141 Results Found

To move from cell to cell through plasmodesmata, many plant viruses require the concerted action of two or more movement proteins (MPs) encoded by transport gene modules of virus genomes. A tetra-cistron movement block (TCMB) is a newly discovered tr...

Gene expression patterns are effectively regulated by turnover and translation regulatory (TTR) RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). The TTR-RBPs control gene expression at posttranscriptional levels, such as pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA cytoplasmic export, turno...

Previous studies have shown that the RNA genomes of some plant viruses encode two related genetic modules required for virus movement over the host body, containing two or three genes and named the binary movement block (BMB) and triple gene block (T...

The previous assignment of functional roles for AGO7, and the DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA BINDING (DRB) proteins, DRB1, DRB2, and DRB4, in either microRNA (miRNA) or trans-acting small-interfering RNA (tasiRNA) production allowed for use of the loss-of-funct...

The world population’s growing demand for food is expected to increase dramatically by 2050. The agronomic productivity for food is severely affected due to biotic and abiotic constraints. At a global level, insect pests alone account for ~20%...

In recent decades, the presence of cadmium (Cd) in the environment has increased significantly due to anthropogenic activities. Cd is taken up from the soil by plant roots for its subsequent translocation to shoots. However, Cd is a non-essential hea...

Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) double-stranded RNA binding (DRB) proteins DRB1, DRB2 and DRB4 perform essential roles in microRNA (miRNA) production, with many of the produced miRNAs mediating aspects of the molecular response of Arabidopsis to a...

Adequate phosphorous (P) is essential to plant cells to ensure normal plant growth and development. Therefore, plants employ elegant mechanisms to regulate P abundance across their developmentally distinct tissues. One such mechanism is PHOSPHATE2 (P...

RNA interference (RNAi) has become a widely utilized method for studying gene function, yet despite this many of the mechanisms surrounding RNAi remain elusive. The core RNAi machinery is relatively well understood, however many of the systemic mecha...

Mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer associated with asbestos exposure. RNA-binding motif protein 8a (RBM8A) mRNA editing increases in mouse tissues upon asbestos exposure. The aim of this study was to further characterize the role of RBM8A in mesoth...

DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA BINDING (DRB) proteins DRB1, DRB2, and DRB4 are essential for microRNA (miRNA) production in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) with miR160, and its target genes, AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR10 (ARF10), ARF16, and ARF17, forming an auxin...

In plants, microRNAs (miRNAs) and their target genes have been demonstrated to form an essential component of the molecular response to salt stress. In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA BINDING1 (DRB1) and DRB2 are required to p...

Prokaryotes have an essential gene—gyrase—that catalyzes negative supercoiling of plasmid and chromosomal DNA. Negative supercoils influence DNA replication, transcription, homologous recombination, site-specific recombination, genetic tr...

The ADAR proteins deaminate adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA which is one of the most abundant modifications present in mammalian RNA. Inosine can have a profound effect on the RNAs that are edited, not only changing the base-pairing prope...

Ribonuclease Dicer belongs to the family of RNase III endoribonucleases, the enzymes that specifically hydrolyze phosphodiester bonds found in double-stranded regions of RNAs. Dicer enzymes are mostly known for their essential role in the biogenesis...

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is a highly aggressive cancer. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate highly dynamic post-transcriptional processes and perform very important biological functions. Although over 1900 RBPs have been identified, most are...

Retroviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that package two copies of their positively stranded RNA genomes as a non-covalent dimer into newly formed virions. This process is evolutionarily conserved, and disruption of genome dimerization results i...

RNA editing, a unique post-transcriptional modification, is observed in trypanosomatid parasites as a crucial procedure for the maturation of mitochondrial mRNAs. The editosome protein complex, involving multiple protein components, plays a key role...

Gold and silver N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are emerging for therapeutic applications. Multiple techniques are here used to unveil the mechanistic details of the binding to different biosubstrates of bis(1-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)-3-ethylimidazol-2-...

PAR1b is a cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase that controls cell polarity and cell–cell interaction by regulating microtubule stability while mediating cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation of BRCA1. PAR1b is also a cellular target of the CagA...

DNA damage is a common phenomenon promoted through a variety of exogenous and endogenous factors. The DNA damage response (DDR) pathway involves a wide range of proteins, and as was indicated, small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs). These are double-strand b...

From the first isolation of the cystovirus bacteriophage Φ6 from Pseudomonas syringae 50 years ago, we have progressed to a better understanding of the structure and transformations of many parts of the virion. The three-layered virion, encapsula...

Double-stranded RNA-binding proteins (dsRBPs) are major players in the regulation of gene expression patterns. Among them, Nuclear Factor 90 (NF90) has a plethora of well-known functions in viral infection, transcription, and translation as well as R...

Spatiotemporal translational regulation plays a key role in determining cell fate and function. Specifically, in neurons, local translation in dendrites is essential for synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation. To achieve local translation...

The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (Np) plays multifunctional roles in the viral life cycle. By interacting with host cellular proteins, Np regulates viral RNA transcription, replication, and immune evasion. It controls genome packaging and countera...

Dengue virus is an important human pathogen that infects over 400 million people each year. Despite its global health significance, several essential aspects of the viral replication mechanism remain poorly understood. Flaviviruses carry out asymmetr...

Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a 16.9 kbp double-stranded, circular DNA, encoding subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation electron transfer chain and essential RNAs for mitochondrial protein translation. The minimal human mtDNA replisome is com...

RNA silencing is a posttranscriptional gene silencing mechanism directed by endogenous small non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs). By contrast, the type-I interferon (IFN) response is an innate immune response induced by exogenous RNAs, such as...

Cells frequently simultaneously express RNAs and cognate antisense transcripts without necessarily leading to the formation of RNA duplexes. Here, we present a novel transcriptome-wide experimental approach to ascertain the presence of accessible dou...

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a highly destructive plant pathogen and transmitted by several thrips including the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. A structural N protein encoded in the viral genome represents the nucleocapsid...

Cells have evolved highly specialized sentinels that detect viral infection and elicit an antiviral response. Among these, the stress-sensing protein kinase R, which is activated by double-stranded RNA, mediates suppression of the host translation ma...

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)- CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) genome editing technology is widely used for gene editing because it provides versatility in genetic manipulation. Several methods for regulating C...

Poxviridae have developed a plethora of strategies to evade innate and adaptive immunity. In this review, we focused on the vaccinia virus E3 protein, encoded by the E3L gene. E3 is present within the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily (with the exception of...

RNA interference (RNAi), especially the small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) pathways, plays an important role in defending against viruses in plants and insects. However, how insect-transmitted phytoviruses regulate the RNAi-mediated a...

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small, non-enveloped virus with a circular double-stranded DNA genome. The HPV genome encodes the E2 activator protein, which is required for viral transcription. R-loops are triple-stranded nucleic acid structures...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are about 22 nucleotides in length. They regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by guiding the effector protein Argonaute to its target mRNA in a sequence-dependent manner, causing the transl...

The non-structural protein NS1 of influenza A viruses is an RNA-binding protein of which its activities in the infected cell contribute to the success of the viral cycle, notably through interferon antagonism. We have previously shown that NS1 strong...

Fungal viruses are widespread in fungi infecting plants, insects and animals. High-throughput sequencing has rapidly led to the discovery of fungal viruses. However, the interactive exploration between fungi and viruses is relatively limited. RNA sil...

The genomes of viruses in the Allexivirus genus encode the p42 protein, which is considered the hallmark of the genus. The functions of p42 have not yet been studied experimentally and cannot be predicted based on sequence similarity, as p42-related...

The double-stranded RNA-binding protein Staufen1 (Stau1) has multiple functions during RNA virus infection. In this study, we investigated the role of Stau1 in viral translation by using a combination of enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection, RNA reporte...

This review aims to highlight the structures of ADAR proteins that have been crucial in the discernment of their functions and are relevant to future therapeutic development. ADAR proteins can correct or diversify genetic information, underscoring th...

Oocyte meiotic maturation and embryogenesis are some of the most important physiological processes that occur in organisms, playing crucial roles in the preservation of life in all species. The post-transcriptional regulation of maternal messenger ri...

Chemosensory system is vitally important for animals to select food. Antifeedants that herbivores encounter can interfere with feeding behavior and exert physiological effects. Few studies have assessed the molecular mechanisms underlying the chemore...

Exogenous double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) similar to viral RNAs induce antiviral RNA silencing or RNA interference (RNAi) in plants or invertebrates, whereas interferon (IFN) response is induced through activation of virus sensor proteins including Tol...

TIA1 is a broadly expressed DNA/RNA binding protein that regulates multiple aspects of RNA metabolism. It is best known for its role in stress granule assembly during the cellular stress response. Three RNA recognition motifs mediate TIA1 functions a...

Local three-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid regions of genomes (R-loops) have been detected either by binding of a monoclonal antibody (DRIP assay) or by enzymatic recognition by RNaseH. Such a structure has been postulated for mouse and human telomeres, cle...

RNA interference (RNAi) is a post-transcriptional gene-silencing process that occurs in many eukaryotic organisms upon intracellular exposure to double-stranded RNA. Argonaute 2 (Ago2) protein is the catalytic engine of mammalian RNAi. It contains a...

Aptamers are powerful tools for detecting and analyzing biomolecules that consist of proteins or nucleic acids. However, their application to aptamers against viroids—highly structured self-replicating RNAs—has not yet been explored. In t...

ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) catalyzes the deamination of adenosine to generate inosine, through its binding to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a phenomenon known as RNA editing. One of the functions of ADAR1 is suppressing the type I interf...

Long-chain noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNAs that do not code for proteins, widely present in eukaryotes. They regulate gene expression at multiple levels through different mechanisms at epigenetic, transcription, translation, and the maturation of m...