability and transplant outcomes. In this study, we investigated whether supplementing a storage solution with a hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) could improve the condition of ex vivo rabbit kidneys by maintaining oxygenation and supporting aerobic metabolism. In a paired, randomized design, contralateral rabbit kidneys were preserved either in a Krebs-Ringer-based solution enriched with the polymerized hemoglobin OxyVita®C (15 g/L, p50 4–6 mmHg, MW ≈ 17 MDa, pH adjusted to 7.4) or in an HBOC-free control solution. Physicochemical characterization of OxyVita®C included oxygen equilibrium curves, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and dynamic light scattering. Biochemical markers (AST, ALT, LDH, K+, pH) and histopathological assessments were used to evaluate tissue integrity over 24 h. Histology was additionally stratified according to rinsing protocols (unwashed, NaCl single flush, triple flush), and tubular necrosis was scored by blinded pathologists. Group comparisons were analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD test. The HBOC-enriched solution showed improved tissue preservation, higher cell survivability, and better histomorphological profiles, with significantly reduced tubular necrosis scores compared to controls. These findings suggest that active oxygen delivery via HBOCs offers a promising strategy to mitigate ischemic damage during ex vivo kidney storage. Limitations include the lack of transplantation outcomes and direct ROS quantification, which will be addressed in future work integrating hypothermic and normothermic machine perfusion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Models for Human Diseases)
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27 pages, 5495 KB  
Article
Mesoporous Silicas of Well-Organized Structure: Synthesis, Characterization, and Investigation of Physical Processes Occurring in Confined Pore Spaces
by Magdalena Blachnio, Malgorzata Zienkiewicz-Strzalka and Anna Derylo-Marczewska
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9255; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189255 - 22 Sep 2025
Viewed by 376
Abstract
Mesoporous silica materials with well-organized architectures were synthesized using a series of Pluronic PE-type triblock copolymers (PE6800, PE9200, PE9400, PE10500) as structure-directing agents under acidic conditions. The study aimed to elucidate the impact of synthesis parameters—copolymer type, presence of a swelling agent, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, [...] Read more.
Mesoporous silica materials with well-organized architectures were synthesized using a series of Pluronic PE-type triblock copolymers (PE6800, PE9200, PE9400, PE10500) as structure-directing agents under acidic conditions. The study aimed to elucidate the impact of synthesis parameters—copolymer type, presence of a swelling agent, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, aging temperature, and silica precursor—on the structural, textural, and functional properties of the resulting mesocellular foam materials. Characterization by Nitrogen Adsorption/Desorption, Transmission Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and Small-angle X-ray Scattering revealed that structural ordering and pore morphology are significantly influenced by the EO/PO ratio of the copolymers and the use of the expander. Materials synthesized with PE9400 and PE10500 in the presence of a swelling agent exhibited highly uniform bottle-shaped mesopores with increased surface area and pore volume. Thermal behavior studied via Differential Scanning Calorimetry indicated a correlation between pore size and melting point depression of confined water, consistent with the Gibbs–Thomson effect. Adsorption capacity and kinetics for methylene blue varied significantly with pore structure, with materials possessing narrow mesopores showing superior dye uptake, and materials with larger mesopores and open-pore architecture exhibiting faster adsorption rates. This work demonstrates the tunability of mesoporous silica structure through precise control of synthesis conditions and highlights its potential in applications involving adsorption and phase phenomena in confined pore systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Science)
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7 pages, 627 KB  
Communication
SERS Response of Graphene Oxide on Magnetron-Sputtered Gold Films
by Grazia Giuseppina Politano
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1438; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181438 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 341
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a two-dimensional material with interesting optical properties, widely studied for its potential in ultrasensitive detection of substances and prospective optoelectronic properties. In this study, GO thin films were deposited onto gold layers obtained by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering, [...] Read more.
Graphene oxide (GO) is a two-dimensional material with interesting optical properties, widely studied for its potential in ultrasensitive detection of substances and prospective optoelectronic properties. In this study, GO thin films were deposited onto gold layers obtained by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering, and their Raman scattering response was evaluated. While most Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) applications rely on gold nanoparticles, the use of magnetron-sputtered gold films remains relatively underexplored. GO layers were deposited by dip-coating and characterized by micro-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Raman spectra of GO on Au samples show a clear enhancement of signal intensity compared to GO on glass, with well-preserved D and G bands and no evident structural degradation. Full article
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25 pages, 11426 KB  
Article
Multi-Disciplinary Design and Acoustic–Fluid Coupling Optimization of Acoustic Matching Structures for Underwater Gliders
by Lin Zhang, Bowen Chen, Pengfei Li, Shuzeng Zhou and Qindong Sun
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(9), 1794; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091794 - 17 Sep 2025
Viewed by 290
Abstract
To address the trade-off between acoustic stealth and hydrodynamic efficiency in underwater glider design, this study proposes a coupled multi-physics parametric design framework for acoustic matching structures. Using the “Dolphin” glider as a case, geometric effects on acoustic scattering were analyzed by comparing [...] Read more.
To address the trade-off between acoustic stealth and hydrodynamic efficiency in underwater glider design, this study proposes a coupled multi-physics parametric design framework for acoustic matching structures. Using the “Dolphin” glider as a case, geometric effects on acoustic scattering were analyzed by comparing spherical, capsule, and ellipsoidal structures under acoustic incidence. The ellipsoid configuration showed a superior performance and was further optimized through parameterized Myring profiles with length-to-diameter ratios (1.8–1.875) and sharpness factors (n = 1–5). Integrated CFD-BEM simulations revealed that the optimal design (ratio 1.875, n = 2) reduces the scattering sound pressure level by 1.8 dB at 1 kHz and drag coefficient by 14.2%. At 3 m/s, bow-direction target strength decreased by 6 dB, with 4.4 dB flow noise reduction. This methodology effectively resolves acoustic–fluid conflicts, advancing low-noise underwater vehicle design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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23 pages, 4315 KB  
Review
Advances in Enhancing the Photothermal Performance of Nanofluid-Based Direct Absorption Solar Collectors
by Zenghui Zhang, Xuan Liang, Dan Zheng, Jin Wang and Chungen Yin
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1428; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181428 - 17 Sep 2025
Viewed by 552
Abstract
The integration of nanofluids into solar collectors has gained increasing attention due to their potential to enhance heat transfer and support the transition toward low-carbon energy systems. However, a systematic understanding of their photothermal performance under the direct absorption mode remains lacking. This [...] Read more.
The integration of nanofluids into solar collectors has gained increasing attention due to their potential to enhance heat transfer and support the transition toward low-carbon energy systems. However, a systematic understanding of their photothermal performance under the direct absorption mode remains lacking. This review addresses this gap by critically analyzing the role of nanofluids in solar energy harvesting, with a particular focus on the direct absorption mechanisms. Nanofluids enhance solar radiation absorption through improved light absorption by nanoparticles, surface plasmon resonance in metals, and enhanced heat conduction and scattering effects. The novelty of this work lies in its comparative evaluation of advanced nanofluids, including magnetic nanofluids, plasma nanofluids, and nanophase change slurries, highlighting their unique capabilities in flow manipulation, thermal storage, and optical energy capture. Future research directions are identified, such as the life cycle assessment (LCA) of nanofluids in solar systems, applications of hybrid nanofluids, development of predictive models for nanofluid properties, optimization of nanofluid performance, and integration of Direct Absorption Solar Collectors (DASCs). In addition, challenges related to the stability, production cost, and toxicity of nanofluids are critically analyzed and discussed for practical applications. This paper offers guidance for the design and application of high-performance nanofluids in next-generation solar energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Based Advanced Thermoelectric Design: 2nd Edition)
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19 pages, 4015 KB  
Article
DynaFlowNet: Flow Matching-Enabled Real-Time Imaging Through Dynamic Scattering Media
by Xuelin Lei, Jiachun Wang, Maolin Wang and Junjie Zhu
Photonics 2025, 12(9), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12090923 - 16 Sep 2025
Viewed by 549
Abstract
Imaging through dynamic scattering media remains a fundamental challenge because of severe information loss and the ill-posed nature of the inversion problem. Conventional methods often struggle to strike a balance between reconstruction fidelity and efficiency in evolving environments. In this study, we present [...] Read more.
Imaging through dynamic scattering media remains a fundamental challenge because of severe information loss and the ill-posed nature of the inversion problem. Conventional methods often struggle to strike a balance between reconstruction fidelity and efficiency in evolving environments. In this study, we present DynaFlowNet, a framework that leverages conditional flow matching theory to establish a continuous, invertible mapping from speckle patterns to target images via deterministic ordinary differential equation (ODE) integration. Central to this is the novel temporal–conditional residual attention block (TCResAttnBlock), which is designed to model spatiotemporal scattering dynamics. DynaFlowNet achieves real-time performance at 134.77 frames per second (FPS), which is 117 times faster than diffusion-based models, while maintaining state-of-the-art reconstruction quality (28.46 dB peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), 0.9112 structural similarity index (SSIM), and 0.8832 Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC)). In addition, the proposed framework demonstrates exceptional geometric generalization, with only a 1.05 dB PSNR degradation across unseen geometries, significantly outperforming existing methods. This study establishes a new paradigm for real-time high-fidelity imaging using dynamic scattering media, with direct implications for biomedical imaging, remote sensing, and underwater exploration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Imaging Innovations and Applications)
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25 pages, 3319 KB  
Article
Improved Dual-Modality Bioequivalence Evaluation of Topical Formulations Within Human Skin Using Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy
by Dandan Tu, Nick-Sidney Lemberger, Kristin Wallmeier, Jackson Riseman, Benjamin A. Kuzma, Yuxiao Wei, Ting Chean Khoo, Elena Rantou, Priyanka Ghosh, Markham C. Luke, Sam G. Raney, Carsten Fallnich and Conor L. Evans
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(9), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091193 - 13 Sep 2025
Viewed by 563
Abstract
Background: The use of optical microscopic techniques has gained increasing attention in recent years for studying the bioavailability (BA) and bioequivalence (BE) of topical drugs. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), one type of optical imaging technique, probes chemical-specific information and has excellent spatiotemporal resolution. [...] Read more.
Background: The use of optical microscopic techniques has gained increasing attention in recent years for studying the bioavailability (BA) and bioequivalence (BE) of topical drugs. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), one type of optical imaging technique, probes chemical-specific information and has excellent spatiotemporal resolution. It uses intrinsic molecular vibrational signatures, and therefore, labeling samples or other treatments is unnecessary to track a molecule. Because of its unique advantages, studies have used SRS for BA evaluations and, more recently, for BE evaluations. In BE evaluation, low data variance within a treatment group is important to ensure sensitivity and specificity in comparing treatment groups. Methods: When measuring forward-direction SRS signals transmitted through skin, the signal intensity is susceptible to variance due to several factors, such as the microscope system’s performance, the different optical features of topical drug products, and the heterogeneity of skin in transmitting light. This work closely investigated the effects of these factors on an SRS signal and developed solutions to reduce their effects on the data variance. Specifically, we constructed a method using a dual-modality detector built in-house, which simultaneously measured both the SRS signal and total light transmission synchronized in time and co-registered in space. Results: We developed equations to normalize SRS signals using the transmission intensity, and the results demonstrated a clear improvement in the SRS signal via a reduction in the signal variance (up to a 9.46% CV value decrease) that is otherwise caused by various factors associated with the use of topical drugs and the composition of the skin. We carried out an exploratory BE study using tretinoin-containing topical products and observed improvements in BE assessment with the developed method (could achieve a reduction of 0.11 in the CI value). Conclusions: This work has led to a better understanding of the factors that affect SRS imaging and has provided an effective method to compensate for these factors in BE assessments. This is a critical initial effort for better practical implementation of SRS in cutaneous pharmacokinetics (cPKs) studies of topical drugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Pharmacy and Formulation)
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4 pages, 491 KB  
Abstract
Sub-Terahertz Wave Detection of Foreign Matter in Filling Containers
by Dai Otsuka and Tadao Tanabe
Proceedings 2025, 129(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025129023 - 12 Sep 2025
Viewed by 176
Abstract
In recent years, electromagnetic waves (terahertz waves) with frequencies between 0.1 and 10 THz, which exist between radio waves and light waves, have attracted much attention. These electromagnetic waves have both the linearity of light waves and the transparency of radio waves and [...] Read more.
In recent years, electromagnetic waves (terahertz waves) with frequencies between 0.1 and 10 THz, which exist between radio waves and light waves, have attracted much attention. These electromagnetic waves have both the linearity of light waves and the transparency of radio waves and are expected to be applied to the field of human non-destructive testing. While it is known that terahertz waves can be used to detect foreign matter inside an object, we thought that by irradiating terahertz waves to the object to be measured from various directions, it would be possible to analyze the location and direction of contamination by comparing the scattering of the terahertz waves irradiated to the foreign matter. The samples were biomass resources in a jar with an opening of 53 mm and a diameter of 66.8 mm, and an aluminum plate 76 × 50 mm. When terahertz waves were irradiated from the side of the jar with the biomass resources in it, and the aluminum plate inserted, the transmission was higher when the metal plate was parallel to the light source and detector. This indicates that the transmission tendency of terahertz waves changes depending on the position and angle of the metal strip inside with respect to the direction of terahertz wave irradiation. This transmission tendency enables us to locate the position of a foreign object by irradiating terahertz waves from multiple directions, which is expected to be applied not only to the removal of foreign objects but also to various non-destructive inspections. Full article
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